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Rice is one of the main carbohydrate sources and is a suitable target for biofortification with an inexpensive and sustainable treatment to reduce iron (Fe) deficiency in the community. Fe-Biofortified rice also has strategic value in increasing marginal land productivity. This study aims to analyze the genotype profile using specific Fe regulatory marker genes (OsIRT1.1 and OsFer2) and to determine the total content and bioaccessibility of Fe minerals in cooked rice, as the final product. The test lines are the result of molecular-assisted breeding, using foreground and background markers, for the development of swamp-adaptive varieties. The results of the study showed that the average total Fe mineral content in 100 g of dry polished grain from the seven selected rice lines ranged from 30.10 to 62.21 ppm. However, the percentage of Fe mineral bioaccessibility in the artificial digest model was revealed to vary, from 18.95% to 50.25% of the total Fe content in polished rice. Rice line 10R-C presented the highest total Fe content in rice grains, but the lowest in bioaccessibility, in contrast to 5R-B. It should be noted that the high amount and solubility of Fe in the human gut (bioaccessibility) determines the actual nutritional value of a food. The potential rice lines (10R-C and 5R-B) developed in this study can be used as a dietary source of the essential Fe micronutrient through rice consumption, after ethical clearance approval. The results of this study became the basis for plant breeding for the high-Fe product in seasonal commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is the staple food among the Indonesian population. Plant breeding programs in self-pollinated crops like rice, improve genotypic and phenotypic variance, and also made significant enhancement of economic characteristics. The selection of rice genotypes based on high genetic variability would be an effective method. The experimental materials consisted of 12 Oryza sativa L. cultivars from Central Java. The study aimed to obtain information on rice genetic parameters of 22 agronomical characteristics. The results of the present study showed significant differences among rice genotypes. Especially on 3 qualitative characters and 12 quantitative traits. The presence of a more increased genotypic coefficient of variation than the phenotypic revealed the negligible influence of the environment on the expression of rice characters. High heritability was observed in rice leaf width, panicle length, and the number of grains per panicle. A better insight into genetic diversity and the heritability of rice characters in the breeding process can help improve rice grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategically correct direction of the vector of development of modern breeding is reflected in the development and introduction of high-yielding rice varieties with excellent grain and milled rice quality. This paper presents the results of a multi-year evaluation of new rice varieties under competitive testing for the period 2018-2021, on the rice irrigation system of "Federal Scientific Rice Centre" ("FSRC"), Belozerny, Krasnodar region. Significant differences in yield and its main structural elements were revealed, in comparison with the standard. The maximum yield was formed by Dialog and Trio - 11.27 and 10.33 tons/ha with an average grain capacity of agrophytocenosis of 56.60 and 47.12 thousand pcs/m2, respectively. According to the grain size, two promising varieties VNIIR 10254 and VNIIR 10281 were distinguished with a mass of 1000 grains of 43.0 and 34.4 g and head rice content of 84.1 and 84.5%, respectively. The presented varieties have a number of specific advantages in comparison with the standard - Trio has an elongated grain shape (L/B=2.79) and the maximum head rice content - 93.6%; Dialog formed the highest yield in the experiment - 11.27 t/ha with a mass of 1000 grains equal to 30.8 g and a total milling yield - 70.3%; VNIIR 10254, despite the low yield - 7.67 t / ha, although with an average economical coefficient equal to 0.55, formed the maximum mass of 1000 grains - 43.0 g with head rice content of 84.1%; VNIIR 10281 with an average yield of 10.23 t/ha, which is at the level of the Flagman standard, significantly exceeds its mass of 1000 grains - 34.4 g. Also, in large-grain varieties (VNIIR 10254 and VNIIR 10281), the least filminess was revealed in the experiment - 17.7 and 17.6%, respectively. Based on the results of a long-term assessment, large-grain samples were prepared for transfer in subsequent years to the State Variety Testing (SVT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

12 genotypes from the USU Collection of Federal Scientific Rice Centre were introduced into anther culture – they are donorsof the traits of increased antioxidant activity and recipients (elite varieties of Russian breeding) which were used for hybridization, as well as anthers of seven F1 hybrids obtained from hybridization of samples with colored pericarp and white-grain rice varieties. Morphogenesis on nutritional media was studied in all the samples. 5 genotypes responsive to anther culture technology were selected (VNIIR–10163-6,22/2,89 %; Alliance-2,92/5,45 %; Red-Вlastonik-4,65/1,18%; Veles-3,50/1,03%; К.2327 DH -0,88/1,70%; Heibar DH – 1,01/0,47%, callusogenesis/regeneration respectively). These genotypes formed morphogenic callus with high regeneration ability. In samples with low responsiveness by the trait of "callusogenesis" the intensity of induction processes increased due to the use of subculturing, with the formation of morphogenic callus in the 0th passage at elevated concentrations of the phytohormone 2,4-D. When such callus tissues were transferred to media with a reduced concentration of the phytohormone 2,4-D, the ability to form embryonic complexes occurred in the 1st passage. Genotypic variability was noted for the traits of "callugenesis/regeneration" among donors of antioxidant activity and recipient varieties. The rice samples introduced into the crossing had a high combination ability by the trait of "callugenesis", which was confirmed by the responsiveness to the induction of new growths of the first generation hybrids (F1) in the anther culture in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ciherang is an Indonesian rice mega variety that was developed from IR64. To study the extent of genetic exchange on IR64 genome during Ciherang development and to identify the effects of those genomic changes, whole-genome sequencing and analyses were conducted on Ciherang and IR64. Ciherang genome sequencing generated reads that are >24 times the size of rice genome and 98.6% of those sequences could be mapped to the Nipponbare reference genome. Variant calling showed that IR64 and Ciherang had 3,015,867 (0.8%) and 2,954,801 (0.79%) sequence differences to Nipponbare, respectively, while Ciherang and IR64 only differed by 0.13%. There were 493,298 sequence variations between Ciherang and IR64, and 434,890 of them were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) while the remaining 58,408 were insertions/deletions (indels). Sequence differences are prominent in chromosomes 8, 10, and 12, indicating that many introgressions from the donor parents were retained in those chromosomes. There are 1,007 high impact mutations in Ciherang that are polymorphic to IR64, and some of them were found in genes affecting panicle and seed characteristics like Os01g0588900 and Os02g0154200. These discoveries will aid breeding programs that utilize IR64 or Ciherang and can serve as the basis for intellectual property rights management for future varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to assess the use of microsatellite markers as DNA marker assisted selection in F3 generation of the cross between black rice with white rice. The research was conducted in the fields and the laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding of UGM Yogyakarta. The research material consisted plant populations of F3 S x G, black rice/S, Situbagendit white rice/G, chemicals and tools for the activity of molecular, and RM 252 microsatellite markers. Population of F3 generation S x G, black rice as female parents (S), and white rice (G) as a male parent were grown in fields to harvesting. Young leaves all plant population (S, G, F3 S x G) were analyzed of molecularly using the RM 252 microsatellite markers. The results showed that the RM 252 microsatellite markers effectively used as a DNA marker-assisted selection tool on the result of black rice with white rice cross breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cow releases feces about 10 kilograms per day. Cow feces will still become garbage or only become manure if not used as biogas material. Biogas is a gas produced by anaerobic activity or fermentation from organic materials, such as cow feces. The main content of biogas is methane gas. The by-product of biogas is biogas sludge. Sludge biogas is the mud that comes out of the biogas reactor outlet section this mud still contains nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe). Rice is the main food commodity plant in Indonesia. Segreng is variety of rice which one of the Gunungkidul Regency germplasm. The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth of Segreng rice which was given the treatment of biogas sludge and determining the optimum dose of sludge biogas fertilizer in Segreng rice plant. The study was conducted in 4 treatments, namely doses of 0 ml (control), 4 ml, 8 ml, 12 ml and 24 ml sludge biogas every polybag containing one individual plant. Polybag contains 5 kg soil. The parameters measured were plant height, leaf number, number of tillers and leaf chlorophyll content. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results obtained were tested by One Way ANOVA followed by DMRT Test with a confidence level of 95% (α=0.05). The results showed the highest plant height and number of tiller in rice plant treated with 4 ml sludge biogas. While the highest chlorophyll content and leaves number were obtained in control plants. Then the optimum dose for plant height and number of tiller is 4 ml per polybag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice production is vital because of its impact on the national economy. An important factor in achieving the production target is the capability of farmers to manage their agricultural land. This study aims to determine whether there is a correlation between rice production and the empowerment program of farmers in Tetebatu Village, Toddotoa Village, and Julubori Village using a descriptive approach. The assessment parameters are rice production, government programs, and farmers’ knowledge in managing land. This approach was carried out by field observations and interviews with informants such as the Head of the Division of Food Crops in Gowa Regency, extension agents, farmer group leaders, and farmers. Primary and secondary data are comparatively analyzed. This aims to be able to see and describe the phenomena regarding the empowerment of farmers in the three villages. The results showed that the empowerment of farmers usually done by doing field school, socialization, technology demonstration, and making demonstration plots. The highest rice production in 2018 is in Julubori Village which is 15 tons/ha, the intermediate rice production is in Tetebatu Village which is 6.9 tons/ha, and the lowest production is in Toddotoa Village which is 6.8 tons/ha. The main contributing factor for the success of rice production is the implementation of government-supported programs. The inhibiting factors are the low quality of human resources, the distribution of seeds and the planting season that is not a series of time, the limitation of agricultural equipment, and the inadequate availability of irrigation networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the diversity at the molecular level is one of the prerequisites in modern plant breeding to address the world food security challenges. Malaysian rice cultivars have been characterized using single sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assess the molecular diversity. In this study, 21 Malaysian rice cultivars were characterized using primers of 27 microsatellite loci to investigate the molecular diversity. The extracted DNA and PCR-based methods were used to amplify the potential microsatellite loci. According to derived results, 61 alleles were amplified including 27 rare and 15 unique alleles and also 88.89% of all studied microsatellite loci were polymorphic. Moreover, di-nucleotide repeat motifs were shown to be more frequent (49.28%) than tri-nucleotide repeat motifs (48.28%). Polymorphism information content (PIC) values were ranged from 0.090 (RM411) to 0.940 (RM105) with an average of 0.531. Furthermore, the UPGMA derived dendrogram grouped all varieties into three major clusters. A high proportion of polymorphism (88.89%) could be due to a relatively high level of genetic diversity among studied cultivars. Chromosome 4 with the highest mean PIC value (0.917) and chromosome 7 (0.607) are very valuable for gene mapping, marker-assisted selection (MAS) amplification and rice breeding programs among Malaysian rice cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study PCR technique was performed using specific primer (RM 171) was used to evaluate the genetic diversity and determining identity among fifteen rice genotypes. Results, obtained from the PCR amplification and analysis of nucleotide sequences of RM171 amplified products using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), Alignment of RM171 marker sequence was carried out for each genotype. Showed that the Khazar and Branamge-4 had the highest similarity with 99% identity and Amber Baghdad was aligned with Yasmin showed the similarity with 98% identits, Furthermore, Amber furta was aligned with Alabasia showed the similarity with 98% identity. In addition, Sumar was aligned with Nipponbare showed the similarity with 98% identity while Neda was aligned with Mashkhab-1 similarity with 96% identist. From the comparison of nucleotide sequence obtained from the identified rice genotype with the nucleotide sequences deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI), it was revealed that the identified rice genotype of Sumar, Amber Furat, Khazar, Neda, Amber Baghdad were not previously recorded at NCBI. Therefore; the five identified sequences have been deposited and recorded in GenBank database (NCBI) under the accession number: MK419157, MK419158, MK419159, MK419160, MK419161, respectively. In order to detect the Phylogenetic relationships among all genotypes were achieved, Results also showed that Cluster analysis of two main groups they were distribution depending on geographical and common ancestor. The result of this study could be useful in the future for rice breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice field rat (Rattus argentiventer) as one of the most important pest is the main factor causing the largest yield loss and damage of Indonesian rice crops. The average of rice field damage reaches 161 000 ha, annually. Moreover, rats have also been known as a vector for some zoonoses in humans and infectious diseases in livestock. Most farmers usually practice inappropriate methods to reduce the impacts of the rice field rat attack and rely heavily on chemicals, causing risks to non-target species and the environment. The success of rat control is determined by a good understanding of its ecology. In lowland irrigated ecosystem, the rice field rat commences their breeding during the generative stage and terminate it at the early fallow season. The majority of male rats reach their sexual maturity at the booting stage whereas the females start to give birth at the early generative stage. They perform three times of birth with the average litter size is around 10 for every single rice cropping season. The highest number of embryos is observed at the first birth and getting lower at the second and the third pregnancy, respectively. Most females in the field give birth twice and only a few of them indicate three times of pregnancy. The major factor triggering an increase of rice field rat population density is the availability of food, which lead to the commencement of breeding and subsequent births occur in the generative stage. There is also some ratoon growing during the fallow period which has extended the rat breeding period and affected the population increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]