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The cat flea is a main vector and reservoir of Rickettsia felis which is a flea-borne agent of spotted fever group rickettsiosis. The disease is considered a global threat to health but often underdiagnosed, likely due to their non-specific signs, symptoms, and limited access to diagnostics. There are limited reports of Rickettsia felis infection in cat fleas in Indonesia. This study aims to identify and characterize R. felis from cat fleas in Banjarnegara, Central Java, Indonesia. In total, 449 cat fleas (83 pools) were collected from 100 domestic cats in Banjarnegara and identified morphologically as Ctenocephalides felis and Xenopsylla cheopis (one flea). The flea samples were examined for Rickettsia spp. by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the citrate synthase (gltA) gene, followed by sequencing to identify the species of Rickettsia. Ricketsia spp. was detected in 30 of the 83 flea pools (36.1%). Of the 30 positive Rickettsia sequencing, 23 samples were chosen for the phylogenetic tree reconstruction. BLAST analyses of the gltA sequences obtained from C. felis are similar to R. felis (>99%). The findings imply that Rickettsia felis is identified among cat fleas in Banjarnegara, providing the potential for human transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshoring is an entrepreneurial and strategic approach to exploring the best and differentiated knowledge configuration to carry out a specific process on a global scale. However, there are very few theory building efforts based on this character of offshoring. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap. In this thesis, we applied micro-foundation of offshoring strategy while applying problem-solving perspective. In doing so, the offshoring strategy was grasped from the viewpoint of entrepreneurial approach with search effort. In this paper, we also detected typologies of offshoring strategies that can explain the scatter of offshoring results of Japanese companies (28 cases) by applying qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). Analysis revealed two typologies: cross-boundary type (which tends to make offshoring less likely to succeed) and non-cross-boundary type (which tends to make offshoring more likely to succeed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]