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This paper deals with a methodology of sizing hybrid systems solar/wind/battery optimized by minimizing the annualized cost system (ACS) and the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) using multi-objective genetic algorithm. The developed methodology was applied using the hourly solar, temperature and the wind speed data collected for one year on the site of Potou located in the northwestern coast of Senegal. The annual average hourly load profile of a typical remote village located in the northwestern coast of Senegal which energy is of 94 kWh/day has been used. The obtained results show that the cost of the optimal configuration strongly depends on the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). For example, the cost of the optimal configuration decreases by 25 % when the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) grows to 1% from 0%. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Our contribution’s goal is to revisit the notion of social exclusion, attempting to shed light on its theoretical underpinnings and to describe the better known approaches to the subject in the sociological literature. Our analysis has been limited to the sociology of the French-speaking world, highlighting the centrality of the concept in French sociology, its spread to the rest of French-speaking Europe (Belgium and Switzerland in particular), its recurrence in Quebec and, finally, its tentative use in Sub-Saharan French-speaking Africa. The multiple understandings of social exclusion, the variability of conceptualizations suggested for it as well as the widespread use to which it has been put reveal a paradox in the research material. This paradox derives from the contrast between the increasing use of the term in sociology, its appropriation by the politico-administrative discourse and its success in the media on the one hand and its rejection by sociologists who have considered the new challenges of the social question (Castel, Paugam, Taboada-Leonetti, Autès, among others) on the other. Furthermore, use of the term continues to generate much criticism. Despite the severity of the criticism, the notion of social exclusion maintains an "evocative force and a mobilizing capacity" which transferred to politics and the media as well the field of social intervention. All this leads, ultimately, to the question of how useful or fruitful the notion of social exclusion is. In light of the renewed and/or enriched theorization about the notion, it is essential to highlight its processual dimension. Hence, it should be considered as the final phase of a process of social isolation, which has a variety of degrees and facets. Thus conceived, the notion will be better able to reveal, point to and analyze the problems, contradictions, "pathologies" and individual and collective "traumas" to which the "new social question" give rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]