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Social organizations are considered to be a vital aspect of life in urban neighborhoods but little research examines how neighborhood context influences organizational vitality. Focusing on the case of immigrant organizations in Amsterdam, this paper examines the interplay of organizational and neighborhood characteristics on organizational survival over time. Using original data and multilevel methods, we examine what organizational features give some organizations an advantage with respect to negotiating uncertain political and social environments and whether there are specific neighborhood characteristics that influence the ability of organizations to remain active sponsors of immigrant group interests. Contrary to our expectations, neighborhood context, measured in terms of such features as socioeconomic affluence, the density and diversity of social organization, and rates of political participation, does not have any substantial influence on the failure rates of immigrant organizations in Amsterdam. We take this as provisional evidence for the view that geographic place may not be a relevant source of institutional material or resources for organizational action by communitybased organizations. Rather, organizational characteristics that enhance the embeddedness and legitimacy of immigrant organizations appear to be much more important in understanding the ability of local groups to remain active over long periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a possible nuclear renaissance in mind, and an associated further reactor development to Gen IV, traditional safeguards on nuclear reactors as implemented today by the Safeguards Authorities could come under pressure, as operational conditions can be very different from today's situation, and the accessibility of the nuclear fuel is a specific example. Considering that safeguards equipment is installed in the installations and often supposes remote interrogation, early accounting of design information (DI) is almost mandatory for a smooth operation. This could lead to more efficient safeguards, coupled with fewer on-site inspections. Safeguards-by-design (SBD) aims to incorporate safeguards requirements in the design phase of new installations, and is promoted by the IAEA for a number of reasons: to ensure the effectiveness of the safeguards regime, to minimize the safeguards cost by improved efficiency, to minimize the burden on plant operations, to assure to reactor designers a better understanding of safeguards operations and needs, to improve inspection conditions, to take advantage of safeguards technologies. In this paper, an overview is given of the general philosophy of SBD, and its application to the Gen IV reactor development. The possibilities of SBD are explored, and the inherent problems are investigated. It is clear that design information is basic to effective safeguards. An example is given by the MYRRHA development in the framework of the European Gen IV R&D programme. MYRRHA, an Accelerator Driven System (ADS) under development at SCK•CEN, aims to serve as a prototype ADS fast reactor for the European experimental ADS, to provide protons and neutrons for various R&D applications, to power a subcritical Pb/Bi Gen IV type reactor with a lead- bismuth eutectic as coolant and spallation source, and to implement Partitioning and Transmutation of Minor Actinides in high level waste. The MYRRHA DI is evaluated against the "Safeguards by Design" principle, as put forward by the IAEA, in a recent technical workshop on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online publications are becoming an important information source. Due to the variety of standards and other forms of best practices used in composing online publications, preservation and indexing is far from trivial. Due to a multitude of standards used, an archive is forced to keep supporting many formats. For dynamic content this is inevitable, as it is impossible to choose durable formats that can suit every need: this is possible for textual content and images though. In this paper a harvesting approach is presented that could contribute to the durable preservation of online archival sources by standardizing the object formats used. Even though problems still remain, a large portion of the publications currently available online could be collected standardized and stored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current specification of (X)HTML the use of forms is restricted to the GET and POST operations and HTTP request headers cannot be specified using (X)HTML elements. As a result of this design, the application domain of HTML forms is explicitly restricted to (two of the) basic HTTP methods. Now that HTTP-based protocols such as WebDAV (and its extensions) are becoming more widely used, these restrictions are becoming an obstacle. Web developers should be able to use standard HTML to build interfaces to servers and repositories based on such new standards. This will reduce the time and effort needed to build and maintain such web interfaces. In this paper an adjustment to the HTML design is proposed, making it possible to use HTML forms to form general HTTP requests. In its adjusted form, HTML could be used to build web interfaces to any (future) HTTP-based system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]