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Fossil fuels, represented by coal, petroleum and natural gas have become key sources for productive activities since the Industrial Revolution. They have had a sustained adverse impact on the environment while improving industrial efficiency. In fact, CO2 play a major role in these effects. Therefore, the development of carbon reduction technologies has become the primary task to protect our environment. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology is one of the important methods for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. CCUS technology has emerged as an urgent, necessary and strategic approach to reducing climate pollution caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but it also entails numerous risks and social problems. Hence, this article provides an overview of current research on CCUS technology, summarizing the specific processes at each stage of CCUS technology, and analyzing the existing challenges of CCUS application in China's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main culprits that contribute towards the global warming which is worsening over time at an alarming trend. The excessive emission of CO2 from natural gas industry due to the inefficient separation processes has significantly added to the composition of this greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Thus, more advanced, efficient as well as cost efficient natural gas separation systems such as Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is needed to cater the issue from worsen. Metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) has attracted a lot of attention in the gas separation and storage industry as a potential adsorbent for PSA unit due to its high porosity and other related properties. In this study, the analytical comparison of the synthesized Ni-MOF-74 and palleted Ni-MOF-74-PLA (polylactic acid) by solvothermal reaction is carried out using FTIR, SEM, PXRD, and SAP. The presence of binder PLA in the Ni-MOF-74-PLA has reduced the BET surface area of the particles to 299.62 m2/g compared to Ni-MOF-74 of 837.93 m2/g. The performance of the adsorbents is being further evaluated using dynamic adsorption breakthrough at 25°C and 1 bar where the CO2 uptake for Ni-MOF-74 is higher compared to Ni-MOF-74-PLA with 0.9391 mmol/g and 0.8728 mmol/g respectively. Furthermore, the selectivity of the Ni-MOF-74 is found to be 1.8313 which is higher compared to Ni-MOF-74-PLA at 1.1779 indicates that the palletization using PLA reduced the performance of Ni-MOF-74. This research explores the potential adsorbent with high CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity for the optimum separation of natural gas using PSA unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we know the energy required by humans is vast, to fulfill the need for energy we use conventional sources such as natural gas, oil, coal, etc. Thermal power generation should perform an essential role in the contribution of energy, the non-renewable sources are limited, so we choose the alternative to produce energy that is solar energy.[1,2] Wind energy was the best example of a pollution-free recourse to produce a source of energy. Along the all these types of renewable energy sources to produce power, electricity production by wind is affordable [4]. It has the potential to fulfill the power demand needs, so we decided to study the different types of wind generators and the highest efficiency of power output with the help of the simulation software MATLAB. We have modelled the DFIG based system with different situations and compared the results by analysis of different controllers [25,27]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) is a chemical reaction which directly converts natural gas, primarily consisting of methane into value-added chemicals, specifically ethylene. The OCM process faces challenges in the limitations of yield and high separation cost in transforming natural gas into useful chemical products. Ethylene serves various purposes, including the production of fabricated plastics and is widely used as a raw material. This paper focuses on machine learning algorithms to predict ethylene production using a catalysis dataset. So initially the high ethylene yield is predicted from the 18 catalysts collected from the dataset. The clustering algorithm called K-Mean clustering and Agglomerative clustering is used to identify the high-yield ethylene. Among 18 catalysts, 9 elements are identified as the largest amount of ethylene from the catalysis data. The prediction models are used to predict the large yield of ethylene from the catalysis. The prediction model like Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), and Gradient Boosting (GB) are compared to identify the best model for the prediction of ethylene yield. Based on the analysis, the agglomerative clustering along with the Random Forest predicts the higher ethylene composition from the OCM dataset. The ethylene production of the Magnesium (Mg), Barium (Ba) and Zirconium (Zr) chemical compounds along with oxygen and methane is predicted with the error rate of 0.17, 0.89 and 0.99 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calculations of the energy efficiency of an expander-generating unit were carried out under various operating conditions when heating natural gas using a heat pump unit. The exergy efficiency of the installation, which includes an expander-generating unit and a heat pump, was calculated and compared with the exergy efficiency of the installation, in which gas is heated depending on its operating conditions and the design features of the unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A current grand challenge in the world is to reduce gas turbine-related pollutant emissions while simultaneously optimising their efficiency. The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the most significant emissions when combusting natural gas in combustion turbines. The stringent regulations on emissions have led to a surge in research focused on decreasing NOx levels in gas turbines. In this work, a nonlinear radial basis function-based method has been analysed for predicting NOx emissions from gas turbines. Due to the computational demands of this method, parallelisation becomes indispensable to address this problem effectively. For this purpose, we have developed and analysed an MPI (Message Passing Interface) parallel algorithm. On the other hand, this method has been compared with the well-known K-nearest-neighbours (KNN) technique, which has recently been suggested for predicting NOx emissions. The efficiency of this parallel approach is shown using various measures of goodness of fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the world has been facing the scarcity of fossil-based fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, and natural gas, as their prices are surging. Meanwhile, the turning process from fossil-based fuels to renewable energies moves slowly since their production costs are still high. Scientists are pursuing renewable energy to substitute a part of conventional fuels and finding the technology to decrease the generating cost. One of many ways to change a small percentage of the old fuels is to increase effort and efficient technology relating to the preparation of emulsion fuels. The present study is directed to the profile analysis of the aqueous ethanol and gasoline compositions forming a stable emulsion that was assigned as an equilibrium state. The emulsion fuels consisting of aqueous ethanol and gasoline, whose RONs numbers are 88, 90, and 92, were successfully blended in one phase. Procedures: The sugar sap was tapped from a palm tree (Arenga pinnata) by farmers and continued to the yeasting process. The yeasted broth was distilled using simple equipment, which yielded liquor containing ethanol of 30-50%. The ethanol was purified by employing a reflux separation in which it produced alcohol 80-96% which then increased their concentrations to 97-99% by employing an absorption technique. The aqueous ethanol was blended with gasoline in an exact composition to form a uniform solution. It was found that aqueous ethanol, whose concentrations were 80-99%, was dissolved entirely into gasoline. The addition of aqueous ethanol continually after a stable emulsion was met, would not separate the phase. The compositions between aqueous ethanol and gasoline were analyzed using linear graphs describing the profile of the equilibrium state of the two components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been demonstrated that a stabilizing gas-burning furnace's efficiency may be determined by the temperature of the combustion products, which rely on the amount of natural gas present, how it is used, how much pressure is applied to it, and how much oxygen is used. The ways to conserve gaseous fuel in industrial plant furnaces and furnaces are described. The technological process of fuel combustion in glass melting furnaces is proposed to be automatically controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) is one of the viable and efficient technology to capture the carbon dioxide from combustion process due to inherent removal of nitrogen. In a typical CLC, combustion of fuel takes place in absence of air, where metal oxides such as ilmenite acts as oxygen carriers therefore, the resultant flue gas contains ∼99% by volume of carbon dioxide. The current work focuses on energy analysis of the chemical looping combustion using Rankine cycles of 662 MWth power plant. The thermal cycle under consideration is conceived with idea of integrating the energy flow between fuel and air reactor and as well as preheating the air and fuel before entering the respective reactors. For the comparative study of thermal performance natural gas and syngas with oxygen carriers nickel oxide with alumina and ilmenite are considered respectively. The composition of syngas under consideration is assumed to be the same as that of generated from gasification of bituminous coal. The energy balance shows that the gross thermal efficiency of the natural gas based CLC thermal cycle and syngas based CLC cycles are 44.99% and 44.80% respectively whereas the net efficiency is found to be 40.13% and 37.6% with carbon capture and compression respectively. The reason for large reduction in net efficiency in the case of syngas-CLC plant is attributed to increase in auxiliary power consumption than natural gas-CLC power plant. The carbon dioxide concentration is higher in case of syngas as it contains higher carbon to hydrogen ratio than that of natural gas. It is also found in the study that carbon capture efficiency is 100% in case of natural gas-CLC power plant whereas for syngas-CLC power plant CO2 capture efficiency is 89.55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One factor that potential to reduce of gas production in PT. EMP is low level of reliability pipeline network. Beside that it also affects the distribution of gas to the customer. In the long term run, it makes company loss. The solution to increase reliability of the pipeline is to implement Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS). This system consist of modeling or simulation carried out through a continuous assessment process of a system in terms of design, construction, operation, maintenance in accordance with natural gas pipelines. The action taken to implement this modeling is to find and integrate existing information, identify the causes of failure and carry out risk analysis, develop integrity management plans, implement integrity management programs. The data will be analyzed by Probability of Failure (POF) and Consequence of Failure (COF). Base on the data analyze, it can be known that 8 line pipe in PT. EMP in medium level risk failure and 2 pipe line in low level risk failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. In diesel engines, compressed natural gas is used by organizing a dual-fuel operation cycle. Spark ignition engines can work both in a mode with CNG only and in dual-fuel mode with gasoline. This paper presents an experimental study of the impact of the use of compressed natural gas as independent fuel, on the effective indexes of a spark ignition engine. The study has been carried out by comparing the engine indexes when operating separately with gasoline and compressed natural gas. The comparison is made both on the basis of the engine load characteristics and the engine speed characteristics at full load. The load characteristics are taken at a constant mean effective pressure dictated by the engine operation with CNG. The speed characteristics at full load are registered at an air-fuel ratio providing maximum braking power when the engine is running on both fuels. A quantitative assessment has been made of the changes in the power indexes, fuel economy parameters and ecological performances of the engine during its operation with both types of fuel. The indicator diagrams of the engine are registered on the studied modes. Based on the indicator diagrams, the changes in some of the burn parameters are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power density and fuel efficiency of a diesel engine can greatly be improved using a compressed natural gas-diesel dual fuel (CNG-DDF). At low loads, however, the effect of DDF causes a number of issues, including decreased engine performance and an increase in pollutant output (i.e., CO and NOx) during operation. As a result, a combined approach using backpropagation neural networks (BPNN), genetic algorithms (GA), and particle swarm optimization has been developed to predict and optimize the maximum CNG-DDF engine parameter outputs (cylinder pressure, maximum thermal efficiency, and minimum carbon monoxide) (PSO). To begin with, the DDF engine parameter input was carried out in order to generate experimental data by varying the values of the pilot injection time (Tpi), CNG injection timing (TiCNG), supercharger voltage (Vsp), and injection timing (Ti). Next, a three-replication orthogonal array L25 was used to generate seventy-five experimental data points. Then, using training, testing, and validation, BPNN created a fitness function using the experimental data. The best DDF engine performance was then determined by GA and PSO using the fitness function developed by BPNN. The optimization findings indicated that PSO outperformed GA, with the best cost of PSO being 25% more expensive than the GA outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the issue of cleaning natural gas from hydrogen sulfide and organic compounds containing sulfur. In order to select the most effective zeolite adsorbents for the conditions of gas filling stations, a large number of experimental studies were conducted on the value and speed of sorption of moisture, H2S, RSH, CO2, CO2 and other components of natural gas. In order to choose the optimal mode of regeneration, its various options were compared in a modeled industrial process pilot plant. The results of these studies made it possible to choose the optimal option, which consists in the following: the driven gas is injected at 320°C, but first (∼1 hour) it is diluted with cold purified gas (30 vol.%) at the entrance to the adsorber. Regeneration duration is 4-5 hours, fuel gas consumption is 185000-230000 m3 per one adsorber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to study the degree and structure of contamination of spent zeolites and their effect on adsorption-desorption characteristics in natural gas desulfurization processes, to determine the number and structure of zeolite transport pores and their role in the adsorption process, to develop an optimal method for the recovery of zeolite waste for their secondary use in desulfurization processes. In solving the above tasks, the methods of physical chemistry, quantitative and qualitative analysis of pollution products, the theory of redox reactions of the gorenje process, methods of calculating mass-heat exchange processes are used in the work. The study of the composition of spent zeolites showed that during long-term operation of zeolites in adsorption-desorption cycles at industrial natural gas desulfurization plants, they are contaminated with oxidation-reduction reaction products contained in raw gas, which leads to the deposition of these products on the zeolite surface and a sharp narrowing of transport pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to develop an open-source fluid-dynamic modeling tool that allows monitoring, controlling, optimizing the existing gas infrastructures which would be useful for further improvement of gas networks. The modeling can be performed both for the steady state and unsteady state conditions, whereas a transient analysis for large-scale networks loses its meaning. A straightforward approach to model simple gas network is based on a solution of the fluid flow basic governing equations, however a more sophisticated for a complex network has to be developed. The electrical analogy concept is an approach which provides a simpler and more robust model, especially in large networks with different and numerous components. In this study, a new model has been developed to investigate a steady state behavior of a sample gas distribution network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents research in the field of saving natural gas through the use of waste oils in industrial facilities by the method of their safe combustion to obtain thermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the prospects of using natural gas for car engines, which can be expressed through, first of all, environmental cleanliness, the abundance of raw materials in our country, and unique motor performance. Therefore, additional air to engines running on natural gas provides opportunities to improve economic efficiency and environmental performance of modern gas engines without making drastic changes to their designs. Information is provided on the development of a set of tools, methods and theoretical foundations aimed at improving the energy-economical and environmental performance of automobile engines by adding air to gas fuel. Furthermore, the article includes the study of the Ravon nexia 3 car with additional air to natural gas, determination of the conditions of its use and the fuel consumption at a distance of 100 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the import substitution of sodium sulfide, which is necessary for the industries of the republic, a new method and technological scheme, as well as the necessary equipment, have been developed. As a result, the cost of the products obtained has been reduced due to the available local cheap feedstock of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide, which is an impurity of the produced natural gas, and the simplification of the technological scheme of the equipment used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experts and researchers are looking for alternatives to traditional jet fuel that are better for the environment because oil reserves are running out, fuel prices are rising, and the aviation industry needs to grow sustainably. Even though biofuels made from biomass are becoming more appealing, some significant problems still need to be solved with how they are made. Thus, natural gas and hydrogen are desirable options for the aviation sector. This article aims to investigate whether or not it is feasible to use natural gas and hydrogen as major jet fuels. It highlights that their reserves are accessible, that they already know how to create them, and that they could utilize them to power the aviation sector if they decided to do so. The preliminary findings indicate that in spite of the challenges associated with cryogenic fuels, a more significant advancement in the aviation sector might be accomplished via the appropriate implementations of such fuels. This is the case despite the fact that these fuels provide their own unique set of challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing problem in the natural gas plant is a large amount of water vapor in the pipeline. The water content in the natural gas component reaches 0.3192 weight fraction from the well. The chemical separation in the separator still has a 0.0019 - mole fraction of water, and water content is up to 19.54 lbs/mmscf. The permissible water vapor content in the gas plant is less than 15 lbs/mmscf, which is under pipe specifications. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a gas dehydration process to reduce the water vapor content of natural gas by the absorption method using triethylene glycol (TEG) absorbents. The research was conducted to determine the impact of temperature, pressure, and purity of lean TEG in reducing water content in the contactor using a commercial simulator. Based on the data obtained at lean TEG 100 is up to 10.03 lbs/mmscf. The sensitivity simulation shows that the lean TEG 90℉ temperature has the lowest water content of 1.012 lbs/mmscf. Meanwhile, with a pressure of 875 psi, the total water content is 1.170 lbs/mmscf. Finally, 99% TEG, a water content of 0.314 lbs/mmscf, is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem emerging in the natural gas plant is carbon dioxide content in the pipeline. Wellhead natural gas can contain as much as 30% carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, the minimum specification required includes no more than 2%-3% carbon dioxide. The separation of CO2 from biogas is indispensable to improve so that its quality can be improved. One of the separation methods is adsorption. The adsorption process was varied at the pressure of 14, 13.5, 13, 12.5, 12, 11.5, 11, 10.5, and 10 bar, while the temperature varied at 335, 330, 325, 320, 315, 313, 310, 305, and 298°K. This study aims to determine the influence of temperature and pressure on the reduction of CO2 in this adsorption process. This research was conducted by simulating Aspen Adsorption using silica drying as an adsorbent. The total CO2 content of 38 % mol was obtained from the wellhead based on actual data. Nine scenarios have been run to estimate the lowest CO2. After running for combining parameters, the higher Pressure and Temperature, the CO2 content in dry gas is 1.0902×10−3 mole fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parallel compressor gas operation mode is used when the natural gas pressure is still sufficient with one compression stage to reach high pressure; if the gas feed pressure is below the compressor design pressure, it is necessary to increase the pressure to two stages. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of changing the gas turbine compressor operating mode from parallel to series due to a decrease in gas well pressure. The ability of a compressor to compress gases under its design pressure can be simulated with a simulator. Parallel compressor operation can be simulated as two-stage compression by being connected in series using the ASPEN HYSYS. The simulation results of the compressor suction pressure drop from 318 psig to 200 psig at the compressor unit at the natural gas processing station of PT. Z show the compressor performance curve is still stable and far from the surge line when used in series operation mode. Recalculation of the surface facilities of the separator and scrubber units shows that the fluid retention is still under 5 minutes, the velocity and momentum of the fluid in the vessels are still below the maximum capacity of the equipment, and the required cooling load is still below the available duty coolers. In the piping system, when operating under compressor design pressure, the fluid velocity value is still below the pipe erosion velocity (for two-phase flow), while for single-phase flow it is below 60 ft/s for the gas phase and 15 ft/s for the liquid phase. Based on the simulation carried out and recalculation of the feasibility of surface facilities, changing the compressor operating mode from parallel to series is feasible and can be carried out safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Out of the alternative fuels for spark ignition (SI) engines, natural gas (NG) is one of the best substitutes for gasoline. To show the full ecologic potential of NG, based on a current turbocharged diesel engine, a so-called "monovalent" SI engine was developed at the University of Pitești. In other words, to properly make use of the NG high-octane number, the prototype engine features an 18.25 compression ratio. Therefore, the compromise usually made to allow the SI engine to run in bi-fuel mode (either fueled with gasoline or with NG) is not present in this case. This being the context, the paper presents experimental results obtained at the engine test bench when using NG. As it is a highly compressed SI engine, gasoline could not be used because of the knocking issues. So, to be able to perform a comparison of the NG effects, liquified petroleum gas (LPG) was also used. The operating point used is 2000 rpm and 2 bar of BMEP. Since during engine testing, the exhaust gas analysis was not available, to obtain information about the chemical species that resulted while burning NG and LPG, a 1D model was developed in AVL Boost, which was calibrated and validated based on the available experimental data issued from the test bed. Thus, this paper presents an analysis of the engine-out emissions while using NG and LPG, showing a significant decrease in NOx and HC for the NG case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented paper the flow charts for Life cycle of main types of fuels/energy sources and cars is done. Respective mathematical models, taking into account the stages of material and cars production, exploitation and recycling are developed. Based on the energy production for 2015 and 2020 years and energy mix of European countries and Bulgaria, an assessment of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of the cars is done. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of cars using gasoline, natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells etc. show advantages and disadvantages of different type of vehicles, during its entire Life cycle. Development in regarded 5 years is analyzed. Results show a decrease of the primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions for the period. The main cause is increase the part of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is currently a high demand for energy that can improve our daily lives. Coal, natural gas, and nuclear energy are just a few of the resources that can be used to produce energy. These fuels do, however, also contribute significantly to environmental pollution. Therefore, considering the current situation crisis, it is necessary to investigate and utilize any available alternative or clean resources. In this study, the development of a hydrogen gas wet cell is the main goal. Using the electrolysis principle, this hydrogen or HHO gas generator separates water into its two molecules of hydrogen and oxygen, which are then released as a gas known as brown gas. It is actually an electrolysis device, with high-grade stainless steel serving as the electrodes and a mixture of water and the appropriate ionic solution KOH serving as the electrolyte. The ideal Milliliters per Minute per Watt (MMW) value was found at 16 amps, 18 seconds, and 2.5g/l KOH concentration, and it was 11.72 ml/min/W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 30–40 years, vehicle tailpipe emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HCs) have decreased significantly. Advanced emission after-treatment technologies have been developed for gasoline and diesel vehicles to meet increasingly stringent regulations, yielding absolute emission reductions from the fleet despite increased vehicle travel. Passenger cars are an important source of air pollution, especially in urban areas. Recently, real-driving emissions (RDE) test procedures have been introduced in the EU aiming to evaluate nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate number (PN) emissions from passenger cars during on-road operation. Although RDE accounts for a large variety of real-world driving, it excludes certain driving situations by setting boundary conditions (e.g., in relation to altitude, temperature or dynamic driving). The present work investigates the on-road emissions of NOx, NO2, CO, particle number (PN) and CO2 from a vehicles, including diesel, gasoline, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. The vehicles were tested under different on-road driving conditions outside boundaries. These included 'baseline' tests, but also testing conditions beyond the RDE boundary conditions to investigate the performance of the emissions control devices in demanding situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected numerous countries worldwide, among which the U.S. is the leading country. Meanwhile, the U.S. has the world's second-highest primary energy consumption, and the country is still heavily reliant on petroleum and natural gas that emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) during combustion. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of pandemic uncertainty and CO2 emissions on the nexus between energy consumption and gross domestic product (GDP) by employing discrete threshold estimation. Besides investigating the net or total asymmetric effects of energy consumption, this research includes four sectoral datasets in the model estimations, which are residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation. The period covered is 1996–2021, using quarterly data. The estimation results report an asymmetric relationship between energy consumption and GDP triggered by pandemic uncertainty and CO2 emissions. Yet, these asymmetric effects are small compared to the influences of GDP lag(s) and CO2 emissions. In addition, the pandemic uncertainty discloses a direct positive impact besides the indirect effect on the GDP. It is most likely due to the rebound effects. Total and sectoral CO2 emissions also have consequences on GDP directly and indirectly, where the direct impacts vary across regimes. The observable asymmetric effects of energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and the preceding economic situations could deliver more informative insights to the U.S. local government and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growth in gross domestic product (GDP) of the country, there is an improvement in the quality of life of an individual. And the economic status of a country also depends on the amount of electrical energy consumed. So, the requirement for energy sources is also increasing day to day to meet their high energy demand. The conventional sources of energy like coal, natural gas, petroleum products etc. are depleting and at the same time they are hazardous to environment. Hence renewable sources of energy are integrated into the grid on a large scale. For optimal utilization of resources and efficient operation of the system and also to provide end consumer reliably, smart grid has been proposed to be implemented. So, in this paper various initiatives take by the government in planning, implementing and monitoring the smart grids are presented. Different implementation challenges and their possible challenges are also proposed. So, the steps taken by the government of India and governing bodies established to monitor the smart grid initiatives are providing a favorable condition. But the identified challenges are also to be considered for its effective implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas production from the wellhead is a complex mixture of gas and liquids contained in the gas. The liquid that is also produced from natural gas production will be in the form of liquid droplets and needs to be separated from the gas. A two-phase scrubber is a two-phase separator used to recover liquids carried away from natural gas production. Gas from the wellhead will enter the scrubber with a certain pressure and temperature according to the operating pressure and operating temperature and is held in the scrubber for some time (retention time). Due to the high working pressure, the scrubber tank is included in the pressure vessel category, and therefore the design process must be carried out correctly and follow the latest ASME BPVC standard (American Society of Mechanical Engineers standard of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code) documentation. The design carried out is to determine the design, material, and dimensions of the main components of the two-phase scrubber tank. The results of the design are technical drawings and welding recommendations, as well as the finishing process of the two-phase scrubber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The subject work presents a transient analysis of natural gas (methane) storage in a reactor with Maxsorb III activated carbon. The reactor is modified by providing the external cooling jacket at the outer wall of the storage tank with circular fins protruding towards the center of the tank. Furthermore, the performance of the reactor is investigated for various nanofluids acting as heat transfer fluids (HTFs). Water and various grades of oils have been used extensively as the coolant to counter the exothermic nature of the charging process. In the present investigation, simulations are carried out on Al2O3/water (H2O), CuO/water (H2O), and MgO/water (H2O) nanofluids with different volume fractions of nanoparticles. The results are compared with the water case. The result shows that the CuO/H2O nanofluids with 5 vol% performed better. Hence further comparisons have been performed between CuO/H2O nanofluids with 5 vol% and water for different gas inlet pressure and coolant inlet temperatures. It is observed that the CuO/H2O nanofluid with 5 vol% reduces the adsorption time for 90% adsorption by 3.3 % and 5.1 % for high supply pressure and low cooling fluid temperatures, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes some of the main results of the TRANSBIO Project. The project analyzed the future of bioenergy in the German Energy System. The article gives a brief overview of biogas in energy systems and beyond with special reference to the German situation where refinancing of biogas with fixed-phase FiT runs out (aka "post-EEG"). It looks at experts' different views, the role of biomass in the energy transition as a whole, and the consequences for the single operator. On that, the article presents a Delphi survey that was conducted during the project in 2022 and 2023. The results show that the perspectives of bioenergy experts and energy experts in the field of bioenergy in the energy system do not differ that much. However, the results highlight, that there needs to be a deeper understanding and based on this appropriate communication about bioenergy. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of several research projects that dealt with the "post-EEG"-issue about biomass was carried out. From a regulatory perspective, the main message is to "strategically preserve" (relevant parts of) the biomass capacities that were once built under the FiT and to provide better incentives, inter alia, for flexibility to lower system costs of the transition. From the operator's perspective, the main conclusion is to stay with power and heat production under the second-phase FiT as the main business model, if possible. If chances are too low for that, the general alternative is to switch to biomethane production, if it is feasible in terms of neighbourhood to natural gas grids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the prospects for development of the railway transport system in the Ural sector of the Arctic. The Arctic region from the Urals to the exit to the sea from the port Sabetta is considered. The following is provided to your attention. Possible prospects for the export of natural liquefied gas from Sabetta port were considered. Progressive development will be placement of two projects near the Sabetta port: Yamal LNG and Arctic LNG 2 with the further goal of exporting by sea to Europe and Asia. The ways of delivery of goods by rail to Sabetta port are analyzed. The analysis of the plan for the construction of the railway line in the project Northern Latitudinal Railway was carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of the construction of the railway line between Salekhard and Novy Urengoy in the project Northern Latitudinal Railway are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia has a good mix of energy resources like oil, natural gas, and coal and renewable energies such as biomass, solar and hydro. In spite of this plenty of resources, the country is dependent on fossil fuels for the industrial andtransportation sector. In the past few decades, Malaysia has experienced a rise in the economy with a steady growth of gross domestic product (GDP) yearly. As a fast-growing nation, this country is in its final stages toward the goal of high-income status. This economic and development boost also signals the rise in energy demand. As such, securing energy sustainability is essential for any nation, especially for one developing as fast as Malaysia. Malaysia has seen a huge growthin energy demand for the past few decades, and that growth is expected to continue into the future. This ever-growing demand within Malaysia has mostly been met by non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels due to the fact that thenation has an abundance of availability of these resources. This report aims to discuss energy consumption, present energystatus, and renewable energy in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A futures contract is a derivative product in the form of an agreement that requires parties to buy or sell an underlying asset at a defined price and time in the future, which can be used as a means of hedging, speculation, or arbitrage. In this study, we utilize Holt-Winter and Grey Holt-Winter methods to model the daily closing price of the United States (US) energy commodity futures. The best model will be selected based on the lowest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). In addition, we use Value at Risk (VaR) to assess risk. We took four energy commodities futures in the United States (US) as a sample, such as Natural Gas, Gasoline RBOB, Heating Oil, and Crude Oil. We suppose that the data has a pattern consisting of trend and seasonality. The stationarity test is used to prove this, showing the rejection of the hypothesis. Based on the study, the best model for all futures commodities is Holt-Winter because it has a lower MAPE value than Grey Holt-Winter. This paper concludes that, based on VaR, the energy-futures with the lowest risk is Heating Oil while the highest risk is Natural Gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restrictions on the planet's carbon footprint are becoming a motivating measure to limit the use of fossil fuels in the European Union. One of the measures to decarbonize the economy is to reduce the use of hydrocarbon fuels (oil, gas, coal). Increasing the potential for hydrogen use in energy is a key point in the conversion of fuels into energy. How the concentration of hydrogen is reflected in the gas supply is an analysis that the energy sector must consider to determine the safe operation and quality of operation of the appliances. Increasing the concentration of hydrogen in gas mixtures by up to 5% does not change the key parameters that determine the interchangeability of used gases in the gas industry. At hydrogen concentrations above 15 % in the gas mixtures, the gasdynamic properties of the gas also change, which also affects the design parameters of the gas supply systems. The article has described the possibilities for transport of the hydrogen in gas networks mixed with natural gas. Options for hydrogen production using alternative energies to meet the Green Deal criteria are described. The specifics of the transport and distributed gas pipelines in Bulgaria have been examined. According to their technical parameters, with the aim of high safety, a scheme of mixing hydrogen with natural gas is proposed. Based on the materials of the pipelines and the technical means of management and maintenance, the permissible concentrations of hydrogen are given. To achieve the possibility of a simplified assessment of the influence of hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the only arctic state in America, Alaska is the least dense in population, while consuming more energy (per capita) than any other state. A quarter of that energy presently is provided for by renewable resources, despite a long standing goal out of the legislature to provide half of the state's domestic energy through renewable energy resources by 2025. Of the non-renewable energy produced in the state, natural gas provides half the energy, primarily for the largest urban area. Most of the state's crude petroleum production has been shipped outside the state for refining on America's West Coast, while most domestic coal is low in energy content. Yet several types of capital need to be addressed to shift from nonrenewable to renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of CO2 and the purification of natural gas are critical in natural gas refining applications. The use of a thermally rearranged polyamide membrane to improve CO2/N2 separation efficiency is a viable option. The separation of CO2/N2 binary gas mixtures was studied by conducting computational fluid dynamics simulation on a Triply Periodic Minimal Surface structured membrane module. The relationship of pressure, CO2 feed concentration and membrane thickness to the separation performance of membrane were analysed. The simulation results show a CO2 recovery percentage of 76.38% at the feed pressure of 0.1 MPa. For the concentration of CO2 in feed gas, feed gas with 30% of CO2 volume fraction shows the highest CO2 recovery percentage of 90.26%. For membrane thickness, 3 mm thickness of membrane demonstrates a CO2 recovery percentage of 70.5%. The overall separation efficiency for the membrane is improved at lower CO2 feed concentration attributed to the higher amount of the adsorption sites available on the membrane surface. This thermally rearranged polyamide membrane demonstrates high potential in industrial applications as it has great mechanical strength which able to withstand higher stress and strain, and demonstrating it ability in achieving CO2 recovery during the simulation study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reformer tubes are used in the production of hydrogen gas from natural gas. In the process, natural gas is mixed with steam which then react in reformer at temperature of 1100 oC. The reaction between natural gas and steam produces syngas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas to be used in petrochemical products. The failure event was indicated by the drop of syngas, reformer inlet flow and pressure drop. These values indicated the loss of process gases flow to the reformer. Root cause failure analysis was performed and concluded that the most probable cause was overheating. The overheating was caused by the loss of process fluid flow to the reformer due to the diverting of flow to the flare lines by the failure of control valve to close. The damaged parts analyzed were control valve, reformer tubes and catalyst. Reformer tubes damages after the incident were analyzed based on visual observation and replica test. The results showed microcracking in reformer tubes. The study recommended the replacement of the tubes due to the considerable repair efforts which include overall tube assessment, damage portion removal and substitution, reliability issues of the future operation with repaired tubes as well as economical consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas is the most important source of energy in the world. Currently, natural gas consumption is increasing the most compared to other non-renewable energy sources. Therefore, the optimization of gas transport in networks is a very important production problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a case study of an engineering and manufacturing company which designs, manufactures, and services equipment used in the extraction of petroleum and natural gas. The company faced the challenge of long lead time for its products. A study was undertaken for one of the products to reduce the lead time. Study involved mapping all processes from order receipt till dispatch that includes identification of Value Added and Non-Value-added processes /activities with recommendation for better utilization of available resources. Study included Process Mapping for Design, Procurement, Assembly, Painting and dispatch, Value Added and Non Value Added activities were identified, process Analysis was undertaken and Suggestions for improvements were made. It was observed that the company followed “Project Based Manufacturing” which made the critical path longer. There are only minor changes in design of most of the products. The analysis suggested the company to move from Project based manufacturing to Standard Product based manufacturing for the studied product which will improve the information flow and throughput time. Changing to “Standard Product” thus helped in eliminating some non-value-added processes. In order to keep the benefits for longer period and get sustained improvements, few more suggestions were given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a predictive model for the detection of new customers of the natural gas service distributed by network that have not completed the connection process but are consuming the service without being billed. The CRISP-DM methodology was used to achieve this purpose. First, the process of managing gas service connection requests for new customers was understood; then, customer data and data associated with each stage of the process were identified, as well as an indicator of atypical customers who were disconnected from the service once it was detected that they were consuming without having completed the process. In this way, a dataset was obtained with a total of 6020 requests processed between 2020 and 2022. Algorithms such as Regularized Logistic Regression, Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were used. Once the models were evaluated, XGBoost obtained the best metrics with an Accuracy of 82% and an AUC-ROC curve was 93.6%. For the interpretation of the results, the SHAP values were used, which made it possible to establish that the most relevant variables for detection are: the time spent by the request in the connection process, the geographical location of the customer and the stages that the request fulfills within the connection process. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the results improved the ability to detect those clients that should be checked or disconnected from the service. In future work, the accuracy of the model could be improved through field validation of the predictions and the addition of external variables to the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pipeline safety is very important during transportation of oil and gas through pipesbecause it helps to transport from one location to another through long distances and these transmission pipelines are mainly buried underground which in turn faces different deteriorated factors like corrosion, malfunction, external interferences, and material defectsaltogether effects the safety of the pipeline transmission. These pipes carry oil and gas through hundreds or thousands of kilometers and makes them important to maintain safe transmission throughout the pipeline. The main threats regarding to the long-distancepipeline safety is the pipe leakage and corrosion, therefore different technologies areimplemented to control these defects and to ensure operational safety of the pipes proper andefficient monitoring of the pipeline is to be carried out to ensure the safety of the pipeline system. Accidents caused by the pipeline leakage results in the emission of oil and gas and will threaten the nearby facilities, structures and the life of the people nearby which results in direct as well as indirect losses. Therefore, to reduce these accidents accurately finding the leakage position and cause to leak on time is very important. Once it happens effective mitigative measures to reduce the impacts like leakage measuring tools are needed. Pipelinetransmission being the world's easiest and effective transmission method and the growing demand for green energy and natural gas makes it more significant. In this paper important pipeline safety management factors, corrosion factors and pipe line risk management are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to low-carbon development, to reduce the negative impact on the environment, mainly affects the energy sector. Natural gas occupies a stable position of the demand of the Unified Energy System of Russia for 2021-2026 in fossil fuel. When natural gas is burned, thermal nitrogen oxides (hereinafter referred to as NOx) are predominantly formed in power-generating boiler of thermal power plants. This article presents the modeling and study of the natural gas combustion process with the organization of flue gas recirculation to the active burning zone on the example of a power-generating boiler of the TGMT-464 type, using the ANSYS Fluent software package. The paper presents a model and graphs of the temperature and NOx content distribution in the active burning zone with a change in the proportion of flue gas recirculation from 0 to 22%. The decrease in the emission of harmful substances is explained by the decrease in the peak flame temperature in the active burning zone, which is the main indicator of the formation of NOx. The decrease in temperature in the active burning zone is explained by an increase in the volume of gases in the combustion zone. The article is intended for postgraduate, candidate for a doctor's degree interested in the development of methods for suppressing the formation of NOx in the combustion products power-generating boiler at TPPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of a gas-diesel duty cycle is an effective method to increase the homogenization of the air-fuel mixture of the diesel combustion engines and improve their ecological performance. However, the realization of these possibilities requires optimization of the processes taking place in diesel engines by their working with two types of fuels. The paper presents mathematical dependences describing the processes specific to the gas-diesel duty cycle and introduces a calculation program to help determine the performance of a diesel engine operating in dual-fuel mode with gaseous fuels that are fed into the engine's intake system. The program is developed in the Matlab environment and its reliability is verified by comparing the experimentally determined and calculated indexes of a single-cylinder diesel engine operating on a gas-diesel cycle with compressed natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water vapor is one of the most undesirable components in natural gas (NG), because it can cause several problems, including corrosion of gas transport pipes and equipment, as well formation of hydrates decreasing the transmission capacity of the pipeline. Therefore, before the distribution NG needs to undergo dehydration processes to meet the transport and quality parameters specified by the distributors. The most common method of NG dehydration is the adsorption method using glycol, based on the column technology. The article compares two gas dehydration installations with similar efficiency, located in Poland, differing in the glycol regeneration system. In the first installation, a regeneration system with an electric heating cartridge was used, whereas in the second, a regeneration system with the use of heat from a boiler powered by gas from its own source was employed. A comparison of the operating and energy costs of two installations incurred in 2017-2019 is presented. In the three-year settlement, the operating and energy costs of the electrically-fed glycol regeneration system were more than 2.5-times higher, compared to the gas installation. Using the SPBT index, it was calculated that the change of the regenerator power source will pay off after less than 4 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) with power systems and supplying their required energy is a challenging issue. Decentralized operation of the power systems can decrease the impacts of PHEVs on power systems. One of the high potential options for developing decentralized networks is the virtual power plant (VPP). In this paper, day-ahead scheduling of VPP consisting of PHEVs, which use compressed natural gas (CNG) as their alternative option for electrical energy, and CNG station is presented. VPP can supply the CNG needed by HPEVs by compressing the natural gas (NG) in the CNG station. Therefore, two sources of energy for HPEVs is provided by participating in the scheduling of the VPP. This structure can improve the flexibility and ability of HPEVs to participate in the scheduling. Also, because of using the CNG instead of gasoline, the developed model reduce the pollutant emissions of the transportation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic efficiency of the functioning of the alternative fuel supply system, which is considered liquefied natural gas (LNG), is determined by the optimal planning of the delivery process to end users remote from the main gas pipelines, in accordance with the delivery schedule. The purpose of the project is to develop a software product capable of determining the type of gas distribution system of cities and settlements based on the area logistics situation, the availability of part of the systems or equipment of gas distribution and gas consumption networks, as well as taking into account the possibility of gradual financing and gradual transition from one energy carrier to another without interruption of supplies and energy supply. The program is intended for economic justification of the scale and areas of application of natural and liquefied natural gases used as raw materials and heating for industrial and municipal purposes, for gasification of various consumer categories and objects of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of natural gas liquefaction with a nitrogen circulation cycle where nitrogen expansion occurs in the expander is considered as the most suitable option for a mini LNG production plant. The maximum gas liquefaction factor reaches 100%. This technology requires a small investment as it allows using a small refrigeration unit and an appropriate system for preliminary gas preparation. The process flow diagram is characterized by relative simplicity, reliability, quick commissioning, and compactness. In addition, this technology has minimal security requirements. The only drawback of the process with a nitrogen circulation cycle is the high energy consumption. An energy analysis of the process with a nitrogen circulation circuit has been presented in the article. Various modifications of this process have been considered. The analysis carried out also concerns the refrigerant used and its influence on the total efficiency of the technology. The results show that when a pre-cooling cycle running on refrigerant R410a is included in the cycle diagram, the specific energy consumption of the process is reduced by 22.7%, and when propane is used as a refrigerant, it is reduced by 20%. Cycles using CO2 and CH4-CO2 pair are also have been considered in the analysis. Their results show a reduction in energy costs by 7% and 12%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource conservation tasks at various productions, including those connected with extraction and transport of natural gas determine the need for the development of efficient technologies during creation and operation of the required equipment. For booster compressor stations within the framework of complex gas treatment this along with application of two and more compression stages, interchangeable flow parts of gas compressors, low-temperature separation assumes application of modern heat exchange systems, new designs and layout of the heat exchange equipment. Achieving a comprehensive, balanced solution, taking into account all highlighted aspects on the way to developing a highly efficient plant process flow, requires maximizing the benefits of each technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]