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For oil producers, the main goal is to increase oil production. As the oil field is developed, reservoir pressure gradually decreases, and special measures are required to maintain it, such as, for example, improving the efficiency of field development at the same time as increasing the efficiency of waterflooding. Reservoir pressure maintenance systems are used for efficient development of oil fields by injecting water into reservoir formations. Currently, the waterflooding process is the most common method of secondary oil production. It helps to increase the level of production and oil recovery factor (ORF) in order to optimize the economic indicators of field development. To ensure this, optimal injection front distribution is required to achieve maximum waterflood coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the analysis of the main problems of Metrological accounting of the world oil and gas industry, the quantity and quality of oil products, the main working wind of the Uzbekneftgaz network of the Mubarak oil and gas production department, the composition of the waters driving into the layer in oil production, the methodology for measuring the mass of nitrates in, requirements for measurement error, equipment pour safety requirements, methods for eliminating nnterferential effects, preparation of solutions necessary for analysis, preparation of a ferrotic salt solution with a mass fraction of 30%, preparation of a silver sulfate solution, preparation of an aluminum hydroxide suspension for coagulation, preparation of a sodium salicylate solution with a mass fraction of 0.5%, construction of a calibration graph, standards for monitoring the accuracy of, to control the accuracy of the measurement results, the results of the analysis obtained from the photometric measurement of the stratified waters released during the production process at the facilities of the Mubarak oil and gas production Administration under the territories of Bukhara region and Kashkadarya region are illuminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this effort, the request of Photo Fenton processes (PFP) aimed at the elimination of copper metal from produced water (PW) has been deliberate. The current anxiety about water has been exposed, and the chief difficulties derived from the attendance of emergent contaminants have been examined.PFP was homogeneously originated finished heavy metal would consume application potential in many possessions of polluted water remediation. This might was done utilizing PFP toward minimalizing the Cu ion in the PW. In the direction of improving the cleansing of contaminant water through heavy metal and, a unique technique of the squalor of the copper metal was emphasized. The copper elimination was touched 97.11 % under the best conditions. The ability of Fenton's reagent to eliminate copper ions was augmented after the addition of different concentration agents. Frequently, PFP meaningfully through its high aptitude in the direction of oxide copper metal in PW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the performance of the oldest drinking water purification project in Ad Diwaniyah city was evaluated and improved. This project is located to the right of Ad Diwaniyah River in the Al-Jazaer neighborhood within the central area of Ad Diwaniyah city. It was completed in 1972. It is thus the oldest project that was established to meet the city's need for potable water. The turbidity removal Efficiency of this project is 60%. That is, the value of the resulting turbidity is 30 NTU, which is more than the required limits according to the Iraqi specifications, which does not exceed 5 NTU, due to the fact that the Clari-floculator is out of service and difficult to maintain. It consumes electrical energy polluting the environment and the lack of regular electrical energy during operation. Therefore, an environmentally friendly Hydraulic Baffle Flocculation was designed with hydraulic power for the purpose of improving the performance of the old Ad Diwaniyah water project and making the quality of the produced water conform to the specifications. Using computer applications (COMSOL Multiphysics). Two models of the environmentally friendly hydraulic slow mixing basin were designed, horizontal and vertical, to arrange the internal baffle, according to the current design capacity of the project, which is 700 m3 /hour, with a volume of 700 m3. The results showed that the performance of the old Al-Ad Diwaniyah water project could be improve by using an environmentally friendly slow-moving hydraulic mixing trough with horizontal baffle with determining the ideal flow rate, ideal alum concentrations, ideal residence time and optimum mixing speed. Where the removal Efficiency of the project reached 98%, meaning that the value of the resulting turbidity is 1 NTU, and this conforms to the Iraqi and World Health Organization specifications for drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum Industries are producing huge amount of waste with wastewater more than 80% of liquid waste and as high as 95% in ageing oilfields. In the current study, the performance of solar photo-catalyst of ZnO in the AOP on degradation of TOC and COD from PDO Oilfield produced water in Oman was investigated. Multilayer thin films coated on the glass ring by alternate adsorption of chitosan and the photo catalyst solution of ZnO by dip coating technique (L-b-L). The coated glass was scanned using SEM and DLS. A sequence of experiments of batch reactor were supported out throughout the experimental study. CCD was used for the experiment to enhance the parameters of experiment and evaluate the relation among four major important independent variables on ZnO dosage, H2O2, Fe+2 dosage, pH and reaction time. The overall performance was evaluated by analyzing the removal efficiencies of COD and TOC. It was observed that the optimum % COD reduction 93.56 % & %TOC degradation was approximately 80%. Maximum TOC and COD removal efficiencies for model response and confirmation experiments under optimal conditions (ZnO dosage (0.83 g/L), H2O2 dosage (1.62 g/L), Fe+2 dosage (0.2 g/L), pH (3.11) and RT (178.78 min) respectively). Thus, the ability of solar photocatalysis of ZnO/Fenton in pretreatment water of oil filed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of produced water from oil and gas fields before reinjection into reservoirs is an effort to reduce oil & grease include heavy metals that harmful to water bodies. In the current work, the modified kapok fiber (Ceiba Pentandra. L) surface using hot water for oil & grease removal was investigating on a laboratory scale. The present work aims to evaluate the modified kapok fibres surface (MKFS) using hot water as an adsorbent and commercial ceramic membrane in removal some contaminants of produced water, especially for barium ion. Some parameters of produced water determined were chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), oil & grease, and barium ion concentration. The effect of hot water treatment on the MKFS was evaluating using SEM-EDX. Results show that MKFS using hot water at 85 °C effectively removed 99.4% oil & grease, 12.2% TDS, 76.6% COD, and 38.7% barium from produced water. Result also shown that in the proposed method, the total removal of COD, TDS, oil & grease, and barium ions is 98.3%, 73.6%, 73.2%, and 76.4%, respectively. It concluded that the MKF surface is the potential method for diminished oil & grease and heavy metal from produced water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion performance of carbon steel in flow oil wells is substantially caused by the presence of aqueous brine solution (produced water) alongside the crude oil. In the present study, the aqueous phase was partially simulated by brine solution of 27000 ppm NaCl obtained from Kirkuk oil field. The lab investigation was conducted under some practical conditions which were the flow velocity of the corrosive media (produced water) and the different operating temperatures. Electrochemical polarization, and weight loss techniques were employed to measure the corrosion rate of the carbon steel. Results show that corrosion rate to increase with increasing flow velocity and with temperature following Arrhenius equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with the separation of copper present in produced water[PW]. A field East of Baghdad was used to collect samples. The efficiency of the anodes used is essential in the electro winning process, As a result, we performed electrochemical test an investigation for anodes before the electro winning. electrochemical test results for anodes (aluminum, and 316 L stainless steel) in adsorbate solution showed the aluminum anode showed a remarkable superiority in corrosion resistance compared to 316 L stainless steel. After that, electro winning process was performed to separate the copper from an acidic solution. The highest current efficiency of 32.4% was obtained using aluminum anode and 29.5% using 316L stainless steel anode. The lowest specific energy consumption of 0.8 kWh/kg was obtained using aluminum anode and 0.85 kWh/kg using 316L stainless steel anode, these results were obtained in a electro winning time of 4 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the possibility of using luminophores to identify liquid flows in the rock. The spectral characteristics of the excitation (absorption) and luminescence of produced water with a phosphor can provide information on the hydrodynamic relationship between injection and production wells and on the efficiency of field development. A method for measuring the spectral characteristics of excitation and luminescence of water based on a spectrofluorimeter has been developed. The technique includes primary visual control and sampling, simultaneous scanning with two monochromators, measurement and analysis of the excitation (absorption) spectrum, mathematical operations with graphs to determine the luminescence parameters (Stokes shift, relative flux, etc.). 2D scanning is also possible to obtain 3D excitation and luminescence patterns. The technique gives recommendations on the choice of spectral ranges, receiver sensitivity, number of averaging points, scanning step, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the extraction of crude oil from underground oil reservoir, around 3 to 10 barrels of water are generated for each barrel of oil which comes as a by-product of petroleum products that is known as produced water. Produced water is composed of toxic compounds which are known to cause irreversible damage to the environment. Treatment of produced water is necessary to enable its use in various industrial processes and even to meet regulations on toxic materials before discharging water into the environment. The goal of this article is to propose a method to treat and utilize the massive amount of produced water generated during oil extraction and to outline the means to achieve the proposed method. This paper also aims to develop, design and evaluate the possibility of treating produced water to bring down the toxicity level of the water such that it meets the cooling tower limit. In order to use produced water as make-up water, it is treated using sand filters, activated carbon filters, electrodialysis reversal and reverse osmosis units. This process facilitates treatment of about 1500m3/hr of produced water in 15 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the oil industry, there is a problem that requires the provision of clean water, ready to be injected into the wells, which is the water produced. To this end, several experiments have been carried out to treat water produced from the Amarah oil field in order to improve its specifications for use in reinjection wells, in order to improve the secondary oil recovery process. From literature, many experiments have been conducted using different methods, such as demisting and heat treatment. In this search, a new method, through the application of nanotechnology, was used to design a filtering system. Many experiments were conducted during this research and the results compared to the previous method. The new method proves good results comparing with the previous method in produced water treatment operation. Different tests used in order to compare between the different methods and new technique such as TOC (total organic components), turbidity, PH and conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows the geochemical studies of associated produced reservoir water of the Bobrikovian horizon by the area of research at one of the deposits of the Republic of Tatarstan. The horizon is characterized by terrigenous rocks, which in turn is underlain by a massive carbonate reservoir. Quite a lot of producing wells work for it, and also, in view of reserves development, a system for maintaining reservoir pressure has been introduced. Based on the composition of the produced water, maps of the distribution of geochemical parameters over the area are constructed. 3 zones according to the concentration of elements were identified. In the region with maximum oil saturation, the water composition is characteristic of the waters of the Bobrikovian horizon. And in the region with the most depleted reserves and greater water cut, water is most likely to flow from the underlying Tournaisian carbonate strata, which is reflected in a change in composition. Also, tracer studies were conducted to establish flows in the deposits. The work shows an integrated approach to the study of real flows in deposits, based on the composition of produced formation water, and can be used to understand the processes occurring in the reservoir and refine hydrodynamic models, since it is a direct method of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When developing oil fields, water flooding is often usedto displace oil. In this case, effective oil production is possible with a detailed study of hydrodynamics in the reservoir. Recently, organic phosphors have been used for these purposes, which are pumped into the formation through injection wells. The spectral characteristics of the excitation (absorption) and luminescence of produced water with phosphors can provide information on the hydrodynamic relationship between injection and producing wells and the efficiency of field development. A technique hasbeen developed for measuring the spectral characteristics of the excitation and luminescence of plate water based on a spectrofluorimeter. The methodology includes: primary visual control and sampling, simultaneous scanning with two monochromators, measurement and analysis of the excitation (absorption) spectrum, mathematical operations with graphs to determine the luminescence parameters (Stokes shift, relative flux, etc.). Two-dimensional scanning is also possible to obtain three-dimensional patterns ofexcitation and luminescence. The methodology gives recommendations on the choice of spectral ranges, receiver sensitivity, number of averaging points, scan step, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recultivation technology is developed for soils contaminated with oil in concentration of 50 g/kg for one year under the weather conditions of Western Siberia with biopreparation obtained from E. andrei, D. veneta earthworm coprolite and E. fetida, E. andrei, D. veneta earthworm vermiculture. The microflora composition of E. andrei, D. veneta coprolites is studied. The coprolites are used to obtain microorganisms-oil-destructors acting as a foundation of biopreparation "Californian" containing Bacillus careus, Bacillus mucoides, Bacillus thuringiens, Enterobacter cloacae, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CFU – 1*1013) and preparation "Dendrobaena" having Bacillus careus, Bacillus mucoides, Bacillus thuringiens, Enterobacter cloacae, Lysinibacillus fusiformis (CFU 1*1011). The recultivation technology efficiency is determined for soils contaminated with oil and petroleum in concentration of 50 g/kg with biopreparations "Californian" and "Dendrobena" and earthworms E. fetida, E. andrei, D. veneta. The earthworms are highly potential in hydrocarbons removal even from the soils with oil concentrations up to 50 g/kg. The introduction of biopreparations increases the survival and reproductive potential of the earthworm in oil contaminated soils and results in significant removal of oil and petroleum hydrocarbons after 20-22 weeks in laboratory experiments. The method of recultivating oil-contaminated soil with oil concentrations up to 50 g/kg in presence of probiotic microorganisms and earthworms Eisenia fetida, Dendrobaena veneta, Eisenia andrei is proposed. Decontamination and recovery of the ecological functions of the oil- and other petrochemicals-contaminated substrates is carried out due to the following method: the substrate is treated with biopreparation, ploughed with a single-furrow plow and put under the steam for 1 month; afterwards, the earthworms are added in the amount of 1,000 per 1 m² of the soil; and then, cow dung is added as a nutritional medium in the amount of 1 t per 1 ha of contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the entry into the ultra-high water cut period, the development status of the well pattern of the water injection system of each group has been different, and new development indicators have appeared. Waterflooding development faces difficulties in reserves transfer, residual oil dispersion, large reservoir yields, and low storage and mining rates, making development and adjustment increasingly difficult. How to ensure the sustainable development of waterflooding without new recoverable reserves is an urgent research topic. Therefore, according to the characteristics of geological deposits and the development of water injection, this paper has obtained the evaluation method of recoverable reserves of stratum, the method of studying the change of indicators at all levels, and the reasonable method of future prediction. Production scale. The factors affecting the development of water flooding are transformed into indicators of water flooding development [1]. Determine the change rules of development indicators after system analysis, reasonably determine the development indicators of water flooding, clarify the direction of future water flooding adjustment, improve scientific and accurate prediction of water level, and guide water flooding to provide a solid foundation for determining annual plans. Studying the characteristics, potentials and laws of oilfield development is of great significance for guiding the adjustment of oilfield development and improving the efficiency of oilfield development. In the process of guiding waterflooding planning, reasonable objectives should be determined to reduce inefficient cycle production, avoid inefficient and inefficient development, and improve oilfield development efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of well pattern system is the core problem of oilfield development and design, and it is an important guarantee for the effective use of oil reservoirs. According to the geological characteristics of the oilfield, the selection principle of well pattern system, the relationship between well pattern density and water injection control, well pattern density and recovery factor, and the relationship between economic limit well density and well pattern density are described, and a reasonably well pattern is adopted. density. The selection principle of the oilfield development well pattern system was put forward, and the reasonably well spacing density and the effective driving distance of the oilfield were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diapir Folds Zone (= Mio-Pliocene Zone) as major subunit of the Carpathian Foredeep lies between the Buzau and Dambovita valleys and between the folds of the inner Carpathians and the external flanks of the Carpathian Foredeep. This geological unit represents the most prolific zones of accumulation in Romania in which numerous hydrocarbon deposits of Tertiary age have been discovered in more than 150 years of exploration. Diapir Folds Zone can be considered a world class hydrocarbon province having several “giant” oil fields such as Gura Ocnitei, Moreni, Runcu-Bustenari, Boldesti, Viforata-Teis, Tintea-Baicoi and others. Geologically, Moreni oil field is located in the central part of the Diapir Folds Zone, approx. 100 km north from Bucharest. It belongs to Tintea-Baicoi-Moreni-Targoviste major structural anticline being constituted of formations belonging to Pliocene and Miocene. The Moreni oil field has some of the oldest oil production in Romania and is still the largest commercial reservoir in Romania. In the Moreni anticline several objectives belonging to the Pliocene and Miocene proved to be productive since 1890. The main petroleum objectives is represent by Meotian and Dacian deposits characterized by structural and combined traps and having following average values of main parameters of the productive formations: thickness 4-23 m; porosity 25-33 %; permeability 200-1400 mD; irreducible water saturation 20-30 %; volume reduction factor 1.18-1.26; petroleum specific gravity 840-880 kg/m3. The paper presents the complex chemico-mineralogical investigations performed by X-rays fluorescence (XRF), X-rays diffraction (XRD) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) measurements of several cores from Moreni oil field. The paper brings new information on the Moreni oil field increasing degree of knowledge of the Neogene reservoir rocks. Establishing global mineralogical composition, the rock type and chemical characters have great importance because Neogene deposits have proved an excellent quality as reservoir rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of mesoporous organosilicate materials in removal of soluble oil from wastewater is investigated. The aim of the study is to evaluate the oil adsorption over organosilicate prepared using pre-synthesis methods and compare the results with adsorption over pure siliceous mesoporous material. The materials were prepared using sol-gel technique using Dodecylamine (D) and Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant templates, and Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silica precursor. The as-synthesized mesoporous materials were treated using three different methods to remove the surfactant from the mesoporous silica including calcinations method for total removal of the surfactant, the water vapor stripping and ethanol vapor stripping were used for partial removal of the surfactants. The synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption. The materials were tested for heavy oils removal from oil-water solution. The results showed that neutral surfactant organosilicates have less adsorption compare to cationic surfactant organosilicates. The results also showed that among organosilicates prepared using neutral surfactant, treated organosilicate by ethanol vapor have the highest activity in removing the oil from the oil-water solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 13 of the book "Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Fifty-Seventh Annual Institute" is presented. It discusses the hydraulic fracturing in the U.S., the use of large quantity of water in this process and production of produced water. The fluid is treated and disposed into surface water bodies. It discusses the impact of such disposal on drinking water quality by a study conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Congress.

Nano-ferrofluid and graphite-fluid are proposed to be used as stimulants for heavy oil recovery processes using electromagnetic induction. The heat generation in the stimulants will be used for reducing the viscosity of heavy oil. The temperature increase of the stimulants are observed with the presence of electromagnetic induction. These increments are better compared to those of the varying concentration of salt water (brine) usually exist in the oil reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brine is usually exist in the oil reservoir. Varying salinity brine are used as stimulants for heavy oil recovery processes using electromagnetic induction heating. The heated heavy oil is floating on top of the brine since it becomes less viscous and lighter. As the temperature increased, more heavy oil is 'produced/recovered'. An increasing salinity of brine will result in more recovery of heavy oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the study which determines the nanolayer growth kinetics and temperature responsiveness of produced water using ellipsometry with a model surface.