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Bacteriocins are protein substances originated from prokaryote organism that has antibacterial activity. This study was aimed to partially purify and characterize the bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus plantarum SB7 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BC9 isolated from fermented Sumbawa mare’s milk. The pH-neutralized cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus plantarum SB7 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BC9 was subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation, and then further purified by dialyzing (cut-off 5 kDa). The protein concentration was measured using Bradford method. The molecular weight of the bacteriocins was determined by SDS-PAGE. The antibacterial activity of protein bands was confirmed by soft-agar overlay method. The concentration of partially purified bacteriocins of Lb. plantarum SB7 and B. amyloliquefaciens BC9 was 12.56 μg/μL and 15.21 μg/μL, respectively. A high recovery bacteriocin purification has been indicated through the inhibition zone diameter. Molecular weight size of partially purified bacteriocins of Lb. plantarum SB7 was ±48 and 17 kDa, and B. amyloliquefaciens BC9 was ±48 kDa. This was consistent with the presence of antibacterial activity from the polyacrylamide gel slice of Lb. plantarum SB7 against the indicator of bacteria. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activity of B. amyloliquefaciens BC9 was not confirmed might be due to its sensitivity to SDS content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geotectonic events in Late Cretaceous - Early Paleogene interval, caused essential changes in the architecture of the Tethysian paleogenic sedimentation basins and their relationship with the continental source areas. Laramic tectogenetic paroxysm (Maastrichtian/Danian) due to the subduction of the East European craton under the Tisza-Dacia block, plays a double role in the structuralization of the East Carpathian units. In an internal position, the External Dacides are built (The Black Flysch, Baraolt, Ceahlau and Bobu nappes, senso Sandulescu, 1984), and in the external part the Paleogene Foreland basin depozones (equivalent to the "Foreland basin", senso Grasu et al., 1999). The basin worked up to the Lower Miocene, when the styric and moldavic tectogenesis occurred and the Moldavian units were born (from the inner part to the outside are: Marginal Folds Nappe, Macla Nappe, Audia Nappe, Tarcau Nappe, Vrancea Nappe and Subcarpathian Nappe, senso Sandulescu [1], 1984). The Moldavian tectogenesis (intra Volhinian) concludes the Carpathian structogenesis and edification of the major morphostructural lines of the Carpathian contact with the eastern foreland. Between the Suceava and Modova valleys, the transition from the mountainous relief (Obcina Mare) to the plateau is made through the piedmont hills formed on the sub-Carpathian molasse or the Volhinian platform couverture deposits, accumulated on the wedge-top of the Carpathian orogenic prism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patency of the cervix of the mare is considered to be a prerequisite for efficient uterine drainage after mating. Endometriosis, also known as chronic degenerative endometritis, is described a periglandular and/ or stromal endometrial fibrosis, including glandular alteration in fibrotic foci. Endometrial fibrosis, a major case of reduced reproductive efficiency in mares, is a progressive and irreversible condition which tends to worsen with age. The aim of the study is to evaluate biopsy specimens from endometrium obtained during the first and fifth oestrus to determine initial microscopic status of endometrium and any changes in the endometrium that may have happened as a result of occluded cervix and analyze pregnancy rates after the experiment. A total of 24 cycling light breed mares from MTT Agrifood Research and Equine College, Ypaja, Finland, where used in the study. The study was designed as a cross-over study where each mare received two treatments one of which was control treatment thus serving as internal control. The mares were observed during 5 oestrus periods and during two of these periods (second and fourth oestrus) the treatment was applied. According to the closing and opening of the cervix which was regulated using Bivona catheter, mares were distributed in 3 treatments. TRT A -- intrauterine catheter closed for 25 h; TRT B -- intrauterine catheter closed for 6h+19 h (catheter closed for 6h, opened and fluid collected; catheter for closed for another 19h); TRT C (control) - no intrauterine catheter. The results shows that occlusion of the cervix might influence the pregnancy rates since the uterus could not clear itself from inflammatory cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The impairment of uterine drainage increased periglandular fibrosis in endometrium and decreased pregnancy rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood biochemical analysis is the additional methods of investigation. Clinically healthy animals are usually no blood diagnostic tests, for economic reasons in Latvia. Equine veterinary practice in pregnant mares does not take blood tests, except when the mare enters the supervision of a veterinarian and a thorough investigation of the animal to maintain the pregnancy and the mare health. Food consumption is increasing in mares from the ninth month of pregnancy until calving period, since this happens during the most intense fetal growth and reaches approximately 10% of the weight of the mare. Work aimed at clarifying the winter / spring and summer seasonal housing conditions on the blood biochemical parameters of one herd of horses, non-pregnant and pregnant clinically healthy mares. Conclusions. Blood biochemical parameters are slightly altered in pregnant mares during pregnancy in the second half, as well as more visible changes in older mares. Changes in blood biochemical parameters are slightly altered from the housing and feeding conditions and the physiological status of horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]