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This study seeks to deepen the institution of the representation by lawyer of third parties, combining in this sense the provisions of the current Code of Civil Procedure in the matter of representation as well as the provisions of Law no. 51/1995, the State of the lawyer profession as well as the Code of Ethics regarding the actual activity of the lawyer provided under the legal assistance contract in the case of representing a third party intervening in a legal proceeding. In order to carry out this study, we will analyse the legislation in force, treaties, courses, commentary codes such as monographs published by established authors in the field of civil procedural law, but also decisions pronounced by national and European courts with relevance and impact in the analysis of the institutions addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, extensive research has examined gender depiction in children’s literature as well as its impacts on young readers’ minds and attitudes. Children’s picture books are considered an important socializing factor as they provide their audience with a wide variety of information about life. Due to their young age, children have limited experience and knowledge of the world and therefore they depend on books in order to draw information about socially acceptable behaviours. As a cultural product, literature usually expresses the dominant ideology of the society in which it is produced and consumed. Therefore, intentionally or not, books frequently reproduce established attitudes, regardless of their validity, such as gender bias. This happens due to the fact that ideologies penetrate the language itself and by extension the way we think, speak or write. For this reason it is possible for books of the twenty-first century to still depict outdated gender portrayals. Naturally this is not a conscious, out loud statement of the writer or the illustrator, but it appears implicitly, usually as a given. Such gender portrayals can be outlined in a story by a character’s interests and activities. Leisure activities, sports and other hobbies can provide hints about the character’s personality, physical condition and talents. In the past, research has shown disparities in children’s literature, with male characters monopolizing ‘energetic’ activities and female characters spending their free time more statically. Stereotyped gender representations in picture books reproduce gender biases by implanting them to the next generation’s minds. Using content analysis methodology, this qualitative research examines if gender is depicted stereotypically in children’s picture books published in Greece from 2009 to 2019. According to findings, both male and female characters of the sample engage in activities which are in agreement with traditional gender-stereotyped traits. Implicit gender categorization of interests and hobbies operates restrictively for young children. This new data can constitute a useful tool for science, publishers and the state, as gender inequalities are considered to be the source of various social problems globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, women are underrepresented in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this underrepresentation is even more prevalent, as fewer women pursue STEM careers in SSA when compared to the global norm. Cybersecurity is a critical subsection of STEM; one that is widely accepted as a field with enormous growth potential, yet only a small proportion of these jobs belong to women. Despite attempts to narrow the gender gap in cybersecurity, persistent factors still contribute to this disparity. Within this field, developing countries struggle with the same issues that impact their more developed counterparts. Issues that impact both SSA and the global participation of women in cyber-security include lacking representation and awareness as well as retention problems. Further, issues such as harassment, gender bias and the idea that cybersecurity is a “man’s world” are also contributing factors. A slew of other factors is also at play in SSA; this includes issues of low school attendance by girls, restricted educational opportunities, and other systemic challenges. Girls and women are less likely to complete lower and secondary education, which has a ripple effect – fewer women reach higher education in SSA when compared to global trends. Generally, higher or tertiary education is necessary to join the cybersecurity workforce. Research exploring the challenges women in SSA face when trying to enter the cybersecurity field is limited. This paper presents an overview of the most persistent challenges faced in SSA and globally. It highlights the current skill shortage in the cybersecurity field that is exasperated by global challenges, including issues unique to the region. Educational pathways available to girls and women are explored, as well as the issues leading to widespread skill shortages within SSA. Programs striving to increase the participation of women in cybersecurity are discussed. Lastly, some suggestions to remediate this pervasive issue are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of masculinity is still an issue that is often discussed in society. Masculinity is often described as the image of a man with a strong body and a position that is superior to women. Over time, the concept of masculinity began to shift. Masculinity is now starting to be depicted with feminine men. The depiction was introduced through Korean entertainment media (Hallyu). One way is through the boyband BTS. This study aims to explain the representation of masculinity to BTS fans. The theory used in this research is social representation theory according to Stuart Hall. The research methodology used in this study is qualitative with a phenomenological approach. Researchers get data from the Instagram account @bts.bighiofficial to find a form of representation of the masculinity of BTS fans. The results found are 1) The new masculinity that exists in society is depicted by men who have feminine traits. 2) Through social media Instagram, members of BTS are able to represent the masculinity of their fans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As data-driven systems are increasingly deployed at scale, ethical concerns have arisen around unfair and discriminatory outcomes for historically marginalized groups that are underrepresented in training data. In response, work around AI fairness and inclusion has called for datasets that are representative of various demographic groups. In this paper, we contribute an analysis of the representativeness of age, gender, and race & ethnicity in accessibility datasets–datasets sourced from people with disabilities and older adults—that can potentially play an important role in mitigating bias for inclusive AI-infused applications. We examine the current state of representation within datasets sourced by people with disabilities by reviewing publicly-available information of 190 datasets, we call these accessibility datasets. We find that accessibility datasets represent diverse ages, but have gender and race representation gaps. Additionally, we investigate how the sensitive and complex nature of demographic variables makes classification difficult and inconsistent (e.g., gender, race & ethnicity), with the source of labeling often unknown. By reflecting on the current challenges and opportunities for representation of disabled data contributors, we hope our effort expands the space of possibility for greater inclusion of marginalized communities in AI-infused systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emily in Paris is a series by Darren Star which is set in Paris, France. This series tells about American women who have to work in France, where cultural differences between America and France become the main conflict in this series. This study aims to determine the representation of intercultural communication described in the series Emily in Paris Season 1 by using descriptive-qualitative research methods. The analysis technique used is semiotic analysis from Roland Barthes by looking for the meaning of denotation, connotation, and myth. The results of this study indicate that intercultural communication that occurs in it is displayed through several elements such as intonation, clothing, work culture, different perspectives, and language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax law has an unenviable reputation for complexity and frequent changes in the law. Investors and individual taxpayers are interested in knowing the tax consequences of their pending and contemplated transactions. Both investors and individual tax payers rely on the representations, past practices and promises of the relevant revenue authorities. Reliance on the representations and promises of the revenue authority affords the taxpayers some legitimate expectation. Using doctrinal method, the article examines the extent to which the doctrine of legitimate expectation of taxpayers are protected in Nigeria and Uganda. It is noted that Uganda has a more robust legal regime for protecting the legitimate expectation of taxpayers than Nigeria. In this regard, it is submitted that Nigeria policymakers should consider adopting Uganda's model and approach to issues relating to the legitimate expectation of tax payers in taxation disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information systems anchors itself as a bridge between the information technology professionals who support technological operations and the users that leverage these tools for their own productivity endgoals. As a society, we adjust to technological innovations at different rates based on our level of exposure to and investment in continued learning. However, how we learn and what we learn are highly dependent on who we are as learners. By examining the intersectional race/ethnicity and gender representation within the higher education infrastructure and applying the individual differences theory of social inclusion to national datasets of graduate students in computer and information sciences, mathematics and statistics we create a disparate representation metric for data science-related fields. Findings suggest intersectional variation in access to the broader information economy via systematic patterns of exclusion across institutions of higher education. Finally, recommendations are suggested to curb this marginalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a new view on minimizing and overcoming the consequences of the violation of coevolutionary "equilibrium" in the system "nature-society". The analysis shows that there are no differences in the system of eco-values, neither in the European integration nor in a certain state context. The modern movement of environmental consciousness reveals certain contradictions between the perception of environmental ethics and real actions and environmental practices. It is proved that the time factor (delayed awareness of threats and intensification of actions) requires a rapid response of mankind to the environmental situation and the involvement in the action of all worldview systems of values, especially philosophical. Based on theoretical reconstruction and the method of generalization of ideas, philosophical representations of the greening of ethics and greening of ecology are explained. Public "translation" of philosophical reflection from academic language to a wide range of fundamental values of ecosophy a) will help assess the threatening context of world development as one that requires not so much scientific and technological advances as the education of a person where the development of ecosystems occurs in various unstable trajectories; b) argues the inability to overcome environmental problems by the efforts of one country; c) prove the need for the transition of man from the level of everyday consciousness, where values cover the immediate range of needs and do not contain a "cultural code" to prevent the spontaneous development of the system "nature-society"; d) expand the experience of ecophilic traditions, including mythology, religion, art, everyday worldview, etc. The most important meaning of representations is the provision that humanity must find combining meanings and values, not for perception and reasoning, but to reconcile private interests with universal and to accept them as imperatives and motives for urgent joint action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the role the individual author's emotional concept JOY plays in the plot formation of the literary work. The aim of the paper is to determine how the representation of the JOY concept reflects the key conflict in the novels "White Fang" and "The Call of the Wild" by Jack London and in the novels "Of Human Bondage" and "The Moon and Sixpence" by W. Somerset Maugham. In order to reach the aim, we use the following methods: conceptual, contextual, definitional analyses, and cognitive modeling method. The methodology for conducting the study involves 1) the identification of the conflict of the literary works reviewed; 2) the analysis of the primary, secondary and implicit representation of the JOY concept in these works; 3) the determination of what plot element and in what way is expressed in the language and what hidden information is given by the verbal representation of the JOY concept. Thus, the research results manifest themselves in the detection of two similar oppositions: the North-South opposition is found in the novels by Jack London and the Genius-Philistine opposition is in the novels by W. Somerset Maugham. We come to the conclusion that the verbal representation of the JOY concept illustrates the similarities and differences between the categories "North", "Genius", "South", "Philistine" which are based on the characters` attitude towards the key elements of the conflict formation, which are freedom, love, religion, success, self-expression, new experience, welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A negative process started in Sino-USA relations after establishing the People's Republic of China (PRC), PRC made policies against the USA, which it accused of being imperialist. Tensions between China and the USA led to the presentation of the USA to the masses as an imperialist country and the national enemy of Chinese people in Chinese media. The study tried to reveal how the USA was presented to the masses and through which messages it was built as an enemy country in the context of imperialism in anti-US posters in China. For this purpose, 8 posters determined within the scope of the study were analyzed in the light of the German linguist Karl Bühler's Organon Model, using the semiotic analysis method. As a result of the study, it was claimed in the posters that the USA had imperialist goals and led to war to achieve these goals. For this reason, the message that the imperialist aims of the USA posed a threat to both China and world nations, and world nations must act against the USA in order to end the danger posed by the USA was given. Thus, the Chinese administration tried to legitimize the anti-USA policies implemented during the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Timisoara, the city with most numerous number of historical building from Romania has won the competition for European Cultural Capital in 2021. In this sense there is a complex and important program of rehabilitation of those buildings and also a large program of integrating the historical and geospatial information in webGIS platforms. This fact is in accordance with the European Commission recommendation regarding i2020 an informatics society. The aim of this paper is to present a model of creating 3D objects using laser scan technology (LiDAR) that is one of the most important techniques used to acquire spatial data. It scans quickly the architecture point by point; registers and joints point cloud to digitally simulate the object’s shape; finally, it reconstructs the 3D model accurately. It also produces construction drawing including ichnography, elevation, and cutaway. In addition, detailed structure and vignette can be acquired by close-range photogrammetry method, which produces orthoimages and linear drawings. This method is especially fit for surveying historical architecture that lacks construction records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decades-old research has demonstrated the effects of virtual space on perception mostly with adult samples. Little is known about children's ability to utilize spatial-temporal qualities from computerized settings. Past research with primary school children suggested that the ability to utilize spatial-temporal information is crucial for inferring cause-effect relationships of natural phenomena. However, children's performance lagged behind when spatial-temporal qualities were presented on a computer screen. To investigate this matter further, 16 adults, 17 nursery, and 19 reception age children were tested individually (N=52) across three tasks -virtual, virtual with less intense, and actual spatial-temporal tasks-. The results showed that: (1) young children performed poorly on virtual tasks. (2) Children's ability to process spatial-temporal information varied largely depending on the characteristics of the task. (3) Spatial-temporal analysis in a virtual space required extra support from widely distributed domains operating attention and memory. (4) The intensity of the information presentation at virtual displays influenced young children's performances, but not adults'. The results may explain why some children cannot perform well / benefit from teaching/learning activities via 2/3-dimensional settings: the ability to utilize the amount of spatial-temporal information varies widely across development, in particular when children cannot manipulate the intensity of the information they are exposed to. Missing the third dimension (e.g. depth) in virtual tasks is challenging for both young and older children in which the majority of them seem to fail to compensate. Evolutionarily our coping systems seem to be more advanced for extracting spatial-temporal information from real environments as opposed to virtual. This may challenge in particular the research measuring young children's performances from computerized displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of gender in the design of technologies has been a topic of growing importance in fields such as Interaction Design, HCI and Games. Understanding that technology development and use practices emerge within the cultural processes, we analyze notions of traditional femininity in technology, as well as new approaches to female representation. The issues discussed and briefly analyzed in this essay point to a production and regulation of gender by technologies such as video games. Our goal in this paper, therefore, is to assess how gender impacts design and the use of digital games in terms of visuals, narrative and sociability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of gender in the design of technologies has been a topic of growing importance in fields such as Interaction Design, HCI and Games. Understanding that technology development and use practices emerge within the cultural processes, we analyze notions of traditional femininity in technology, as well as new approaches to female representation. The issues discussed and briefly analyzed in this essay point to a production and regulation of gender by technologies such as video games. Our goal in this paper, therefore, is to assess how gender impacts design and the use of digital games in terms of visuals, narrative and sociability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies linguistic representation of the theme of love in the works of Carol Ann Duffy, whose poems can be considered a bright example of national literary language. About 30 poetic works were analyzed; several subtopics were distinguished in the field. The theme of love is manifested in poems with the help of numerous images and associations such as hope, dream and recovery. On the one hand, love is accompanied with the images of nature and carefree childhood. On the other hand, love is connected with the topic of death, jealousy, despair and solitude. Poetic language of Carol Ann Duffy vividly describes various forms of love and affection. From her point of view, love means deep feeling of liking, affection, devotion or attraction, profound feeling of love for friends and relatives. In C.A. Duffy’s worldview love is inseparably connected with the theme of death which can be traced in three dimensions: love is more powerful than death; love transforms into seeking death for an ex-sweetheart; love outlives the death. Sometimes love is interwoven with the topic of nature, where the latter helps to reveal feelings of a persona. Thus, the study proves that the topic of love is a leading one for Carol Ann Duffy, and various artistic and linguistic means are employed to voice it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship in information systems for emergency management (EMIS) suffers significant theoretical fragmentation. Out of 56 papers included in our literature review, we counted 34 different theoretical approaches. Fragmentation is problematic because it hinders knowledge accumulation and the ability to cross-relate research results. Prior research proposed to mitigate the downsides of theoretical fragmentation in EMIS by reorienting and unify EMIS research under an Effective Use Theory (EUT) perspective. However, the validity of EUT in chaotic environments -- e.g., natural disasters -- has yet to be assessed. Our research problematizes and contextualizes EUT in chaotic environments to offer a research platform for developing a EUT perspective on EMIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Kenyan Constitution stipulates that women be represented by at least a third in all public institutions, including political positions, this expectation seems too ambitious. Feminists argue that Kenya is a patriarchal society where politics, like other leadership positions, is male-controlled, where women's voices are hardly heard. The common narrative is that politics in Kenya is approached from a patriarchal perspective, including creating campaign posters of women aspirants. The present study set out to investigate this assumption by critically analyzing campaign posters. Using the semiotic approach the researcher analyzed campaign posters for women aspirants in the primaries' nominations for Kenya's 2017 general election to decode meanings embedded in these posters. Findings indicate that, much as these posters contain messages that are expected to persuade Nairobi voters to elect these women, they are replete with hidden meanings that promote patriarchal ideologies, undermining women's voices. They represent the women aspirants in their stereotypical roles as mothers, nurturers and passive beauties for the male gaze. The researcher concludes by suggesting that unless people, look at media texts, like campaign posters, critically these texts are not going to help in promoting leaders who can bring about social change, including gender equality in politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the textualization of marginalized voices created by value‐based organizations and the circulation of the texts in multiple contexts and restriction to specific fora. It mentions that organizational communication scholars analyzed politics of representation in microfinance. It assess the communicative labor to attract funding engaged by Value‐based NGOs which primary goal is to represent their grantees to potential donors.

Based on the visual and textual analysis of China Pictorial magazine in two historical periods (1964-1976 and 2000-2016), this study identifies six key genres of China's representations of Africa and explores how they have been shaped by the changing global geopolitics. This study finds that, different from western way of seeing Africa, China has presented a general positive image of Africa, especially during the Maoist era. The effort to romanticize Africa in the socialist era is conceptualized as a "socialist gaze" which functions as a counter-representation of the "colonial gaze". By re-historicizing China's representations of Africa since the Maoist era, this study aims to expand our understanding of south-south media flow and the Cold War media history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty years after the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act, this study examines the way in which TV documentaries produced by the publicly-funded Independent Television Service (ITVS) represent the America they are mandated to portray. At a time when public broadcasting funding is in question, this is a relevant concern. Using content analysis of ITVS film archival data, this study of a decade (2007-2016) of U.S. public television documentaries (N=342) shows that the representation of American realities on public TV broadly reflects American demographics (as reflected by the U.S. Census) and social concerns, as reflected in a decade (2007-2016) of aggregated Gallup monthly "Most Important Problem Facing the Country" poll data. ITVS-funded filmmakers are disproportionately female and diverse, and come from 33 states. Films portray life in all quadrants of the U.S., in both rural and urban communities. Public TV documentaries represent a geographically and ethnically diverse America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the role of IS in scholarship on Emergency Management (EM)? To respond to this question, this literature review moves through two steps. First, we present an overview of current theories that dominate IS scholarship in EM. We discuss some of their limitations, and why we should consider redirecting current IS scholarship through a theoretical framework that prioritizes the analysis of systems-in-use. Second, we propose to overcome the limitations of the current theoretical frameworks by adopting a Representation Theory (RT) approach (Burton-Jones and Grange 2012). The concept of Effective Use is pivotal for RT, but until now it has not been applied to chaotic environments. Thus, we intermingle RT with dominant Information Systems theories for EM to inform a reconceptualization of Effective Use for EM systems. In particular, we extend the original model of Effective Use by: (1) integrating a new construct, situational awareness, as a successor of faithful representation, and (2) adding a new element of use, dynamic environment, to the current list of users, systems, and tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representations have been widely used in STEM education due to their effectiveness to transform abstract concepts into concrete ideas. However, the use of representations does not necessarily mean that students could fully comprehend the teaching materials given. Furthermore, according to TIMSS 2015, students in this country showed low level of motivation in leaning math. What they have learned in class tends to be not relevant to their daily lives. Some math teachers reported that majority of students are suffered from learning fraction due to a lack of contextual linkages. We proposed a study that assumes the functionality of augmented reality (AR) may better make such links. With the use of AR that augments graphical representations on concepts of fractions into the real objects, the learning effects could be significantly improved. The proposed AR-represented instructions may help students be able to overlay carefully designed representations of abstract concepts onto real-life images. We planned to create an App that allows students to go through a three-step process to experience a mixed-reality environment on learning fractions. In order to verify our assumption, a quasi-experiment will be conducted with 80 3th-grade students. AR-represented instruction will be embedded in experimental group, while the pictorial instruction will be performed in control group. In summary, this AR-represented instruction aims at tackling with the misconceptions that students are often suffered in learning fractions, by displaying augmented virtual overlays on real objects. Both student's representational fluency as well as their conceptual/procedural understanding of learning contents will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge takes many forms and shapes. Usually we associate our gathering of information and knowledge by what is transmitted in books and text. But it is often through our visual heritage that we perceive and build a notion of world and space around us. According to J.B. Harley [1] there has probably always been a natural impulse to create maps. Cartographic maps are historically synonymous of power, since geographic representation and knowledge in them concentrated influences, moved reigns, borders, and controlled market routes. As a system of signification, the credibility of a map is seldom contested, and these objects "possess an 'extraordinary authority', even when they present errors, which may be lacking in other types of image" [1]. This is a structure agreed upon by centuries of development, appropriation, graphic familiarity and analogy to physical realities, which has allowed them to be an object quickly retained by sight and quite immersed in semiotics as a "general metaphor" of our space. The resilience of these objects has also allowed the construct of imaginary spaces and realities that are made credible by their cartographic representation. We will focus on present and long lasting examples of maps and demonstrate how their design and redesign continues to shape our knowledge; by the way they interconnect with our visual perception of truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ferment of the demonstrations activated in Genoa in the last years and in the research projects of the University, in the Department of Architecture and Design, we must also include the relation established among studies funded by external bodies, including private ones, and theoretical-methodological research, in particular on the importance of representative choices in communication. The general objective lies in a careful analysis of the role that representative choices play in the communication of visual messages, as a fundamental element for the success of the communication itself. Hence the choice to set the research on two levels of study: a first level concerning the analysis and understanding of the roles of representation at the service of communication with the consequent formulation of a working method based on conscious representative choices and a second level the design application of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European citizenship is one of the main achievements of the European transnational political institution. The history of its institution, however, presents a profound ambivalence. On the one hand, it extends the rights of belonging to the citizens to a transnational social-political reality, on the other, it sees the feeling of belonging of the same European neo-citizens diminish. In our own times the consensus with respect to the validity of the European policies goes into crisis, by reducing the sense of belonging in a common destiny of its citizens. The recent case of Brexit is an example of the malaise that hit European citizenship. European citizenship realizes a form of unprecedented transnational belonging with respect to the past. The modern categories of citizenship do not seem adequate for the understanding: the feeling of belonging and the political-juridical formulation of this status. Through a relational sociological analysis, we will locate the specific characteristics of European citizenship. Placing the focus on the historical memory axis, we will try to understand how the constitutive memory of European citizenship can give shape to a feeling of transnational belonging. Relational analysis will be supplemented by the study of social representations that compose the Italian journalistic narrative. The articles published in the last four decades by some of the major national newspapers will be analyzed, reaching a conceptual synthesis of the predominant argument patterns that draw the outlines of historical European citizenship in the Italian context. The aim of this paper is to understand the sociological frameworks of European citizenship in Italian journalistic narration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the emergence of linear perspective during the Renaissance and scientific cartography is well known. They both inaugurated and exhibited a new relationship to the world - a de-theologised world, which the human being was now able to measure and circumscribe. Linear perspective and cartography both enabled to frame the world in a window which we could from then onwards encompass, think, visualise, and view at a glance. "Framing" became the key operation of Renaissance art and science. The constructivism of the modern spatial mind is hence not simply about tracing lines and figures on a gridable space: It is about delineating precise objects and shapes, and framing them. My contention is that the newfound concept of space which undergirds linear perspective and cartography, a space which could be divided, framed and organised, paved the way for the conceptual changes which occurred in political theory in the 17th century. In particular, they allowed for the theorisation of the nation-state, the essence of which is the territory. The territory reflects the same operation of framing, and of enclosing human action and activity, as do perspectival painting and cartography. Politics became spatial. I will, in particular, take a look at the crucial nexus between cartography and the territorial state: Maps did not aim to be mere copies or images of their object, but they enabled and created it, in a way. There is little doubt that the spatial essence of the nation-state is largely owed to its newfound visualisation on a map: The territory could now be represented as a totality under the overlooking gaze of the ruler, who imitated God perusing over his dominion. Cartography was enormously instrumental in reifying and divinising modern political power, as well as in creating, and incidentally controlling, the representations of the national space. This will lead me to investigate how Renaissance perspective and cartography played a pivotal role in transitioning from one meaning of representation to another. Michel Foucault famously stated that with the advent of the classical age in the 17th century, the concept of representation shifted from an iconic to a semiotic understanding - from the image, it became a sign. My contention is that the Renaissance twin invention of perspective and scientific cartography helped usher the era of "representation of representation", as it also explains the growing conundrum of political representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the world development is characterized by application of various practices that manipulate human consciousness. Cultural diplomacy of the Soviet Union was one of these practices. Its analysis involves the search for research programs and application of various epistemological schemes that enable us to obtain and form ideas about this phenomenon. The choice of a cognitive method is ontologically determined by the nature of philosophical knowledge and requires addressing the socio-cultural context of the corresponding time. Science has proposed a great number of cognitive practices, among which the hermeneutical experience occupies a special place. Being shaped into the theory of understanding and interpretation, it helps reveal deep meanings of different phenomena through conversion of formal signs and symbols into the language of meaningful knowledge. Numerous texts of the subject of cultural diplomacy clearly demonstrate the main soviet ideologemes, which the Communist Party strove to inculcate into the mass consciousness of not only its country but also the whole world. Therefore, cultural diplomacy appears to us, first, as a specific reflection of social reality, mediated by signs and symbols of secondary "reading" of the analysed time period and, second, as a designer of social reality in public and individual consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human identity is constitutively 'historical', as well as cultural and a narrative. History is the quintessence of us, as human beings that live in a certain epoch and within a certain culture. But because of the fact that this formation and configuration of our personal identity is rooted in historical, psychological and linguistic (Steiner) mechanisms of representation, then by modifying certain representational axes (i.e., modifying culture, narration, lifestyle practices...) not only may we modify the meaning and representation of our past, but we may act in some way more free from it. This does not represent a denial of the role of the past but an aspect which must be considered and investigated, examining the challenges represented by the realisation of a life which is, on one hand, in a dialectical connection with the past and tradition, and which is, on the other hand, a form of action under a horizon of expectation (Koselleck) and a present full of new possibilities (Ricoeur). Referring to Koselleck's research, Ricoeur develops the theme of historical consciousness, interpreting it as the ceaseless dialectics of counterposition between the 'space of experience', which is inevitably rooted into the past, and the 'horizon of expectation', which always addresses the future. A living present culture constitutes the point of convergence between past and future, because in the human being there is this perpetual connection between 'space of experience' and 'horizon of expectation', between memory and hope. This paper aims to explore the consequences of such a vision for an anthropological philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical facts are not objects. 'Historical-real' is constitutively representational and constitutively temporal because it is a process. The question of what is a given truth in history then becomes the dilemma of creating a representative reconstruction of the process of (past) events that is close to the 'real' events as they are given in that specific time. Those 'real' events have been conceived, represented, lived, created, and narrated. The interweaving of the theory of history and the [cognitive] theory of representation is revealed as a central interlacing that could be proposed between the theory of history and the theory of narrative on the one hand and the theory of history and the theory of action on the other. From one perspective, history is about other people, other institutions, other representations and other visions of the world. It is about people who lived in different eras, who have created and inhabited different institutions, who spoke other languages, who embraced other conceptions and beliefs and so on. From another perspective, however, historians are not faced with a radical otherness. History describes people like us, but it is we who are the heirs of those cultures, those institutions, that wealth of knowledge, those skills, those beliefs and so on, and we are not without tools to recover, reproduce or re-present them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to answer the following question if possible creditor legal representation by proxy another person, during enforcement. The need to find a solution for this issue arose as a result of delivery of Decision No. 9/2016 issued Î.C.C.J., panels for a dispensation of law in civil matters. Part of the answer to this question are undoubtedly of Decision No. 9/2016, specifically the fact that the incidents of enforcement before the judge in court on representation of the legal person is possible only through legal adviser or advocate, within the law, not by an authorized person. Since the Decision. 9/2016 covers only representation before the court shall consider the possibility of this studio extinţ e considerations set out decision and the facts constituting the premise of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia is a representative body of the citizens and the legislative power of the Republic is vested in it. The organization and functioning of the Parliament are regulated by the Constitution and by the Rules of Procedure. As a representative body, the Parliament decides on behalf of the citizens based on the will of the electoral body and of the trust during the time of its mandate, therefore, the Parliament is a legal sovereign, whereas the citizens are political sovereigns. However, in practice, the position of the Parliament depends on the legal framework of its powers, and the very different characteristics of the holders of other political institutions and their relations. Therefore, in this paper the author treats the theoretical and practical constitutional aspects of the position and the functions of the Parliament of RM and its relation with the Government of RM, in light of the apparent aim of executive dominance over the Parliament in the current reality of the political system of RM. In the Republic of Macedonia, as one of the countries in transition, the authority and the integrity of the Parliament is very important for the legitimacy of institutions and for democratic consolidation. Unfortunately, the Parliament of this country has been a marginalized institution because this issue mainly depends on the political will of the executive power to leave the political space to the legislature to act and the political will of the MPs to use their parliamentary rights. However, in practice, the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia acts more like a simple voting machine on Government proposals, without real discussions and confrontation of arguments. This is because, at a considerable extent, the MP does not decide according to his own convictions, but according to the conviction of the party leader, even though according to the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, the MP represents the citizens and in the Parliament, he is expected to decide based on his own convictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Sarajevo Philogy Meetings / Sarajevski Filoloski Susreti is the property of Bosnian Philological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are several methods of quantitative evaluation of surface soil erosion. The main purpose of this study is to determine the amount annually of soil lost by surface erosion at territory Bara, Romania, using formulas applied through Geographic Information Systems. It also desired to produce maps of erosion factors, that can be used to carry out analyzes and forecasts. To determine the average annual quantity of eroded soil, modified Universal Soil Loss Equation was used, for the specific conditions of Romania. Equation coefficients values were used according to specific environmental conditions of the area. The territory Bara is located in the low hills (altitudes between 128 - 278 m) and according to Fournier Index, rainfall aggression is very low. The average annual eroded soil ranges from 0 to 2,766 t/ha/year. Of the total area, 99% "lose" an annual quantity of soil below 1 t/ha/year (very low susceptibility class) and 1% of the territory lost annually on average up to 2,766 t/ha/year (low susceptibility class), which is highlighting good vegetation cover (forest, shrubs) and areas with significant share of low slope. We used data and maps to medium scale, but, at the micro-regions this phenomenon can occur with greater intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The vineyard landscapes of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato" are the 50° Italian site registered in the UNESCO World Heritage list: study and analysis are aimed at identifying the historical architectural elements of these landscapes through a project of knowledge for their preservation and protection that also allows to analyze the data collected. The survey and the representation of historical buildings are complex processes that requires professionals capable of conducting the analysis, competent operators and expensive tools. With open source programs and applications for mobile devices, however, many important operations and cataloging can now also be realized with limited economic resources: the research of the decorative and architectural medieval elements of this Unesco site was an opportunity to experience these new practices. By creating a database with drawings, images and information, that bring out peculiarities and vocations, we want to foster their knowledge and of the site and the conservation of valuable elements. For data collection on the sites, we will use applications for smartphones and tablets: for 3D speditive modeling and for cataloging and georeferencing photographic tracking image. This setup system also detects paths of knowledge of the territory, creating a sort of open-air virtual museum: the recent title of World Heritage Site, in fact, it has increased the need for systems and facilities for tourist use of the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to study interconnection between knowledge representation and metarepresentation of the same object. Printed advertisements were analyzed as representations of a product advertised. Transcripts of people's opinions about the advertisement and product advertised were studied as metarepresentations. Advertising is a multi-modal representation of reality (reality here is a particular advertised product). Knowledge and opinion of interviewed subjects is another reality, represented in transcripts of their interviews. So, the question we ask is the following: what is the interrelation between these two represented realities? The background of the present research consisted in interviewing people in London, Great Britain. The interviewing process was focused on advertisement assessment. A questionnaire was presented individually to 60 subjects. They were asked to say whether they like the advertisement and what particularly attracts their attention. The method of conceptual mapping was used to analyze the process of knowledge representation and metarepresentation. The first map was built to represent the knowledge about the ad and was based on the conceptual analysis of the ad content. The second map was based on the conceptual analysis of interviewees' transcripts. So, one map is a generalized conceptual structure for knowledge representation and another - for knowledge metarepresentation of the object. The comparison of two maps brought us to the conclusion that there exists conceptual incongruity of represented and metarepresented knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the internalization process through representation of our body's positioning; relates this to our interaction with the built environment; observes how ways of "seen" and "to be seen" evolved and how this new understanding set a basis to a more elaborated sensory experience we seek today on spatial boundary through multimedia and media façades. It is argued that enhancing boundaries of space enables the gaze drift into different directions and linger, capturing a sustained attention leading to a more enriched spatial experience setting a basis to a deeper interaction within the city. Starting from the basics of nuanced approach in east and western culture, to very fundamental placement of body in nature and how this understanding is carried all the way how boundary is defined and perceived and how different boundary conditions are determining the level of intimacy within the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes women's underrepresentation in elected local government and explores the particular constraints associated with this type of political participation. Theorists have identified cultural, political organizational, and social structural impediments to women's participation in politics. Additionally, gender studies scholars have noted that there are barriers to success in the workplace for women caused by a gender imbalance in work-family domestic obligations. This study examines whether or not primary responsibility for household tasks and child care is a significant impediment to participation for women in the arena of local government. There is very little empirical research on this topic at the local entry level of government utilizing the framework of work-family responsibilities. This project seeks to fill that gap. Multiple datasets, both primary and secondary sources, will be utilized: a database of elected officials, web survey results of elected officials, along with a companion telephone survey of the general population for comparative purposes. Two basic sets of comparison assessments are undertaken: 1) differences between women in elected positions in contrast to their female peers in the general population, and 2) differences between women in elected positions in contrast to their male elected peers. With the Mid-Hudson region of New York State as a study area, this study documents rates of participation and examines cultural, political, and social structural impacts, with a particular focus on work-family constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media is one of the largest socializing institutions in our everyday lives. It has the power to influence how we see society and ourselves. The various forms of media, including television shows, movies, music, and books, all present images of women (and men) in different forms and characteristics. Previous research has analyzed gendered representations in movies and television shows, but in this discussion I will be building upon this literature by analyzing gendered representations of food service employees (i.e. Lunch Ladies). Then, I will compare these representations to Lunch Ladies' perceptions of themselves and their work, using interview and ethnographic data. Using a comparative discourse analysis, will allow me to show the different gendered representations of Lunch Ladies, and whether these images challenge the current gender structure. Privileging social constructivism, I believe these images of representation in the media effect our perception of what and who a Lunch Lady is. The results show that Lunch Ladies are characterized as two equally problematic images: the witch and the mother. Further analysis from in-depth interviews with five Lunch Ladies at an elementary school will determine if the Lunch Ladies themselves see these gendered representations as problematic or empowering. Additionally, ethnographic fieldwork will look at whether or not these Lunch Ladies adhere to or challenge these images in their everyday practices of food service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publication provides an insight into a usage of qualitative research method - discourse historical analysis (approach is developed by Ruth Wodak). In the first part of article there is clarified a meaning of term "discourse" as well as explained main characteristics of the method and levels of analytical scheme. It is followed by some examples of author's research on farmer's representation in printed press. Author substantiates the suitability of this method for social science research and outlines a topicality of the issue in contemporary Latvia. A question of farmer's representation in media is related to wider range of problems, for example, rural depopulation in recent years, regional development and issues of national identity. Media are one of the sources which shape person's values and attitudes. On the one hand, published/broadcasted information can form a public opinion on an issue, and, on the other hand, media content can be affected by the cultural and the overall context as well. In Latvia theme of peasantry is closely tied to questions of national identity, collective memory and the past of nation, thus discourse historical analysis is appropriate method for gathering and analyzing discursive strategies in examined media content with aim to reveal statements, arguments and their linguistic realization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary sciences use a wide and diverse range of computational simulations, including in the areas of aeronautics, chemistry, bioinformatics, social sciences, AI, the physics of elementary particles and most other scientific fields. A simulation is a mathematical model that describes or creates computationally a system process. Simulations are our best cognitive representation of complex reality, that is, our deepest conception of what reality is. In this paper we defend that a simulation is equivalent epistemologically and ontologically with all other types of cognitive models of elements of reality. Therefore, simulations cannot be considered secondary nor weak instruments to approach to the reality analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alterity represents a philosophical concept framed by Emmanuel Lévinas, which mirrors the representation of the other; that is why the concept it also known under the name of 'the otherness'. Although alterity was established as a concept in the field of philosophy, it is also deployed in other domains and disciplines such as: anthropology (Michael Taussing, Pauline Turner Strong), arts (John Michael Cooper), religion and pre-eminently in literature (Mallarmé) and cultural studies. In terms of antropology, alterity refers to the representation and projections of the other. In this sense, Michael Taussing opines that alterity implies both 'Mimesis' (the internalized image of the other) and 'Alterity' (the symbolic interspace between Self and Other). In other words, the author defines through alterity the opposition between Self and Other (the contrast between two ontologic entities). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conference Proceedings of the Société d'Ergonomie de Langue Française (SELF) is the property of Societe d'Ergonomie de Langue Francaise and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Conference Proceedings of the Société d'Ergonomie de Langue Française (SELF) is the property of Societe d'Ergonomie de Langue Francaise and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Architecture is a complex system composed of parts and elements which interact with one another. As Vitruvius claims: 'The design of a temple depends on symmetry, the principles of which must be most carefully observed by the architect. They are due to proportion /.../ Without symmetry and proportion there can be no principle in the design of any temple; that is, if there is no precise relation between its members, as in the case of those of a well shaped man. [...] Therefore, if it is agreed that the numerical system was found out from the members of the human body, and that there is a symmetrical correspondence between the members separately and the entire form of the body, we can have nothing but respect for those who, in constructing temples for the immortal gods, have so arranged the members of the works that both the separate parts and the whole design may harmonize in their proportions and symmetry.' In order to understand a work of architecture in depth and comprehend it meaning in relation to time and the context of its construction, it is necessary to recognize everything that imposes unity on the system. Thus the system of relations which connect all the parts has to be brought out with reference to geometric matrices, orthogonal grids, proportional and golden relations which make for the unity of the composition of the whole. It is moreover necessary to explain the modality which defines the sketch (drawing). Referring again to Vitruvius - who says: 'Thus in the human body there is a kind of symmetrical harmony between forearm, foot, palm, finger, and other small parts; and so it is with perfect buildings' - we have decided to enquire into the representation of the human form which then lies at the foundations of architectural proportion in various historical epochs. Analyzed in the article are representation systems applied, starting from Egyptian art, passing through the art of ancient Greece, Rome and the Middle Ages and arriving at the most representative moment during the Renaissance when Vitruvius presented the famous „Man of Vitruvius”. Although sketched out by Leonardo da Vinci, it evoked numerous discussions and debates on the subject of proportions. In this epoch more than in any other, man becomes the point of reference for harmony and proportion. The human body was inscribed into the structure of plants and analyzed for the purpose of studying proportions of order and so it seems particularly interesting to study its proportions in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on six years of fieldwork in Beijing, this article looks at the daily interactions of ethnic minorities in local neighbourhoods and places of economic activities. Moreover, it examines ethnic minorities' negotiations with public institutions, the Han majority and other ethnic minority groups. The article suggests that celebratory ethno-festivals and ethnicoriented restaurants that showcase minority traditions serve as a mechanism to encourage Han interactions with ethnic minority groups. However, the attendant risk in utilizing this practice is that the socio-economic struggles of many ethnic minority groups are being masked when a celebratory version of their culture and traditions are presented. This can potentially lead to reduce meaningful Han-ethnic minority interactions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images of 'WATER' and 'bottling water' are becoming one of the most important concepts of the 21st century. Since the life is becoming more and more complex, the concept of water is changing from the traditional one to the modern. The very core of the human being and life, water, is now sold in a bottled way and usually under certain brands. Most of them are under the brands of national or international drink companies which are associated with trust. The sense of being in touch with the nature and healthy nutrition of the individual are most common topics to take place in any water commercial. Having an emphasis on the crystal water drops, it is possible to have scenes of springs in nature. The greener side of the world is represented and youth is usually associated with the images one could come across via the water commercials. However, looking at the water commercials in the television, different textual elements could be noticed. Apart from the reality and specific value of water today, some of the commercials concentrate on the past and mythical values attributed to water. This paper questions the water issues concentrating on what is experienced in real life and how the truth is changed in the television commercials. As Barthes pointed out, the interpretation of a pictorial requires not only an understanding of its context and the (anchoring) verbal context, but also of 'the different kinds of knowledge invested in the image (practical, national, cultural, aesthetic knowledge)' as well as of the conventions surrounding the genre to which the representation belongs. Regarding the content of the commercials a classification of Barthes is used as it is simplified into five categories: Code of Actions, Code of Puzzles, Code of Connotations, Code of Culture, and Code of Symbols. This paper concentrates on national and international wellknown and highly acclaimed television commercials broadcasted in Turkey and European countries. One of the main aims this paper is to see how the water brands and commercials are associated with the myths of the past and the other aim is to have discourse and content analysis of these commercials. The texts are analyzed through the action coded and function coded approaches positioning the mythical characters as opposed to the human - real character to each other regarding the relevance and appeal of the behaviors, actions or functions within the given story. The myths of the past provide intertextual elements which could also be hard to decipher in case of lack of information that might cause misunderstandings or misinterpretations. Having the primary goal of revealing the discourse analysis of the commercials, the paper discusses how the myths are created in the 21st century and how are sold through the well known brands. The audiences are not only positioned as the viewers or the consumers but also the learners. This paper aims to present the different images and myths associated with the water and within the examples of Europe wide the commercials are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This poster session paper reports on research exploring (1) how individuals with early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) use memory cues in the form of representations (tokens) to recall memories of life stories, and (2) ways in which representations (tokens) influence the nature and content of the individual's recall narrative. Further, it examines whether memory recall differs in response to personal, participant-chosen memory cues, as compared to those selected by someone other than the participant. Reliance on personal artifacts used during two of three unstructured interview sessions resulted in recollections that seemed more scripted in delivery and circumscribed in detail. In contrast, and in response to researcher-selected tokens used exclusively during session 3, full recollections and additional stories were seen to be more fully formed and detailed. While this subset of a larger study deals only with one individual, findings suggest that generic associations may be at least equal to, if not more effective than, unique, individuated artifacts to engendering creative self-expression and vivid personal recall for those experiencing the initial memory loss of AD. This finding may open opportunities to cultural heritage institutions (libraries, archives, museums, galleries) to assemble information "memory boxes" that reinforce recall of life stories by clients with early-stage AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]