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Disciplinary practice in prisons is an essential element of the proper administration of correctional institutions and the maintenance of a safe and orderly environment in these facilities. In this paper, we aim to examine the crucial role of rewards and sanctions within the prison system and how they influence the behaviour of prisoners. Rewards and sanctions play a crucial role in shaping prisoners' behaviour and promoting compliance with institutional rules and norms. The main aim of this study is to assess how these disciplinary tools influence prisoners' behaviour and to examine their effectiveness in reducing delinquent and deviant behaviour in prisons. The findings of this analysis highlight the importance of a balanced approach between rewards and sanctions within the prison system. The right balance between these two aspects is essential for promoting a safe prison environment and facilitating the social reintegration of prisoners. A balanced approach can contribute to improving disciplinary practices in prisons and to the effective management of prisoners' behaviour. This research provides an insight into how rewards and sanctions are used within the prison system and suggests that a balanced approach between them is essential for maintaining order and safety in prisons and promoting the social reintegration of prisoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the aspects of the integration into society of persons who have returned from imprisonment places, reveals the reasons for imprisonment of the persons and the need for assistance. The aim is to analyze the integration into society of persons who have returned from imprisonment places. The research methods: analysis of scientific literature, qualitative research - semi-structural interview, content analysis. The analysis revealed that the main reasons for imprisonment are as follows: financial deprivation, which leads to crime, violence, alcohol and drug addiction, naivety and trust in people, and a desire to live happily and freely. Persons returning from imprisonment places need various assistance - financial, psychological, assistance in finding a living place and work, they need support from family members and friends. After returning from prisons, individuals would like the state not to make their convictions public, as this causes difficulties in entering the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Prison Popper" is a two-dimensional website-based typing game that can be accessed using internet browser. This game was developed with Unity Game Engine, and the website was constructed using PHP and JavaScript. The player will play as a warden that has to stop a prison break by shooting the escaping prisoners. Testing methods was done by Blackbox testing, Alpha testing by lecturer and Beta Testing will be using survey form given to YCAB Foundation as Respondent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of choosing the construction system of modern correctional buildings and complexes, as well as other traditionally "closed" institutions: hospitals, boarding schools, military camps, shift camps. The study covers a wide range of issues related not only to building materials, building structures, methods of their construction, but also includes an initial analysis of the prospects for creating a new architectural-spatial model of buildings and complexes that were traditionally considered outcasts in society and urban development. The study of traditional and modern building systems, which are the most important component of architecture, will make it possible to realize the mistakes of the past, as well as create and apply new approaches and methods of forming an open, full-fledged environment of "closed" institutions. The most important criteria influencing the choice of a building system for correctional buildings are the level of security of building structures, as well as for prisoners and staff; reliability and ease of maintenance, repair, operation of the facility; economic efficiency of buildings at all stages of the life cycle from design to material disposal; environmental friendliness and hygiene; flexibility and dynamics of spatial organization. The study of theoretical, methodological, design materials in this area led to the identification of some building systems used in the design and construction of correctional institutions in Ukraine and foreign countries, namely: a building system with load-bearing walls made of small-sized elements (brick, stone, block) using manual and mechanized technologies; panel and frame-panel construction system; monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic construction system and, finally, an additive system using innovative digital printing technologies on a 3D printer. All of the above building systems take their place in the modern construction of penitentiary complexes and other "closed" institutions, have their disadvantages and advantages, and require additional research by modern social, psychological, functional-regime, aesthetic requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to consider the possibility of the adaptive reuse of former Italian penitentiary buildings as tourist accommodation. This paper is a practitioner viewpoint paper, therefore it is not based on any particular methodological approach. It describes the project launched by the Agenzia del Demanio of Italy (State Property Agency) for the transformation and redevelopment of public real estate; it analyzes some international and domestic cases of former prisons' being changed over to tourist accommodation facilities. The paper identifies three methods for adapting former penitentiaries to tourist purposes: Italy has been characterized mostly by the recovery of the islands hosting abandoned prisons as preserved natural areas, while less frequent is the changeover of former penitentiaries located in urban areas, or in historical and cultural sites. The paper seeks to highlight some possibilities of adaptive reuse of former prisons, which seem not to have been fully exploited in Italy. The project by Agenzia del Demanio might be the appropriate tool to this aim, especially if more specifically focused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, people have been interested in leading the best possible life, and with the evolution of society, individuals have gradually and permanently focused on improving the quality of life, on maintaining physical and mental health for as long as possible throughout their lives. Even if in the early part of life most people think they are invincible, believe they have no limits, believe they can do almost anything and overcome any obstacle encountered, with advancing age they realize the limits of the human body and the normal course of life. With the increase of humanity's interest in preserving bodily integrity for as long as possible, medical studies at the physical level as well as those at the psychological level have intensified, and medical innovations have appeared that have reached unimaginable limits just a few decades ago, states began building more hospitals and medical centers while pouring more money into the health care system. The right to health is in close connection with the right to life because the deterioration of the first element inevitably leads to the faster loss of the second element. In penitentiaries, the right to health is guaranteed to all those in custody permanently, free of charge, equally and without discrimination. Perhaps because of this, once in detention, some begin to fake all sorts of medical problems in order to receive certain benefits such as better food for a falsely declared digestive problem, better accommodation in the unit's infirmary at least for a short amount of time etc. Others use this ruse and feign very serious medical problems to try to escape their penance and regain their freedom before the sentence set by the court expires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a new approach for the development of the health-preserving culture formation method in Russian penitentiary system stuff training. The authors show that the health-preserving competence is an important personal characteristic that helps to maintain the quality of life and prolongs the active working period. It is settled that the high probability of the professional burnout makes the importance of this competence actual and significant for penitentiary officials. The described method of health-preserving culture formation in Russian penitentiary system stuff training not only helps to overcome many existing personal problems but also makes it possible to prolong individual time of service and improve the quality of the penitentiary service staff as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some of the correctional facilities systems of education. It attempts to identify the e-learning methods which are used in prisons for various educational purposes. Specifically, this research is focused on the opportunities and the limitations which the e-learning type of education has when used in prisons. The research method is survey, conducted at two Bulgarian prisons – one for juvenile criminals and one male's prison. The paper focuses on three main aspects – 1) access to technologies; 2) digital skills and 3) attitudes towards e-learning. Findings from data analysis reveal that prisoners are willing to enhance their learning experience through the use of ICT. The technologies utilised for educational purposes in these prisons are strictly limited due to a law which prohibits the use of Internet for inmates. Conclusions impose the need for advanced training of prisoners in the field of e-learning and ICT and providing adequate educational software based on intranet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article represents an analysis of the manner in which the freedom of conscience, freedom of opinions and freedom of religion of inmates are respected, with a particular analysis made on a Romanian prison. In this study I referred to the jurisprudence of the ECtHR in cases against Romania, the national legislation governing the rights of detainees, the collaboration between religious organizations and prisons in order to respect the right to religious freedom, the impact of respecting this right on behavior, the impact of re-educating inmates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the ways imprisoned men experience 'nature' - one of several broad terms used which allowed participants to freely associate interview questions with their own experiences. The concepts of biophilia (innate love of nature) and biophobia (innate dislike, discomfort or disregard of nature) are used to frame imprisoned interactions with and responses to nature. This approach acknowledges that relationships with nature are complex, layered and influenced by the built environment, prison regime, and individual differences. Imprisoned men, herein, had complicated relationships with nature. They were often denied access to desirable nature, whilst undesirable aspects - pests, uncomfortable temperatures, and sensory intrusions - were amplified by physical imprisonment and the design of carceral structures. Exposure to positive and negative aspects of nature may impact rehabilitation, desistance and re-entry into the community. It is, therefore, an important consideration in the exploration of both prison design and the harms of imprisonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the 20th century, the tendency to abolish the death penalty influenced to an increased use of life imprisonment. According to available data, about half a million people in the world today are serving a life sentences in prison. Out of 216 countries and territories, life imprisonment is imposed in 183. Between 2004 and 2015, there was an increase in the imposition of these sentences of about 84%. Life imprisonment, with the exception of countries where the death penalty is applied, is imposed as the maximum punishment for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes. In different countries, life imprisonment is imposed with different options: with or without the possibility of parole depending on the severity of the crime and the social risk of the crime, the minimum sentence served, etc. A particular problem is the execution of this criminal sanction from the aspect of: application of the treatment, preservation of security in the institution both personal and general, preservation of the minimum level of mental health of convicts, accommodation of these convicts - individually or in a group with other categories of convicts, etc. International organizations dealing with human rights of prisoners recommend that prison institutions take advantage of all the opportunities that treatment provides in order to, as far as possible, preserve health, moral and spiritual strength of every prisoner who is serving a life sentence in prison, as a human, moral and civilized act of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternatives to incarceration such as drug court have gained increased attention, particularly as a response to a rise in opioid overdose death. In the program, participants work with a drug court team, comprised of criminal justice actors and treatment providers. The team monitors client success through a variety of awards and sanctions. Upon completion of the program, original charges drop; if the participant fails to comply, charges stand and they are sent to prison. Given the mixture of care and control, scholars have described drug court as fostering a kind of therapeutic surveillance. In conducting courtroom observation, I extend the work on therapeutic surveillance by detailing competing addiction narratives participants are made to portray during court sessions with the judge: that of a redeemable productive citizen, fit for the program, versus a criminal "addict" who, without the program, will return to a life of addiction and inevitably "die or go to prison." In turn, I consider the significance of social control forged through the overlapping of treatment and criminal justice responses to addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solitary confinement represents a lack of freedom within prison, and missing one's earliest release date (ERD) represents a lack of freedom from imprisonment. Using a community-based interdisciplinary model, we studied correlations between both of these measures and race. We did so by utilizing python script to create a unique database that unites Michigan Department of Corrections administrative data, obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests, and data publicly available through the Offender Tracking Information System. Using logistic regression analyses, we found that (a) black prisoners had a higher chance of being in solitary confinement than white prisoners; (b) those who experienced solitary confinement had a higher chance of missing their ERD than other prisoners; and (c) black prisoners had a higher chance of missing their ERD than whites. The findings suggest serious implications for how racial disparities in the use of solitary confinement could exacerbate social inequities for black communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The astonishing growth in the United States' incarceration rate has received widespread attention in recent years. State governments have been gradually implementing reforms, and we are seeing uneven declines in state prison populations across the country. However, a related trend--the massive growth of the number people supervised by probation and parole agents--has received comparatively little attention. 4.5 million people are on parole or probation in the United States and far more people are under community supervision than are in prison. Drawing from 50 interviews with a random sample of parole agents in three Midwest counties, I examine the decisions parole agents make during their everyday work routines and how these choices influence the trajectories of individuals on parole after prison. Specifically, I focus on how competing narratives concerning protecting public safety versus providing support to formerly incarcerated people shape the everyday work of agents. Further, findings reveal how these competing pressures agents encounter in turn affect the increased use of jail as sanction that has accompanied the recent decline in the country's prison population. I find that the gradual shift away from more punitive prison sentencing polices obscures the problem of a large population under parole supervision experiencing challenges after prison and subsequently entering jail for periods of time ranging from two days to three months as a result of custodial sanctions administered by agents. This practice carries with it its own negative consequences for the lives of people returning from prison, even in the era of de-incarceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a time when the U.S. prison population has skyrocketed and the prison industrial complex has strengthened its hold, I argue that hearing the voices of the incarcerated is more important than ever. While prisoners have long been writing about their prison experiences in this country, only some are successful at getting their work published. Based on a qualitative analysis of correspondence with twenty-five prison writers and five of their editors/publishers, I delineate the strategies prison writers have developed to overcome barriers to publication. Finding a loyal sponsor, pursuing alternative sources of publication, and accommodating the market without compromising content are strategies successful authors have used to navigate the formidable conditions they face. I consider the implications this process has for prison writers trying to get their work in print and academics studying the experiences of men and women in prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Scientific research in prisons is not a new problem. New is the way of granting benefits to persons who show such while serving sentences of imprisonment. Some shortcomings in establishing the criteria, rules and way of determining the authors, led to the emergence in 2016 of over 300 works published under the name of condemned authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the role of morality in financial contract enforcement, specifically the historical abolition of imprisonment for debt. In the late eighteenth century, creditors' right to arrest and detain debtors for default was taken for granted. By the middle of the nineteenth century this power was widely and permanently revoked. Using archival evidence, this article shows how changes in creditor-debtor interactions, macroeconomic dynamics, and political rights generated new moral understandings of borrowing, lending, and default. The shifting moralization of credit in turn reshaped the policy and practice of debt collection. The history of the debtors' prison and the sociology of morality have implications for the analysis of the non-contractual basis of contract, as well as for contemporary financial politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion that agents of total institutions disregard caring for captives is widespread. It rests on the repeated documentation of such instances (e.g., most recently at Abu Ghraib) and on the fact that total institutions harbor strong obstacles to care such as in-group/out-group divide and power imbalance between agents and captives. Yet how agents of total institutions can respond with empathy towards captives remains largely unexplored. Through a multi-phase qualitative study of 113 correctional officers of US state prisons, we show how agents of total institutions can care for captives. More specifically, we first establish that officers demonstrate a spectrum of responses to captives' needs and suffering, including empathetic responses. Second, we document sets of practices aimed at (a) leveling differences between agents and captives, (b) relinquishing power towards captives, and (c) shielding agents from the negative emotions triggered by captives--all of which seem to increase the likelihood of care. Building on appraisal theory of emotion (Lazarus, 1991), we develop a theoretical model of how agents of total institutions show empathy towards captives, arguing that these practices lower obstacles to care by shaping agents' appraisal of the captives' situation and their own capability to help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Validity, integrity, and impacts of the new IT systems of the Israeli courts, implemented in the decade of the 2000s, are examined. The report is based in part on the Human Rights Alert, NGO, (HRA) submission for the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of human rights in Israel by the Human Rights Council (HRC) of the United Nations (UN) which, following professional HRC staff review, was incorporated into the HRC UPR report (2013) with the note: "Lack of integrity in the electronic record systems of the supreme court, the district courts and the detainees' courts in Israel". The current report is also based on the findings of the State Ombudsman's Report (2010), which noted that system development failed to comply with state law and standards. System analysis reveals development and implementation with no lawful authority, servers of unverified identity, and invalid implementation of electronic signatures, authentication procedures, authorities and permissions. Data mining reveals widespread issuance of invalid, falsified, simulated, and/or forged judicial records. Case studies document the implications of the operation of such conditions. The systems stripped judicial records of any validity and authenticity. Such systems, implemented through a costly, long-term project, overseen by key national judicial figures, are unlikely to be the outcome of oversight, or human error. The systems should be viewed as suspension of the law of the land, or denial of access to the civil courts. As such, they represent a regime change, or a constitutional crisis in a nation with no constitution. Corrective measures are proposed, calling for Publicity of the Law - transparency - and for the Separation of Powers - placing the development and implementation of such systems under accountability to the legislature. IT experts should assume more prominent duties in the safeguard of civil society in our era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In open type prisons their sentence serve only 1.7% from total number of convicts. This indicates a fact that Latvian progressive sentence enforcement system is not working properly. As the result of tough criminal sanctions convicts adapts to the prison environment and become alienated from society, this fact seriously hinders an optimal integration into life after release. There legal framework of the norms of the Sentence Execution Code of Latvia of custodial sentence enforcement regime concerning convicts who are serving their sentence in open prisons is inconsistent. The article reflects and analyzes the results of a research about custodial sentence enforcement regime and its features in open prisons. This research is first such scale work in Latvia, in which are studied custodial sentence enforcement regime features in open prisons, identifying problematic issues and suggesting possible solutions. On the basis of this research were developed series of recommendations for prison staff working with convicts in open prisons, as well as the necessity to make amendments in norms of Sentence Execution Code of Latvia and in Regulations No. 423 of the Cabinet of Ministers of May 30, 2006 - Internal rules of Penitentiary institution. The author expresses the hypothesis that within this research discovered deficiencies and problems, as well as suggested solutions will make a significant contribution to the development of Latvian sentence execution legal theory. Using new scientific knowledge expressed in the research will be possible to improve the custodial sentences enforcement legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working in prisons is an important public service. In this context, the staff employed in prisons should be carefully selected, trained and constantly supervised. The paper deals with issues related to the position and role of the employees in the penitentiary institutions in the Republic of Macedonia, as a special category of employees in the administration. For that purpose, a legal analysis of the legislation shall be performed, particularly concerning their status, method of establishment and termination of employment, their rights and obligations and their responsibilities, taking into consideration the latest legislation in this field. In this paper, the results of the research project "Position of the inmates in penitentiary institutions in the Republic of Macedonia" will be presented and analysed, conducted by the Faculty of Security - Skopje, University "St. Kliment Ohridski" - Bitola, concerning the status and position of the employees in the penitentiary institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The working environment is one of the key factors affecting physical and mental health. Prison staff is a group of professionals who are exposed to specific and strong stress or because their work is directly related with potentially violent population. This paper is part of a broader research at the Faculty of Security - Skopje, titled "The position of the inmates in penitentiaries in the Republic of Macedonia" conducted in prisons in the Republic of Macedonia. The research shows the perception of the prison staff about their job satisfaction, stress exposure and the consequences by assessing the physical and mental status. It is conducted on 188 employees in the prisons "Idrizovo" - Skopje, Strumica and the solitary confinement "Šutka" in Skopje. The research uses a questionnaire of a Likert kind that covers behavioral and physical symptoms of stress, institutional organization and relations with colleagues and superiors, burden and risk exposure as well as strategies for coping with stress. The results show that there is dissatisfaction with the work and relatively high degree of presence of symptoms of stress. In this paper, based on the results of the research, several measures are proposed that would help to improve the condition of the prison staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jail has evolved over time thanks to various critics brought to the address of the two purposes: custody and reeducation. Of course, the custody and the reeducation have functioned on the basis of specific methods. In their turn, these methods have suffered critics, which led to change in penitentiary system. The prison's methods have evolved in the sense of respecting the human rights, of positive moral values as well in the culturalization purpose of those in detention. The prison conditions change at the same time with the society and social values are projected on prison life. The current study refers to the issues related to setting up of prisons in Romania and at the seven optimal conditions of the prison life, as a first step towards a more complex work, about a analysis of costs between detention and alternatives to the sentence with imprisonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

San Quentin is an infamous prison in US history, the subject of myths, cautionary tales, and cable network specials. And yet ask the men living inside its walls, and they will insist San Quentin is the best place to do time in California. Beginning in the mid-1990s, San Quentin's gates were opened to volunteers from the San Francisco Bay Area interested in providing educational and therapeutic programs. The implementation of these programs disrupted the routines and norms governing social relations within San Quentin, providing a rich window into the daily operation of the prison as it responds to pressure. In this paper, I identify and analyze three narratives which surface in the official discourse used by institutional actors to describe the prison environment and compare these narratives with observations of daily life behind San Quentin's walls. Ultimately, I argue that in contrast to popular portrayals of prisons, which depict prisoners and officers as locked in depraved and antagonistic relationship patterns, the very structure of San Quentin, and perhaps prisons more generally, is highly conducive to the development of intimate bonds between these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional model of Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) is under threat from the spread of marketisation and managerialism. Within a context of increased commercialism and concentration of media power on the one hand and media démocratisation on the other, the survival and continued relevance of PSB is bought into question. Through the case study of UK prison radio this paper presents a new model of partnership working which redefines PSB within a fragmented and dispersed mediascape. These observations stem from wider research into the origins and development of the UK Prison Radio Association (PRA) and draw upon the accounts of those involved in the development of the organisation, focusing in particular on the BBC role in the process, and concluding that alternative media projects have a significant role to play in reconfiguring and redefining the concept of PSB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of the article reviews researches conducted at psychiatric hospital Kromeriz at the department for neurotics in the first psychotherapy community for persons with neurosis in Czech Republic. Therapists of two departments of this hospital conducted dramatherapy sessions and followed these researches by their own study focused on evaluation of dramatherapy process. The article presents the results of the investigation of validity of the evaluation rating used in this hospital during dramatherapy sessions. The evaluation rating was further used at child psychiatry hospital and in a prison facility. The main purpose was a methodological research (verification of a measurement tool), but also regarding the collected data it was possible to perceive the investigation as a research of the factual problem - the process and the effect of the therapeutic-formative intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the fact that violence has become an essential element in different spheres of everyday life in one society, within criminology and penology is actualized one very important question concerning victimization in a penal institutions. Particularly this issue arises in the less developed countries in which penal institutions work partially according international standards. In order to determine the status of convicted persons in penal institutions in Republic of Macedonia as well as violence in prisons, within research "Position of convicted persons in penal institutions in the Republic of Macedonia" (conducted in 2012) special section was devoted to the presence of violence in this institutions in Republic of Macedonia Within this paper we will present the most important results of the research subject that involves analysis of the presence and frequency of violence, the phenomenology of violence among convicted persons (as victims and as offenders) and violence by members of the security sector directed to convicted persons. Also in this paper are analyzed the consequences for victims and the eventual help they got from the penal institution. The aim that should have had to be achieved with this research is related to determining the level and frequency of violence in the penal institution, but also to determine the differences that exist in terms of violence based on gender, age, nationality, education, material status, marital status, prior convictions and length of stay in the penal institution. Within the research was used survey as a technique and a structured questionnaire as an instrument of research. The survey was conducted during the month October to December 2012, on a sample of 217 respondents, from penal institutions in: Izdrizovo, Shtip. Bitola, Strumica, Struga and Tetovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly research continues to highlight the disproportionate numbers of black males under supervision in state, federal, and private prisons in the United States. Although there is an existing body of scholarly literature which examines the topic of religion in U.S. prisons, there is a scarcity in scholarly literature relative to the intersections of race and religion in America's prison systems. In terms of black males and religion in the U.S. prison systems, there is a void in the existing scholarly literature that speaks to incarcerated black males who convert to African-centered spiritual or religious belief systems. The ultimate objective of this research project, which is now a work-in-progress, is to investigate the factors affecting the choice to convert to particular African-centered spiritual or religious belief systems by some black males during their incarceration. The research project asks the following question: What new meanings and changes in worldview occur among incarcerated black males due to their conversion to particular African-centered spiritual or religious beliefs systems? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today Texas incarcerates its citizens at rates once inconceivable in the United States, and well in excess of nearly all of the world's democratic governments. Yet, in the early 1980s Texas imprisoned people at rates lower than comparable states. This case study examines the politics of prison expansion in the pivotal period when the state shifted from the widespread use of probation and parole, to extensive prison construction with the goal of locking up more offenders. This case is used to critique existing theories that emphasize the importance of ideology, culture, and political strategy in explaining the rise of mass incarceration. The findings demonstrate that certain lawmakers worked to garner support among law enforcement officials to push for a massive expansion in prison capacity. This coalition sustained strategic campaigns that appealed directly to the media and to peoples' concerns about crime during a period of intense political and economic volatility, ultimately succeeding in departing from the state's tradition of fiscal conservatism, and launching a massive and expensive prison expansion project. The findings demonstrate the value of state-level empirical research into legal changes associated with crime and punishment, and clearly demonstrate that scholars investigating the legal changes associated with punishment must account for the powerful role law enforcement agents and their organizations and associations play in legal change. The findings also suggest that a combination of certain aspects of seemingly disparate theoretical explanations of changes in punishment help explain developments in Texas. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The California Youth Authority (CYA) was established in 1941 in the state of California. The CYA is the largest youth offender agency in the nation. It consists of eight facilities that are located throughout the entire state of California. Recently the name has changed from California Youth Authority to Division of Juvenile Justice. The age range of the incarcerated youth in the CYA is about twelve to twenty-five years. The goal of this institution is to operate as a reform school for youth delinquents and provide them with institutional training and parole supervision. Recently the CYA has being facing a problem that pertains with the service that they offer to juvenile delinquents. The outcome of this problem has been the high rate of recidivism for the CYA. The re-entry rate of juveniles to the criminal system is about ninety percent. This means that nine out of ten former CYA juveniles are finding their way back to the juvenile system or even yet, to the adult criminal system. Through the use of content analysis I will be investigating why the recidivism rate is so high. The CYA is not providing the juveniles delinquents with the necessary skills to adapt back into society once they are released from prison; as a result, the recidivism rate has turn out to be one of the highest in the nation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the interest that social scientists have displayed in the rising rate of incarceration, they are now turning their attention to understanding the consequences of this prison boom for local areas. This line of inquiry is important because prison construction has become a component of state and local economic development schemes. Indeed, there is a widespread belief that prison construction provides significant economic benefits to local areas. While focusing on the impact of prisons, our analyses also highlight the importance of human capital formation in community eceonomic development. We analyze data on all existing and new prisons in the United States since 1960 and examine the impact of these prisons on the pace of growth (as measured by public, private and total employment growth) in U.S. counties from 1976 to 2004. Our results provide clear evidence that enhanced human capital is associated with employment gains. But this study casts doubt on the assertion that prisons provide economic benefits to the areas in which they are located. In fact, we provide evidence that prison construction has impeded economic growth in rural counties, especially in those counties that lagh behind in educational attainment. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a real-world example of qualitative data analysis from an on-going PhD study involving the initiation and evaluation of a horticultural therapy program targeting incarcerated women within two NSW female prisons. While literature on 'qualitative' methodologies and the collection of qualitative data is becoming more main stream in social science methods literature, the development of disparate strands of qualitative data analysis and the lack of standardised approaches can often leave research students and new researchers alike, highly confused. As a result, new researchers who are faced with mounds of data can be tempted to conduct their analysis without any well-defined protocols, turn the process over to a qualitative data analysis software package without rich theoretical engagement, or haphazardly select a method of analysis that may not be appropriate to their project. Through the articulation of a example of qualitative analysis that grapples with engaging and sorting the data, balancing the need to 'reduce' data - yet preserve richness, building themes, engaging back with the literature, and developing theory, this paper hopes to offer grounded support for those interested in or engaging in the challenge of qualitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the social features of the Jamaican prison context that may influence inmates' perception of and participation in HIV/AIDS services.Methods: A purposive sample of 25 inmates incarcerated in the largest male adult correctional center in Jamaica participated in a series of two in-depth interviews. Content analysis was employed to explore interview texts and identify salient themes.Results: "Prisonization" as described by Clemmer and aspects of Sykes' model of deprivation are important to inmates' perspectives on HIV service provision in this context. Stress due to incarceration, limited access to social support, and the constant fear of violence limited participants' perception of their ability to cope with HIV infection. Fear of social rejection due to HIV stigma was a primary concern, and was linked to stigma against homosexuality. Participants reported a concern about confidentiality and access to medical care in the prison context.Conclusion: Provision of HIV services that address social and psychological factors important to HIV-related behavior change, testing, treatment and care require a restructuring the prison environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motherhood has long been a site for regimes of penal control to reform women. Maternal concerns have now been targeted by prisons and other disciplinary systems (such as child welfare services) to manage risk, both among female inmates and, potentially, among their children through parenting education. Neoliberal governance views poor parenting as the reason for crime, poverty, and a host of social ills. Parenting classes, while well meant and popular among female inmates, foster a reality grounded in notions of middle-class family life—one that is at odds with the lived experience of parenting women who are incarcerated. This paper, based on a larger study of women on parole in Hawaii, examines the assumptions of the parenting class. I argue that that these approaches to reforming women embody a maternal subjectivity far removed from the poverty-stricken, criminalized, largely Native Hawaiian population in Hawaii's prisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using aggregate data from the late 1970's, Blumstein (1982) compared racial disproportionality in arrests and prison populations for several serious crimes. Although the proportion varied notably by crime type, about 80% of overall racial differences in incarceration were accounted for by differences in arrest. The current study utilizes multiple resources, including data from the U.S. Marshall's Service and the Federal Bureau of Prisons, to extend this class work in several ways: 1) it replicates Blumstein's original analysis using more recent data on the federal justice system 2) it extends his work by examining racial disproportionality for additional crime types such as immigration and fraud cases, and 3) it further disaggregates racial disproportionality examining intermediate racial differences in criminal sentencing between federal arrests and prison populations. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines changes in the concentration ratio of contracted bed space by the four largest private prison companies over the past fifteen years; the extent of specialized care facilities (mental health, geriatric, etc) contracted to the private sector; and the growth of the private prison industry internationally. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a prison support group program for male offenders. The model was conceived and implemented by voluntary organizations associated with the mythopoetic men's movement. Two similar organizations are described: The Inside Circle Foundation in California and the Jericho Circle Project in Massachusetts. The program offers weekly support groups and weekend intensive trainings. The paper is based on interviews with program leaders and volunteers, and outlines the key program elements and goals. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic engagement (TE) refers to a person's active involvement in and commitment to treatment. Although TE is hypothesized to be an important mediator of treatment completion, relapse, and recidivism, few studies have examined the predictors of TE or other individual changes in response to prison drug treatment. Subjects were 347 inmates participating in a 12-month modified therapeutic community (TC) drug treatment program at a 1200-bed specialized treatment prison for convicted, drug-involved offenders. Quantitative data were obtained through DOC databases and the administration of the TCU Drug Screen II, the Resident Evaluation of Self and Treatment (REST), and the Counselor Rating of Client (CRC) form. Qualitative included interviews conducted with 30 inmates at three time periods, structured observations, and examination of treatment files. Support for three main hypotheses was found: (1) baseline motivation predicted therapeutic engagement after controlling for other inmate characteristics; (2) critical dimensions of the treatment experience (e.g., peer support, counselor rapport) also predicted therapeutic engagement, and (3) the magnitude of different types of predictors changed over time (e.g., static predictors and baseline motivation became less important over time, while dynamic predictors and programmatic characteristics became more important over time). Implications for research, theory and policy are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States exhibited wildly erratic behavior regarding the institutionalization of persons deemed deviant during the 20th century. During the first half of the century, the country institutionalized deviants in mental hospitals and asylums at extraordinarily high rates even by modern carceral standards, with peaks of about 634 and 627 persons per 100,000 adults in 1948 and 1955 respectively. Deinstitutionalization brought a radical diminution of that population, but it coincided with a sharp increase in our prison populations, which reached 600 inmates in state and federal prisons per 100,000 adults in 2000. In previous research, I analyzed these trends at the national level and explored their relationship to homicide rates in the United States. Using a Prais-Winsten regression model, I found a significant statistical relationship between the rate of aggregated institutionalization (asylums and prisons) and homicide over the period 1928 to 2000, holding constant three leading covariates of homicide (youth demographics, poverty, and unemployment). The analysis was based on national-level data and, naturally, raised the question whether the results were the product of an ecological or other error of aggregation. One key question that emerged from the previous study was whether the findings would hold at the state level. This study collects and tests state-level data and finds that, indeed, the correlations remain strong and robust using state-level panel data regressions, as well as focusing individually on the states. The study reaches the following three conclusions. First, at the national level, using the new, expanded data on mental institutions (including all institutions for those deemed mentally ill), the contrast between the mid-century and 2001 is even more pronounced: during the 1940s and 50s, the United States consistently institutionalized in mental hospitals and prisons at rates above 700 persons per 100,000 adults, reaching peaks of 778 in 1939 and 786 in 1955. The relationship between the expanded aggregated institutionalization and homicide rates over the period 1934 to 2000 is statistically significant at the national level, holding constant three leading correlates of homicide. Second, the very same relationship exists at the state level. Using state-level panel data regressions spanning the entire period from 1934 to 2001, including all 50 states, and controlling for economic, demographic, and criminal justice variables, I find a large, robust, and statistically significant relationship between aggregated institutionalization and homicide rates. The predicted relationship is not linear, but involves some slight elasticity. The findings are not sensitive to weighting by population and hold under a number of permutations, including when I aggregate jail populations as well. Third, as the panel data suggest, there are important relations when I analyze individual states. Using a Prais-Winsten regression model, the individual state analyses reveal some differences and nuance, but the overall direction of influence among the individual states shows the same striking relationship between aggregated institutionalization and homicide. I conclude from the analyses that the earlier national-level findings are not the product of an ecological fallacy or some other artifact of aggregating different state processes. They reflect a genuine and striking relationship at the state level. Naturally, the findings raise more questions than they answer. But they represent an important first step in formulating the right questions. These questions revolve then around the continuity of confinement throughout the 20th century and the issue of defining deviance. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the privatization of punishment has focused almost exclusively on the emergence of private prisons—prisons that are designed, managed, and operated by private companies and funded through contracts with federal, state, and local governments. Privatization, however, is a far broader phenomenon than this. Private companies are increasingly present in public prisons, providing a large array of services and technologies. This ethnographic study documents the impact of private vendors on the public prison, with a particular focus on how privatization changed both the logic and practice of punishment, and manufactured demand for new forms of social control. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I examine prisons and schools as disciplinary institutions bound by correctional ideology and show how their mutual engagement in dominating practices sacrifices the path of academic advancement to the politics of harsh discipline and punishment in the "era of "get tough" legislation. I consider how the culture of enforcement, as it operates at school, influences individual life chances for productive citizenship and compromises the potential for minorities and women to live their lives free of subordinating power relations and correctional control. My research closely links the public school system to the criminal justice system by tracing their extensive collaborations and affinities. Using interpretive methods, I focus on a public school that opened at a prison in New Orleans, Louisiana that served students who were not guilty of a crime, but were being punished for minor non-violent school disciplinary infractions. With this case, which is contextualized by a broader national study, I strive to reveal the way in which harsh school discipline reproduces current power relations by reinforcing the physical and symbolic forms of authority while reinscribing subordinate positions for racial minorities ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. The Boston University Prison Education Program developed and implemented an admission by examination process in academic year 2006-2007. Applicants for admission to the program at three medium security institutions (two men's institutions and one women's institution) were admitted on the basis of an examination that covered essay writing, grammar, reading comprehension and mathematics. Students who achieved passing scores were invited to enter the program and participate in a first year sequence of four courses. This paper describes the testing process, the results of testing and examines the relationship between test scores and academic achievement of those who were admitted. Suggestions for improving the assessment process are presented. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractGender and the Jailhouse: The Influence of Street-Life on Women's Survival in Jail by Barbara A. Rockell, PhDJails have remained relatively invisible to sociological inquiry, with the short term nature of their population's confinement usually posited to explain this lack of interest and theoretical amenability. Unlike prisons, the norms, values, and individual and group life of which have been subjected to sustained inquiry, jail life seems to be seen as offering little of interest to the sociologist or social psychologist. Those in jail, in other words, are seen as being nothing more than an aggregate, an assemblage of people who have and come to share nothing more in common than their short term removal from society. John Irwin (1975) has challenged this characterization and provided our most insightful and powerful examination of jail life and what jail stays mean in the lives of low level male offenders. The present paper extends this inquiry, especially as formulated by Irwin, to examine the "female side of the house" or how low level female inmates do local time. Gender and the Jailhouse: The Influence of Street-Life on Women's Survival in Jail presents findings from an intensive interview project of 35 women (19 recidivists and 16 first timers) serving sentences in an upstate New York County Jail. A demographic and criminological profile of the women is presented first, followed by an in-depth discussion of the women's perceptions of living and life in the jail. First timers and recidivists are compared in terms of the physical environments which each preferred, with interpretations provided to explain these differences. The impressions each group had about the incidence and meanings of intimate and non-intimate relationships in the jail also are explored. The women's perceptions about life in the setting are interpreted in the context of John Irwin's (1985) unintended consequences of jail, specifically the processes of disorientation, degradation, and preparation, as well as prior research. Based on these interpretations, the meaning of jail to each group is discussed and three styles of how women do local time are suggested. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines bounded rationality and nondecision making as major constraints on the behavioral intention of inmates who were released from two prisons in Delaware. In-depth interviews were conducted with 45 inmates who were within six months of release. Seventeen male offenders and eleven female offenders were re-interviewed following their release from prison. Despite extensive pre-release training many offenders still engaged in high-risk behaviors post release. Offenders typically placed a higher priority on family concerns, housing, and employment than on avoiding health risks. Female offenders generally experienced a more difficult transition period in terms of locating housing, gaining employment, providing support for children, and acquiring health care. Bounded rationality and nondecision making are significant constraints on offenders' behavioral intention to avoid health risks. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how amateur boxers use Gleason's Boxing Gym in Brooklyn, New York: how they understand their training and how the practices of boxing are linked to the transformation of social space in postindustrial Brooklyn. I argue that for amateur boxers, the gym stands between two major US institutions: the prison and wage labor. Most of the amateurs I collaborated with have experience with incarceration and use the gym as a space in which to recover from forced confinement, readjust to life outside prison walls, negotiate criminal markings, and avoid criminal futures. Others attempt to forfeit participation in criminal economies but find securing employment nearly impossible. Both groups of fighters, though they are not paid for their labor, understand boxing as their job. They use the gym to engage in the masculine socializations of wage labor, such as the production of discipline, dignity, status, and prestige. Whereas sociologists understand some of these social processes as the by-products of formalized work, amateur men reveal that certain socializations can be undertaken in alternative spaces, where works take place but without wages. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]