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The primary means of communication for people who are deaf and dumb is sign language. Due to the average person's inability to comprehend the syntax or meaning of the multiple motions that make up sign language, it is mostly used by their families and/or the community of the deaf and dumb. Because dumb people are frequently difficult for normal individuals to understand and converse with, they are typically excluded from regular social interactions. These people are compelled to communicate visually or through an interpreter. Visual communication is generally difficult to understand, and using an interpreter won't always be an option. The sign language translator framework can help deaf, dumb, and speech-impaired people interact with hearing people using sign language. This leads to the elimination of the translator-typically acting as an intermediate. The proposed solution does not require the usage of any additional hardware, such as gloves, and instead uses deep learning to translate sign language into the local tongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of bio-molecular event from bio-medical literature is very complex task. Bio-molecular event is nothing but a change in state of bio-molecules like proteins, genes etc. As bio-medical event is expressed with trigger word and its arguments, it needs to identify trigger words from data and then find out arguments of trigger words. Bio-medical data contains many ambiguous trigger words and can communicate multiple meanings in different settings. In order to clarify the meanings of such confusing trigger phrases, we employ a supervised technique. In this paper we propose a Bi-directional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) for extracting trigger words from biomedical text. These trigger words are most useful information in bio-molecular event expression. To extract the bio-molecular trigger words, we use a combination of three embedding techniques which are word embedding, character embedding and dependency relation embedding. For dependency embedding we identify dependency relation between current word and nearest protein within a sentence and a dictionary of dependency relations is formed for dependency embedding purpose. Our experiments on of BioNLP-2011 GENIA datasets for event extraction produced 72.54% recall, 75.14% precision and 73.74% F-score in detection of event triggers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In language processing, the identification of correct sense of word is a difficult one until to date. The reason behind this problem is the contribution of different meanings for a single word. A single word can give multiple meanings based on their expression and the neighboring words. This necessitates research in the field of understanding the correct sense of context. The research process has been started from the golden era to modern days using different approaches like supervised learning, unsupervised and semi-supervised learning. This paper is about the supervised learning approach for the discrimination of sense of words. The approach is based on the training of a type of Convolutional neural network called Dilated Convolutional Neural Network. The practical simulation of the proposed method is implemented using WORDNET. The proposed method produced the good results with an accuracy of 98.1% on SEMEVAL TASK 11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cluster analysis is a multivariate technique that groups objects based on their characteristics. For instance, it groups the most closely similar objects in the same cluster, thereby forming high internal homogeneity and external heterogeneity. Validation of the grouping results, carried out through profile analysis, is important to obtain the best partition that fits the basic data. Therefore, this study determined the profile analysis in clustering using Hotelling's T-square statistics on profile analysis and its application to rainfall data. Equivalent profile analysis with mixed ANOVA was used to test for hypothesis on the mean value of multiple variables (multivariate) using graph principles. In profile analysis, data plots were carried out to compare between groups of 3 patterns visually, namely, profile alignment, coincide, and alignment with the flat axis. These patterns were further validated using Hotelling's T-squared statistical test, which is a multivariate extension of the common one-sample or paired student t-test and used when the number of response variables is one or more. The result showed that the data is close to normal multivariate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For decades, the supplier selection decision problem remains as one of the major concerns for many organizations worldwide. Currently, the existing methods are too complex and time-consuming for the organizations to determine the best suppliers for them. Thus, this paper aims to utilize the analytical network process (ANP) based on presentation operations to address this issue. The method was equipped with the so-called graded mean integration of multiple operations and canonical representation on triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) via pairwise comparison evaluations. It employed six comprehensive procedures to analyze the problem related to supplier selection. Then, the total scores were attained directly to derive the global weights of each alternative before performing the rating process. To show the feasibility of the proposed method, a numerical example was adopted via a case study. From the calculation results, it shows that both presentation operations equipped in ANP were very beneficial in terms of process simplicity and time consumption, without losing any information. These benefits can be easily understood especially when the evaluation involves a huge number of criteria and sub-criteria via a pairwise comparisons process. Thus, not only did this method make supplier selection decision-making process to be less complex, it was also able to reduce the time consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses experimental studies of lexical ambiguity (polysemy and homonymy). In total, 42 papers published between 1981 and 2017 were selected for analysis. Selected works were analyzed from the point of view of a) interaction of the main factors of lexical ambiguity resolution (meaning dominance and context), b) modularity/ interactivity of language systems. The choice of these issues was caused by the fact that, despite a significant number of papers addressing them, a common theoretical model of lexical ambiguity resolution is still missing. The analysis concluded that none of the existing models could be chosen as the only true one. I believe that it is more promising to combine all models into one; in this case, we should not talk about "models" but about "algorithms" or "strategies". This merge is compatible with the results of studies of hemispheric asymmetry, which showed that the right and left hemispheres differently process ambiguous words. This difference is projected on the difference between the two main points of view on language processing, interactive and modular. Also, as a result of the analysis, the properties of meaning dominance and context as the main factors influencing the perception of ambiguity are summarized, and the ways and possibilities of their interaction are determined. These factors can participate in the process of resolving ambiguity autonomously or together, with different functions, speed, and levels of perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to other dimensions of perceived difference, the construct of age orders society at individual, interactional, and institutional levels. Yet, humans understand another person's age in more ways than the number of years since they were born. Drawing on insights from theories of the production of gender and race, and existing work on "doing" age, this paper pushes forward theory on age by investigating: what are the multiple cultural meanings of age? I use a novel application of natural language processing to uncover patterns in the way that age-related words are used in real-world English text in order to understand the way actors interpret and give meaning to information about a person's age. In this paper, I present preliminary results of analyses of word embeddings, and describe in detail my ongoing analyses that will be completed by March 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphorical thinking is part of the cognitive processes through which the human mind conceptualizes the world. It is believed by cognitive linguists that metaphor is part of the ordinary language and ubiquitous in our everyday language. Metaphor is universal, but there are variations due to cultural differences. Therefore, it has always been a focus of study for linguists to study different cultures. This research will focus on analyzing a Chinese polysemous word "Chi" from the perspective of the CONTAINER metaphor through which the unique Chinese thinking patterns will be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Law is made of concepts. Each legal concept contains a bottom layer and preceding philosophic synonym. Each word has its meaning, as a sign which represents an axiom. For this reason, traditionally, legal sciences are averse to polysemy. Therefore, 'adoption' of embryos and 'donation of embryos' are entirely distinct concepts. Moreover, nowadays medically assisted procreation procedures are an answer to numerous issues that touch the lives of an uncountable number of families. However, at the pace that these procedures develop the law has to follow the new realities which science has present to us. The eternal purpose of MAP's is the creation of life. It seems undeniable. The trial that consciously we intent to held relies on surplus embryos — a life already created. In the embryonic stage, a highly vulnerable moment. It is indeed, a trial with ethical, scientific, legal, religious and even philosophic claims. In light of this adoption of embryos and donation of embryos are different classifications for the same reality. We oppose one and agree with the other. The conceptual terminology that we choose comes from the recognition and valuation of life in its embryonic stage. We even consider that it comes from naturally valuing life, in whatever stage that it might be. The vulnerability comes in different stages of human life. However, in this case, it seems to extend, not exclusively but also, to the classification that is being wrongly applied, concerning the acceptance of surplus embryos. With this article, we aim to attend the different European Laws to appraise which concepts are used, the reason for using those and not others, and evenly, interpret the impact on the consensus we desire to build considering the prenatal adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistics observes rich experience of description and analysis of ‘phrasal verbs’ as a linguistic phenomenon of the English language. Studying distinctive features of structure and semantics of phrasal verbs in political discourse in relation to their polysemy appeared to be out of linguists’ scope. The research paper aims to investigate the major structural and semantic peculiarities of phrasal verbs within the context of a written political discourse, namely in the articles dedicated to the parties’ Brexit discussion in the Parliament of Great Britain. The ‘phrasal verbs’ were chosen with the help of continuous sampling method and further subjected to componential and quantitative, semantic-cognitive analyses. The research revealed that the prevailing number of phrasal verbs in political discourse are polysemous and idiomatic, however, most of them are usually used in the first meaning indicated in the dictionary of phrasal verbs. Having overviewed the major structural patterns, we found out that the occurrence of ‘transitive phrasal verb + preposition’ (e.g. to rely on, to accuse of, to take up smth) pattern was the most frequent one within the studied discourse, unlike the patterns, which are represented by three component phrasal verbs ‘transitive phrasal verb+adverb+preposion’(e.g. to give up on, to get out of, to lead up to). Examples corresponding to the pattern ‘intransitive phrasal verb+adverbs+preposion’ have been not found in the analysed material. The research findings make a great contribution to the theory of political discourse, as they describe the phenomenon previously neglected within written political discourse context. Moreover, the results are also valuable for the translation theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical terminologies are the basis of interoperability in medicine. They allow connecting the various systems and data and facilitate searches in databases. An example is the MedDRA terminology, used in particular for coding drug adverse events. However, these terminologies are often complex and involve a huge number of terms. Consequently, it is difficult to browse them or find the desired terms. Traditional approaches consist of lexical search, with the problems of synonymy and polysemy, or tree-based navigation, but the user often gets “lost” in the tree. Here, we propose a new approach for browsing medical terminologies: the use of pictograms and icons, for formulating the query in complement to a textual search box, and for displaying the search results. We applied this approach to the MedDRA terminology. We present both the methods and search algorithms and the resulting browsing interface, as well as the qualitative opinions of two pharmacovigilance experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambiguity is inherent to everyday human communication. It implies that there are two distinct senses assigned to one acoustic form. This research aims to contribute to an integrated interdisciplinary theory of ambiguity as a cognitive phenomenon and identify conceptual mechanisms underlying it. To this end, a variety of empirical and theoretical research methods, including referential analysis (understood in a broader sense as referring to a particular cognitive context used for disambiguation) are employed for the analysis of texts central to modern political discourse. We argue that unlike polysemy, which remains unconscious for participants of communication, ambiguity, its presence and effects are consciously perceived. We posit that intended ambiguity occurs when the speaker intentionally does not follow the logic of priming. Each sense of a polysemous word is primed differently. It results in conceptual and pragmatic effects dependent on the parameters of the cognitive context. Each polysemous word is associated with a set of dynamic cognitive contexts forming a complex multidimensional mental representation, which could potentially capture and store a significant amount of conceptual information, referring to any number of conceptual domains that are relevant to the identification and inferencing a particular sense of the word. We prove that event-referential ambiguity can be viewed as a means of manipulation of human consciousness and behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their study of polysemy, the authors build on the principle of cross-disciplinarity and resort to the methods of conceptual analysis and conceptual modelling in linguistic research. The authors focus on the notion of conceptual structure and analyse the role of different conceptual attributes in word sense formation. The article shows that conceptual attributes have a different status and play different roles in the structure of the concept associated with a sense of a polysemous word. Conceptual attributes vary according to the degree of their centrality, proneness to change and their inferential potential. Building on recent research in cognitive psychology, the authors hold that central and immutable attributes play a crucial role in maintaining the conceptual structure of a word whereas those having a high inferential potential stimulate the process of word sense formation. The authors explore the nature of the conceptual processes of inheritance and inference in polysemy. On the basis of the QUALIA structure, the authors simulate the conceptual process of new meaning development using polysemous nouns as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review research literature concerning "number sense" from several related fields. Whereas other authors have pointed to difficulty defining "number sense" or to some degree of inconsistency in the literature, we argue instead that this is a case of polysemy: There are 3 different constructs that go by the same name. In this article, we clarify the research literature concerning "number sense" by naming and defining these 3 constructs, identifying similarities and differences between them, and contrasting themes in each body of literature by drawing upon a sample of 124 research articles that focus on "number sense". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article analyses English and Russian lexemes denoting core legal professions and positions and emphasizes the problem of their translation equivalency. The aim of the paper is to show that although terms are named among those limited groups of lexemes which are context-independent and characterized by a single meaning, they can also be poly-semantic and even enantiosemic, i.e. contain opposite meanings within a single word form which can be specified only in the context, including the cultural context. This fact poses serious problems in translation. The authors limited the research to the lexemes denoting core legal professions of the semantic groups of defense and prosecution. The data was taken from dictionaries, legal texts as well as Russian and British National Corpora. Drawing on equivalence theory, descriptive theory, distributive theory and discourse analysis the study explores the semantics of the terms, analyses their distinctive features, and marks their semantic, functional and stylistic differences. It implements definitive, distributive, contextual, and contrastive analyses. This approach enabled the authors to specify semantics of the English and Russian terms, their functional and cultural differences and suggest some practical recommendations for their translation from the source language into the target language. The results of the study can be applied in the theory and practice of translation and in teaching Professional English and Russian to Law students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysemy in practice (the use of one indexing term to represent several different concepts) can be detected through contextual co-descriptor analysis and content analysis. The research reported here demonstrates this through the co-descriptor profiles and content analysis of the primary research literature indexed with the MeSH term GAMES, EXPERIMENTAL over the years 1974-1999 and 2005-2012. The indexing profiles illustrate an early-to-late period shift in goals from a 70% focus on education to a divided focus (~60% total) on various aspects of individual and interactive decision making. In a content analysis of reported "games," word puzzles, adaptations of quiz and board games, and simulations/role playing dominated in 1974-99--goals and activities not congruent with the gametheoretic notion of a "game." In 2005-2012, game-theoretic scenarios and individual risky-decision activities (e.g. Iowa Gambling Task) dominated. Overall, it appears that indexers relied on the occurrence of the term "game" in the article and/or the more common notion of what a "game" is in indexing the article. This was particularly evident in the early time period, before the rise of experimental economics/game theory, but even in recent years, the term is used to tag a wider variety of activities than would be expected by the term's position and syndetic relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to highlight two aspects of sound concretization of a convergent spiritual background generated by the symbolism of stained glass window, exposing conceptions, orientations and even writing techniques belonging to composers considered to be very different stylistically. Come into sight since the period of great medieval cathedrals, the stained glass window will transcend the purely visual stage, being symbolically filled by the polysemy of light-colour-sacrality triad. From this perspective, the two musical works belonging to the composers Mihai Moldovan and Doina Rotaru corroborate the route from idea (symbolics) to sonority (materiality of musical score), the comparison of them revealing - given a neo-modal relatively homogeneous grammar - virtual availability of the sound structures in 'simulating' one and the same semantic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resolution of lexical ambiguity in machine translation systems often involves the automated, on-line selection of the correct sense of polysemous target words in the context of a clause, phrase or sentence.  However, the performance of machine translation systems in emulating this aspect of human language processing has not been entirely successful, to the extent that resolution of entities and terms in natural language could be automated for open source intelligence analysis.  Whilst some of these systems confine themselves to processing domain-specific knowledge (e.g., medical terminology), with some success, the popular general-purpose direct translation systems now freely available on the World Wide Web (WWW) are investigated for characteristic semantic processing errors in this study.  A ubiquitous sentence ("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"), an equative metaphor, and a simile are translated into four romance and one Germanic language, with the translation then inverted back to English using the same translation system.  It is found that in addition to expected differences in correctly mapping shades of meaning (e.g., "quick" is mapped to "fast"), some spatial meanings are incorrectly transformed, especially for verbs (e.g., "jumps over" becomes "branches over" or "jumps on").  The most serious error is the addition of extra semantic features to individual words, particularly features associated with nouns (e.g., the gender-neutral "fox" becomes the female "vixen").  The implications of these types of errors for the automatic translation of human language - with respect to semantic representation in open source intelligence -- are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper adopted the inverted index to construct the polysemy index table which is based on the annotated corpus, and achieve a small search engine based on the Lucene technology. After studying the frequency and distribution of the Polysemy in the labeled corpus, we constructed the index table to improve the speed of searching polysemy in corpus. The small search engine realized the function of web resources crawlling and extracting, indexing, search word processing, resources quering and sorting. It extended the application of inverted index technique in the network information retrieval. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

On May 1st, 2006, people engaged in marches, vigils and protests across the United States. In addition to attracting significant media coverage, the actions sparked both celebration and criticism in public commentary on immigration. This paper presents a discourse analysis of 297 front pages from daily newspapers in the United States. Four key themes are identified based on our reading of movement literature leading up to the events and existing research on media coverage of political protest: numbers; economy/economics; policy/rights; and law/order. We then construct linguistic representations of these themes and use keyword in context searches across the front pages to identify general trends, as well as contextually situated analysis at the level of the phrase or clause for each theme. Finally, we draw on mediated discourse from both pro- and anti-immigrant sources, illustrating the polysemous character of language and representation in mediated political discourse. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present our technique for finding semantically similar clusters within web documents obtained from a set of queries retrieved from the Google search engine. This technique utilizes a clustering algorithm based on previous Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) work pioneered by Deerwester. In this paper we demonstrate how by using our clustering algorithm we can resolve ambiguities prevalent in natural language such as polysemy and synonymy. Following from a detailed description of the algorithm we present our initial findings using real world Internet queries. We conclude by evaluating the merits of our clustering algorithm through comparison with results observed by human categorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Question We explore the historical and cultural evolution of the heart symbol and its multiple meanings and connotations. Using the heart symbol for demonstrative purposes, we examine whether purposeful polysemy is a marketing strategy used within the food and beverage sector. We explore whether there is motive for marketers to avoid use of direct assertions and if the ambiguity in the symbol's meaning can be used to circumvent policy or evade regulatory scrutiny. We aim to examine the meaning of POM Wonderful and Becel marketing communication that includes the depiction of a heart symbol. Method and Data Using an interpretive approach based on semiotics and a rhetorical analysis, we examine print ads from POM Wonderful and Becel, which are brands where the heart symbol is central to their brand communication (i.e., the heart is a part of the brand mark). Semioticsrefers to the theory of signs: signs and their meanings can be classified into "the signifier," which is the tangible dimension, and "the signified," which is the abstract concept of the sign. Penn (2000) provides a step-by-step approach to undertake a semiological analysis that starts with choosing material, such as brand communication, relevant to the context of research based on factors such as availability and the level at which it is open to analysis. Next, the elements within the material, such as images and copy, must be identified and listed along with their literal or denotational meaning. This step is followed by recognizing connotative elements (extended meanings) in the material. Acknowledgment of polysemy is central to this step of the analysis as visual and copy elements must be classified as "first level," based on simple linguistic knowledge, and "second level," based on interpretation from a social and cultural context. Hence, the analyst(s) must recognize and report the implied meaning of the elements that may exist. The final step involves reporting the findings and results of the analysis. Rhetoric, meanwhile, is seen as the discipline of argumentation (Eves and Tom 1999) or the art of persuasion (Edgar and Sedgwick 1999), whereas rhetorical figures are devices that frequently appear in advertising and regarded as artful deviations from expectation (McQuarrie and Mick 1996). McQuarrie and Mick (1996) developed a three level taxonomy of rhetorical figures that are commonly used within advertising. While the taxonomy adequately captures verbal figures, Phillips and Mc-Quarrie (2004) developed a classification system based on a scale of complexity and richness, which focuses on differentiation within the type of visual rhetorical figures in advertising. Advertisers can select from various pictorial elements to generate preferable consumer responses and the heart symbol is one such element. Phillips and McQuarrie's typology divides the use of rhetorical figures into two categories: visual structure and meaning operations. The latter category of meaning operations holds particular interest for our purposes as elements are based on the polysemy or ambiguity they produce. Key Contributions Purposeful polysemy can be strategically used in advertising to fulfill a number of functions (Eisenberg 1984; Puntoni et al. 2010; Puntoni et al. 2011; Warlaumont 1995), but the extant literature has been largely silent about its potential for circumventing policy or evading regulatory scrutiny. Moreover, much of the brand relationship literature to date has generated insight that aims to help marketers (e.g., enhancing profits or loyalty), but our paper is situated in the context of contributing to the practice of transformative consumer research by informing policy that improves well-being at a consumer and societal level. Summary of Findings Strategic polysemy is a prevalent and powerful tool to deliver health messages within the food and beverage sector. Using POM Wonderful and Becel marketing communication as case illustrations, we highlight the use and reliance on the heart symbol's multiple meanings. Being an inherent symbol of life and wellness, we show that the heart can be used to promote symbolic messages of health, in addition to communicating love for a product and encouraging consumer-brand relationships. Use of the heart symbol facilitates brands avoiding excess regulatory scrutiny that they would likely face for any direct health claim assertions. The polysemic nature of the heart symbol enables brands to build dominant health associations while retaining secondary connotations that can be pointed to if facing allegations of defying regulatory policies. In other words, the heart symbol can provide health cues that are important to a brand's positioning while its polysemic meanings become a powerful alibi for firms facing regulatory scrutiny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images that were created to constitute pictographic writing styles are to be found inside a double process: a syntactic process that allows them to stop polysemy and a complex process of decoding, and a connoted reading system capable of potentiating underlying meanings or of creating new ones derived from the previous ones. A group of these images have been used in contemporary Mexican texts as distinctive elements that permit to maintain a bond with ancestral cultures that, in their social reading, guarantee a strong connection with the cultures that serve as sustenance for the social concept in use of meanness. Through the application of logical reading processes offered by cognitive semiotics and the relief of evident strategies brought about by plastic and figurative semiotics, it is possible to make an inventory of commonly used reading processes that generate what is denominated as Mexicanness. These processes acquire major relevance when they are appropriated by supports carried by digital communication technologies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]