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Abnormalities of gait can be caused by neurological impairment. However, the cost of therapy is one of the greatest obstacles to rehabilitation following neurological impairment. A simple, low-cost two-degree-of-freedom exoskeleton for the lower leg of the gait trainer has been designed and developed. This device can assist those who have walking difficulties in their rehabilitation process. This article discusses designing and developing a lower limb exoskeleton for a gait trainer with a PID controller. A microcontroller controls the dc motors in the hip and knee joints by utilizing a predetermined trajectory pattern, using data derived from healthy subjects. Experiments show that the PID controller produces a stable system, with steady-state errors between 0 and 10 degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project proposes the design of a GPS-based autonomous vehicle for the purpose of navigation and following operators in the collection of loose fruits in oil palm plantations. The aim is to reduce the burden on operators who traditionally must manually collect the loose fruits while following behind a truck. The proposed autonomous vehicle utilizes a GPS module to track its real-time location and follows the operator based on their smartphone's GPS coordinates. The vehicle's navigation is controlled by calculating displacement, bearing, and heading angles using GPS coordinates and a digital compass. The vehicle's movement is determined by the heading-to-bearing ratio, allowing it to move forward, turn left or right, or stop depending on the ratio value. The proposed design includes the selection of appropriate components such as GPS module, digital compass, Bluetooth module, motor driver module, and Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller. The circuit diagram and prototype of the vehicle are presented. The working principle of the vehicle involves point-to- point navigation, calculation of displacement and bearing angles, and utilization of a digital compass for heading determination. The system has been tested and the results show successful navigation and movement of the vehicle based on the operator's location. However, improvements are needed for real-life deployment and extended operation duration. Overall, the GPS-based autonomous vehicle presents a promising solution for efficient and automated loose fruit collection in oil palm plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project focuses on creating an automatic palm harvest collecting machine, where one of the critical components is the basic mobility system required for the machine to move from one location to another. This aspect is fundamental as it underpins the entire operation. The primary goal of this project phase is to design and implement the basic manoeuvring feature of the machine, encompassing its movement and obstacle avoidance. The key concept is to enable the machine to navigate along predefined paths while avoiding obstacles. Achieving this objective necessitates the use of sensors and a microcontroller for processing sensor data and delivering required machine responses. The microcontroller will be customized to align with the specific machine requirements. Subsequent chapters in this report will delve into the research, material selection, methodology, concept design, and implementation process for this mobility feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional buck-boost converter may increase or decrease voltage and offers the advantages of cost- effectiveness and simplicity in construction. The power conversion efficiency of the typical buck-boost converter is limited by the negative effects of the device's parasitic features. We provide a high voltage conversion gain low-voltage-stress buck-boost converter based on a coat circuit in this work. Integrating a microcontroller into the conventional buck-boost converter expands the voltage conversion range and decreases the voltage strains on the semiconductor components. Buck- boost converters may maintain a consistent output voltage by changing it to be greater or less than the voltage at the input. A microcontroller application regulates the pulse durations of PWM signals to manipulate the output voltage. The buck- boost converter for solar panels in this research operates within an input voltage range of 5 to 10 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehabilitation is essential in the road of recovering from musculoskeletal injuries, but rehabilitation is not always done in a monitored environment. Sometimes rehabilitations are done in homes, which is normally unmonitored, which would reduce the effectiveness of rehabilitation, as the effectiveness relies heavily on the adherence level of each individual. Therefore, the proposed system uses a microcontroller that is easily attachable to an existing Theraband Resistance band, to help monitor home rehabilitation. The system uses a FlexiForce A201 force sensor, to detect the force being applied to the resistance band, and the force will be displayed on the Blynk dashboard. The progress of the patient can be tracked through the dashboard as well. Besides, the system features a target load mode, where the physiotherapist can set a target load for the patient to achieve for their Home Exercise Programs (HEP). The average applied force reading from the sensor is used to determine whether the patient is performing the exercise correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation process of tempe takes a long time, which is about 24 to 48 hours. Several factors affect the success of this process. Among them are temperature and humidity. Tempe producers generally depend on the weather and do not control the temperature and humidity. Since the weather is often erratic, the ambient temperature and humidity of the process become undetermined. Another research found that the ambient temperature above the room temperature (28 C) will shorten the fermentation time by five hours. Another fact the author found is that tempe from the coastal area (hotter more humid) are tastier than the ones from a mountainous area. These two facts raise a question how if the tempe fermentation process takes place at the controlled chamber. This research proposes a tempe incubator controlled with a microcontroller to regulate the temperature and humidity of the incubator chamber. The first experimental result shows that the system will produce tempe for about 5 hours in the incubator chamber temperature of 41 C and 61% Relative Humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar energy system based on PV (photovoltaic) parameters monitoring techniques compromise of the both the electrical and environmental data, the number of parameters being measured in a PV plant that combine and analyze to observe and/or evaluate its efficiency. with a view to vouch the responsible and stable performance of any solar system, an effective measuring system is essential. large scale solar energy plants are respectable complicated and increase the cost and complexity on PV parameters measuring systems, so we can note in the past decennium, numerous ideas of monitoring systems were determined in vast number of research papers. For this review article different PV measuring systems were be studied and reviewed in details. The review manner included the most of solar parameters measuring techniques of PV system, and its efficiency and performance. The most of PV monitoring techniques which exhibited and examined. in other hand the different sensors and their operation principle, microcontroller, data acquisition technologies, data transmission units and types, and information modules storage and display are studied and reviewed in this paper. at last, this survey sustains the selective suggestions for upcoming researches. A massive solar PV monitoring techniques in this review paper concise an inclusive survey of techniques, these techniques based the phenomenal information handling units and different and novel data transmission protocols. The innovative photovoltaic measuring technology's especially that based on the internet of things discussed and investigated in innovative manners. The review will confidently completely the emphasized perceptions progress to improved exertions on the road to improvement of the monitoring technologies in future maintainable solar PV efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial device with increasing demand is ventilator for patients who need help with breathing due to respiratory problem. In some cases there is a huge scarcity for oxygen cylinder especially in the emergency situation for this issues we creating a smart ventilator using the ESP32 microcontroller in which it will minimise the impact of ventilator shortage. It will be also a portable (easy to carry). Here we are making a low cost ventilator with self-pumping of the oxygen from the environmental air, with the help of AMBU bag. The components which we have used here are, Temperature sensor, BVM mask, buzzer, 20v transformer, converter, relay, dc motor. So the outcome of our project is a self-pumping of an oxygen through a ventilator without a human intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground cable faults can lead to human loss and energy loss, which can have significant consequences. Human loss can occur if the fault causes an electrical fire, explosion, or other hazards. Such incidents can result in injuries or fatalities to workers or members of the public who are in the vicinity of the fault. Energy loss is another significant consequence of underground cable faults. Faults can cause a disruption in the power supply, resulting in power outages that can affect homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure. Energy loss can also result in financial losses for power companies, we hereby put an end to this problem by proposing a pic microcontroller based underground cable fault detector by using PIC16F877A and AWS cloud to detect the fault and sending formation to authorized power. after detecting the faults, it will be displayed in the lcd where the fault has occurred and alert by buzzer. The proposed system provides a low-cost and efficient solution for detecting and locating underground cable faults, allowing for prompt repairs and improved reliability of electrical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Speech controlled automated Dustbin (SCAD) is a robot trash can that may be operated by way of the consumer issuing particular voice commands. The microphone hears the speech of the Android cell phone and is processed with the aid of the voice module. While the robotic is aware of the command, the speech module transmits a command message to the robotics microcontroller. The microcontroller translates the message and executes the essential commands. The dustbin's sensor detects waste, and while it does, it sends a command message to the dustbin's microcontroller. After analyzing the message, the microcontroller instructs the servo motor to -flow the dustbin's lid open. Designing a mobile trash can that can be operated with the aid of a phone is the main intention of this newsletter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world Vehicle Road accidents have been increasing day by day due to many reasons including rash driving, vehicle malfunctioning, driver's fault, speeding, drunk driving, etc. All these are keeping human life in danger. Despite many safety features installed in vehicles and alarming drivers regarding safe driving, road accidents have been increasing. In this view, this work particularly implemented the vehicle safety parameters to prevent accidents caused by rash driving, vehicle defects, driver defects, over speeding, etc., and to achieve accident prevention alerts to the driver and post-accident location information to a specific mobile number to save the human life at the earliest. This paper has presented a system to provide safety alerts to every individual driver regarding their driving environment and helpful in preventing road accidents by using some sensors like alcohol sensor, fire sensor, GSM module, and GPS and all these devices will be controlled with the help of ATmega328p microcontroller. This paper has provided a method of safety system to prevent road accidents to save valuable human lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for speech-controlled bot is in a higher rise. In a situation like that of a war zone or a place where a human cannot walk through the usage of speech-controlled robot is enormous. This paper discusses the development of speech enabled bot designed with a microcontroller which can be connected to a smart phone through a Bluetooth device. The commands which were received by the blue tooth gets processed and accordingly the movement of the bot is enabled. The sensors which are connected to the bot detect the harmful gas and other obstruction which are present in the way of the bot. The data from the sensor is transmitted with the help of GPS enabled Android device and its positioning can also be tracked simultaneously. The data which were collected can be monitored in an IoT based webpage for surveillance. This bot is idle for the place where a human intervention in not much feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a system for detecting cigarette smoke using an MQ2 sensor and arduino microcontroller. The system was designed to alert individuals of the presence of smoke through a liquid crystal display and buzzer. The MQ2 sensor was able to detect smoke at distances of over 60 cm at a 45˚ angle and over 90 cm when parallel to the center of the smoke, with a detection time of 132 seconds. The system was found to be effective in detecting smoke in well-lit areas and with a compact design that requires minimal space. These findings suggest that the developed system could be utilized in various settings to improve smoke detection and promote healthy environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A voltage source inverter (VSI) is commonly used in converting DC to AC systems with the constant voltage source input. However, a microcontroller is mostly used in generating the signal to the VSI due to low harmonics output. This paper has built a microcontroller-based VSI with an ATMega 238 microcontroller controller to generate a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). The performance test was done in a set of 40, 50, and 60Hz frequencies. The test results show that the VSI frequency output can meet the frequency setpoint with a total harmonics distortion (THD) of 0.22%, 0.46%, and 12.46% of each frequency settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overheat in the vehicle cabin is generally caused by the temperature pressure outside the cabin, which is more significant than inside the cabin. The outside temperature of the cabin during the hot sun ranges from 24-32 °C, causing the humidity in the cabin to be 75-95%, while a humidity of 40-60% is recommended. This study examines and compares the vehicle cabin temperature before and after using fans and automatic windows opening 1° and 1.5°. Data were collected when the vehicle (car) was parked outside, and the temperature was checked for seven days. Meanwhile, experiments and simulations were carried out on a laboratory scale. The Arduino algorithm in the automation system is connected to each network command line. The W1209 temperature sensor module activates the digital output of the L298 driver module, detects the temperature up to 47,822 °C, and simultaneously opens the window, and the fan lowers the temperature to 26.20 °C automatically. Passive Infra-Red (PIR) detects pressure >4.515 Kg.m/s2, the window glass closes automatically via a microcontroller command, and the alarm goes off. The simulation results show the integrated system, according to the algorithm, lowers the temperature to 21.61 °C and humidity levels by 50.14% in the 30th minute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of treating pond water using the biofloc technique for freshwater fish farming, the condition of the results of the treatment can cause the water quality in the freshwater fish culture pond to be unstable. It is because of the provision of feed and fish waste that causes the acidity (pH) changes in the pond water. Pond water with high acidity (pH) or alkaline cause the failure in fish farming. A good acidity (pH) for freshwater fish is 6.5 – 8. In addition to acidity (pH), another parameter that must be considered in the cultivation of freshwater fish using biofloc techniques is the normal intensive pond water temperature of 25 - 30°C. Abnormal water temperature conditions will result in the probability of survival of freshwater fish decreasing that affect the mortality rate of fish. Furthermore, monitoring of pond water in freshwater fish farming with biofloc techniques is still mostly done traditionally so it is not practical and the human error factor is quite high related to the level of accuracy of the measurement results. Therefore, the pH monitoring and water temperature is very important to be performed in freshwater fish farming with biofloc techniques. This study aimed to design a freshwater fish culture monitoring system technology with biofloc technique pond media management for pH and water temperature monitoring systems using an IoT-based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with engineering methods. This study used a pH sensor to measure the acidity of the water and a temperature sensor to measure the temperature in the water. Arduino UNO as a microcontroller was to send data that was processed using ANN to activate the water pump and display the results of measuring pH and water temperature in real time through the LCD and android application. The results of this study can be implemented as a pond water monitoring system design for freshwater fish farming using biofloc techniques and ANN analysis as data processing from sensors to result more precise estimates of pH and water temperature measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things is a concept in which an object or object is implanted with technologies such as sensors and software with the aim of communicating, controlling, connecting, and exchanging data through other devices as long as they are connected to the internet. One way to connect the devices (in this research is Arduino microcontroller) is using a Web API. This technology is designed as a medium for data exchange between the Microcontroller and the Server. With this Web API it is possible to store data and control devices from the cloud server. In this research, a simple device is made using an Arduino microcontroller with a temperature sensor that will send data to the Web API, so that the data can be stored in a database on the cloud server. In addition, there are also LED lights that can be controlled from anywhere as long as there is an internet connection. The benefits of this research, with the use of Web APIs, allow users to be able to monitor and control IoT devices from anywhere as long as the device and user are connected to the internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how electronics provide precise control in mechanical engineering. Precision control is crucial in modern mechanical engineering, and electronics has transformed this discipline. The study stresses accuracy and consistency in sectors including automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and robotics that need precise control systems. Sensors, microcontrollers, and complicated algorithms allow real-time mechanical system monitoring and modification, pushing conventional limitations. Mechanical systems' "eyes and ears"—sensors—collect data on location, velocity, temperature, and pressure. They enable speedy CNC manufacturing and air conditioning system changes. For precise control, microcontrollers assess sensor inputs and execute control algorithms. They guarantee mechatronic system synchronization and flawless operation, allowing robotics precision. Sensor data and microcontroller calculations power control algorithms, which provide accurate control. Aeroplane stabilization, car ESC systems, and robotic-assisted surgery are examples. The assessment also addresses cybersecurity, component reliability, and evolving technology ethics. Future advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and electrical component shrinking will enable more compact and energy-efficient systems. In conclusion, electronics in mechanical engineering have revolutionized accuracy and efficiency, changing industries and enabling new invention and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operating rooms (OR) are designed to meet sterilization and safety standards, to ensure a clean environment free from microorganism contamination. One of the preventive steps in controlling these microorganisms is to maintain parameters such as room temperature, humidity and operating room pressure. Manual monitoring of parameter is increasingly being abandoned along with the development of industry 4.0 even 5.0. The old system had limitations, including the difficulty of monitoring operating room parameter, no database system. Based on these, remote monitoring is needed to monitor parameters in the OR. The aim of this paper is to measure temperature, humidity and pressure parameter values in an OR based Internet of Things (IoT). The method used is direct measurement using sensors, microcontrollers and the MIT App Inventor application to measure temperature, humidity and pressure parameters in the OR. measurements were carried out in one of the operating rooms to compare with measurements with installed measuring instruments. The measurement results will be compared with each other. measurement data is analyzed. The results obtained from the measurement accuracy of the installed measurements were 96,42% for humidity parameter, 99.88%. for temperature, using BME 280 and differential air pressure with accuracy is 99.01% using Sensor D6F-PH5050AD3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring and protecting power plants with turbine vibration energy so that the generated electrical energy data can be monitored in real time and also as a protection when the vibrational energy generated could potentially harm the equipment or the surrounding environment. The mechanics of this system use a piezoelectric component attached by a holding pillar with a permanent magnet base that can be activated or turned off using a pin, then this monitoring system works by detecting the voltage and current generated by the piezoelectrician then processed by the microprocessor, the resulting data will be displayed on the LCD screen and will be stored on a memory card so that the data recorded can be used for other research purposes. On this device also available communication terminals that can be connected to various other devices such as smartphones, computers, or other IOT technology. Prior to being applied to large-scale power plant turbines, the current data collection method is being implemented in the State Polytechnic of Ujung Pandang Laboratory, using microcontrollers to process voltage data from Piezoelectric as well as vibration data that is synchronized with the time at the time of data collection. The voltage generated at the start of the experiment will continue to increase for 60 seconds as the given vibration energy increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and implementation of a tool that allows the simultaneous measurement of Isc, Voc, irradiance, ambient temperature and PV panel temperature. The data collected can be exhibited on a screen or saved to a memory card through a data logger system. The implementation steps are as follows: designing, assembling, individually testing each sensor, and testing the overall system. The performance of this tool is tested by comparing its measurement results to those of conventional measuring instruments. This tool has been proven to measure Isc, Voc, irradiance, ambient temperature and photovoltaic temperature simultaneously. Its measurement results show an average deviation of less than 2% compared to conventional measuring instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a WIFI-enabled digital notice board. The goal of this project is to give consumers a quick, dependable and easy means to post vital alerts on an LED display board. a location where a user may transmit a message to be shown on an LED display board. With the WIFI module of an Android application created for this project, the message may be transmitted. Hence, announcements may be posted on an LED display from anywhere in the world. It communicates via WIFI-based technology, a microcontroller for system control, and an Android application to convey the message. AMAX72194 in 1 dotmatrix LED display, a 32-bit microcontroller with a WIFI module, and other components make up the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic has become a fundamental problem which each of us is facing due to the boom in a wide variety of automobiles in the course of the world, mainly in metropolitan cities. Therefore, there is a need for advanced traffic controlling techniques to eradicate accidents in heavy traffic areas. Traditional strategies might be requiring a huge amount of simulation runs to develop the device. It could be very easy to develop and implement an intelligent traffic light controlling system by using microcontroller technology. In this paper raspberry Pi Pico will be used as micro controller. By using Integrated Development Environment, we can develop a program. The main objective of traffic lights is to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A miniaturized version of a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor is available and becoming more affordable, which can be used to detect a fast-moving object by measuring the distance. Herein, we tried to compare TF-Luna LiDAR sensor performance with HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor for traffic monitoring application. The ESP32 was used as the microcontroller to process the data read by the sensors and send the data to the cloud. The device was implemented to monitor the traffic at certain locations around Institut Teknologi Kalimantan area which the accident may likely to occur. Before conducting the tests, both sensors were calibrated to verify the readings prior to the actual distance measurement. The linear regression fits well with the sensors output and the LiDAR reading is slightly better compared to the ultrasonic related to the average error produced and the R-square values. The traffic data was sent to Google spreadsheet using the Wi-Fi connection, and the delay for sending the data along with the ping checking was observed. From the traffic monitoring, the vehicle count rate from the sensors are fairly accurate to the real count, although the device failed to achieve the perfect counting result. The height of the device for the LiDAR reading can be adjusted to 70 cm to have the most accurate results, while it is difficult for ultrasonic sensor. The Gaussian probability plot was used to model the traffic data. The standard deviation from the three locations produced different results, but the lowest is at the second location according to the LiDAR reading. The mean distance reading data shows that most of the vehicles passed the road at about half of the lane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current (mA) control is necessary to controlling the number of electrons and x-ray intensity at x-ray machine. Radiographers are likewise impacted by the presence of high radiation levels. This study aimed to improve performance the x-ray machine with wireless mA control system prototype. One of the important benefits of the proposed study is the simplicity to controlling intensity of x-ray based on wireless mA control system. This research method uses rheostat as current selection (mA). The current settings that can be selected are 20 mA, 30 mA, 40 mA, 50 mA and 60 mA, which can be done manually and via the mobile phone (cellphone) connected to this device via wireless using Wemos D1Mini. Tool testing is carried out by comparing the results of measuring the output voltage of the filament transformer using AVOmeter with the results of voltage calculation through formula analysis. In addition, tests are carried out for the distance of the tool control connection in the presence of obstacles and no obstacles. Based on the test results obtained, it is known that the smallest correction value is 0,01 VAC for the mA option of 30 mA. The x-ray device can be controlled wirelessly using Android up to a distance of 20 meters with a 14 cm thick wall obstructed condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent world, Solar energy is one of the most effective resource of renewable energy because of various factors like pollution, shortage of fossils etc,. Hence many research and development techniques are being made in this field. By tracking the direction of the sun that is by making direction of the solar panel in the direction of the sunlight, we can obtain greater efficiency at the output. The are two methods of tracking : single-axis and dual-axis sun tracking solar panels. Even though, the efficiency of dual-axis is more when compared to single-axis, it is not implemented because of its disadvantages like high initial cost, maintenance etc,. The proposed method overcomes one of the disadvantage that is reducing the cost without use of micro-controller. This paper presents the design and implementation of dual-axis sun tracking solar panel without the use of microcontroller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research work is to design a novel Wallace multiplier using Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) to increase the speed, to decrease the propagation delay and power consumption when compared to the Sklansky multiplier. Materials and Methods: Two groups namely novel Wallace multiplier using Ripple Carry Adder and Sklansky multiplier were compared. Total sample size is twenty and the pretest power is 80 %. Results: From the simulation results the propagation delay obtained was 2.2 ns having a power consumption of 0.342 mW for the novel wallace multiplier using RCA whereas the Sklansky multiplier takes 3.4 ns having a propagation delay of 1.4 mW. The significance value obtained was 0.0634 (p<0.05). Conclusion: From the simulated results and comparative analysis, it is evident that the novel wallace multiplier using RCA is significantly better than the Sklansky multiplier by less propagation delay and less power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bulk of customers in today's technologically savvy society must wait in line to do their grocery shopping since it takes so long. Due to a barcode-based invoicing system, it might be challenging to avoid standing in line at busy times at the supermarket, such as on weekends or when there are discounts. A creative shopping cart powered by the IoT, Bluetooth module, Arduino microcontroller, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors is suggested in this regard. For RFID sensors, a wireless connection is essential. An RFID scanner that effectively reads the data from the tag is the second component of each product, which also has an RFID tag attached to it. The mobile application then shows the details for each product. The user of the mobile program can simply customize the shopping plan. The shopping data is then wirelessly transmitted to the server, and billing is produced automatically. The goal of this experimental prototype is to do away with drawn-out checkout procedures and poor service. Under practical circumstances, the recommended technique can be tested on a commercial scale and put into use. The recommended strategy is therefore more competitive than others as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of a microcontroller-based robot has been carried out, which is a tool that basically serves to facilitate human work. The trash can collection robot using color sensors can be used by its users, namely the community to be able to help provide convenience to the cleanliness of the environment. The program used in the robot uses the C language that is processed in the CodeVision AVR application. The steps for completing the application in this study are designing programs, creating programs, conducting testing of robots, repairs and finally the process of improving the program. The program can be implemented on the condition that there is hardware that will be the output of the overall research results. With the successful design of the trash can Collection Robot using this color sensor, it can be used as a guide for technology users to add knowledge and participate in continuing the innovation of creating new useful technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in information technology and computers in the Industrial Era 4.0 have been proven to improve organizational performance and organizational operational efficiency. One of the characteristics of the Industrial revolution 4.0 is the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) to obtain data in real time. The system for calculating electrical energy consumed still uses a token-based analog and digital KWH (Kilo Watt Hour) meter. In prepaid electricity, consumers have to spend money or pay first for the electrical energy that will be consumed. However, many people are still reluctant to use this type of electricity. Because one of the disadvantages of using prepaid electricity services is that the electricity will turn off automatically when the credit runs out, so consumers must often monitor the remaining balance. In postpaid electricity, consumers only need to pay for electricity for the amount used and pay the bill on the date that has been set by PLN. However, this postpaid electricity system has the opportunity to harm PLN because this analog system is easy to modify, so that the KWH meter rotates more slowly, even changing / doubling the existing electricity lines without going through the electricity meter. This study tries to propose a system for calculating electrical energy consumed automatically in a closed network by utilizing IoT technology so that it can be monitored in real time. This system will also be useful in anticipating illegal flow theft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice fields have a strategic function because they are the main food providers for the population in Indonesia. The conversion of rice fields tends to experience an increase that makes the emergence of new problems because agricultural land will be replaced with the housing sector or factories. From the thing, Therefore, it is necessary to make modern rice fields means that the planting and harvesting process does not have to be done in a large rice field. As for the components used such as the microcontroller wemos D1 R1, groundhog sensor, DHT sensor, RTC sensor, fan and pump, and also the results of this research. Obtained from the test results that are declared successful, in the form of the implementation of fuzzy logic with rule-based on microcontrollers with soil moisture and DHT sensor inputs, and as a fan and pump output and with fuzzy sets included in the form of fast, medium, old, and fertilization scheduling with RTC sensor. With the addition of technology, it is expected that modern farmers will get more effective in carrying out a plant monitoring and care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the outcomes of measurements made for weather forecasts utilizing the DHT22 and BMP280 sensors to identify the variables that affect how the weather varies in each place. A descriptive method with a quantitative approach was adopted in this study. The outcomes of the measurements made with the DHT22 and BMP280 sensors were then compared with BMKG data that could be obtained online via the BMKG website. The data collecting technique used was the observation technique with three stages, namely preparation, implementation, and data collection. The results of this study showed that the error percentage of temperature measurement in the Sukarame sub-district was 0.09%, the error percentage of air humidity measurement was 0.083%, and the error percentage of pressure was 0.0062%. The average percentage error in temperature measurement in the Way Halim sub-district was 0.076%, the error percentage in humidity measurement was 0.092%, and the error percentage in air pressure measurement was 0.0095%. Furthermore, the average value of the error percentages in temperature, humidity, and air pressure in the Raja Basa sub-district were 0.12%, 0.05%, and 0.0097%, respectively. Three results of the weather forecast produced in this study were weather conditions, such as sunny, cloudy, and rainy. The output read on the measuring instrument was mostly according to the actual weather conditions, with a percentage of system accuracy of 71%. Based on the data, it can be concluded that the three parameters can be used to predict the weather in each area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talempong is a traditional musical instrument from the Minangkabau tribe in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The challenges of learning Talempong musical instruments are the lack of availability of Talempong musical instruments, limited trainers or music teachers to train and evaluate, and limited time for students to learn. The Internet of Things (IoT) has the ability to automate activities, integrate with various sensors, and store data on the internet that can be accessed anytime and anywhere. In this study, we developed an IoT-based Talempong musical instrument learning system. The system was built with an IoT development model consisting of five phases. Hardware components consist of LED lights, vibration sensors, microcontrollers, and wiring, whereas the software component is a website-based application that displays the results of student learning activities and programs for the Talempong training level. The communication protocol used in the system is the MQTT protocol. The system implementation results show that the IoT-based Talempong system follows the functionality and performance designed to solve the problem of learning the Talempong musical instrument. The performance results show that hardware and software components have worked, the delay from the vibration sensor to the microcontroller is always under 1 second, and the system provides 100% feedback on Talempong learning activities at level three. This prototype can be a reference for developing an application based on IoT for music education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficulty in comprehending the pneumatic system courses due to the limited available devices can be minimized by some interactive learning, such as simulation. This paper aims to build a simple pneumatic simulator based on an Arduino microcontroller and analyze the mechanical component performance. The experimental method with five load variations ranging from 1.2 kg to 2 kg is applied to the double-acting and single-acting cylinders. As the controlling valve for the compressed air from the compressor, the double-acting cylinder is connected to a 5/2 solenoid valve, while the single-acting cylinder is connected to a 3/2 solenoid valve. An Arduino microcontroller is used to control the simulator system. The pneumatic system is verified by comparing the experimental result with the theoretical calculation. The findings reveal that the pressure outcomes during the experiment are nearly consistent with theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the development of IoT Technology rapidly rising and provides great opportunities to develop new innovations. Moreover, the users often used new technologies to keep track of and control the appliance's energy present in their homes remotely. To hopefully maintain these characteristics within an acceptable range, a system can be set up to control and monitor them which enables residents in the smart home access to specific data. This paper describes a complete architecture of the Internet of things load sensing and energy monitoring for smart homes, with the goal of increasing the system's flexibility, usability, and reliability. BLYNK app is a platform with IOS and Android application to control the appliances and the Thingspeak platform to monitor the energy consumption are used in the proposed system which makes the interface between hardware and software. To demonstrate the proposed system, loads like lights, power plugs and Fans are used. The NodeMCU-ESP8266 microcontroller board detects various loads in the home, allowing for real-time data sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal mine workers often exposed to Environmental hazards that can lead to physical and mental health issues like heat stroke, respiratory issues, depression, and anxiety. These hazards include excessive temperatures, high humidity, poor air quality, and harmful gases, dust, and chemicals that can irritate the skin, create respiratory issues, as well as other health issues. The rising temperatures in underground mines include heat stress, dehydration, decreased output, equipment malfunctions and an elevated chance of accidents. This paper proposes a design of a detecting temperature, humidity level and leakage of gases in mines through EFR32MG Arduino technologies with features great reliability, smooth control and accuracy. This EFR32MG line of microcontrollers features built-in support for Thread, Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee and other wireless protocols. These microcontrollers are created for wireless applications that require minimal power and great performance. The voice system, which comprises a microphone and speaker, converts into a digital signal so that it may successfully interact wirelessly with the computer in the ground control Centre. The hardware worn by the mine worker and the ground control Centre both use ZigBee for this brief transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop an autonomous robotic platform/rover that can monitor open and closed spaces, record environmental data, and map the area. The rover can be controlled remotely and autonomously detect and respond to its environment using various sensors and software. The study focuses on selecting appropriate sensors, microcontrollers, and microcomputers, and developing software to coordinate all inputs and outputs of the robot. The system uses motion and distance detection sensors, ESP32, Raspberry Pi Zero, and Kakute F4 Mini Flight Controller as microcontrollers, GPS module, IMU, and other necessary components. The robot's movement is powered by two DC motors, while a mobile phone provides internet connectivity and live video transmission, and a battery bank powers the system. The ESP32 code is developed using the Arduino framework, the Kakute F4 Mini Flight Controller runs open-source firmware Ardupilot, and the microcomputer exposes the application from the local environment on the external internet. The system's software integrates the components to achieve their main goals and facilitate communication between them. The research proposes a cost-effective and easy-to-use rover that can be remotely controlled and autonomously monitor and map open and closed spaces. The system's expandability makes it a suitable platform for further improvements and additions to control the robot and its environment effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows an examination over the characteristics of resonant LC converter in battery charge applications. Common application of this circuit can also be found in the supplementary power supplies and renewable energy systems. A double full-bridge design is used to deliver the necessary features of power conversion. The output stage is considered as a current source, which works independently from the battery cell state and number. Operation mode is achieved by a phase-shift control circuit with a microcontroller. Calculations about resonant converter values are shown. Experimental data for device output characteristics are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spin coating process became the most widely used technique in the fabrication industry for thin film coating on a substrate by centrifugal force. Unfortunately, frequent usage of spin coater might induce a tilted surface of the chuck (i.e. the sample holder). A tilted chuck might induce inhomogeneity of the coating layer. Among the machine's calibration techniques, nullifying the tilt before the spin coating process is the most important step. However, to our knowledge, none of the spin coaters was introduced with the chuck's tilt monitoring during the spin coating process. Thus, investigating the discrete condition during the spin coating process is necessary. In this work, the tilt monitoring system for the spin coater was implemented based on an Arduino Uno microcontroller and distance sensor. A spin coater has been implemented to test the tilt surface monitoring during spinning ranges from 350 rpm to 1000 rpm. The measurement was done under two conditions: flat (0.00 degrees) and tilted (5.71 degrees). The setup was able to measure up to 0.01 degrees of the tilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigation system is widely used in agriculture sector and has significant impacts to the growth of the plantation or crops. Traditional method of irrigation system always counter problems such as time consuming, human labour cost, inefficient of water usage and monitoring challenging throughout the process. Thus to address the issues, this paper proposed the development of smart irrigation system that embedded various types of sensor and Internet of Things (IoT) platform used for monitoring plant growth. In this work, there are three module have been developed which are hardware, software and integration module of the proposed system. In hardware module, Raspberry Pi is used to calculate and process the data based on the sensors parameters. Different types of sensors have been employed such as soil moisture, humidity, temperature, ultrasonic and vision sensors. In this framework, the reading of soil moisture sensor was obtained from the base station. The Raspberry Pi will receive the information and starts to pump the water from the tank until the condition of soil moisture content is normal (i.e. reach the threshold value). In addition, the DHT22 sensor will act as the monitoring system in terms of temperature and humidity data. While, the ultrasonic sensor will send the information to the microprocessor and calculate the water level. Furthermore, the webcam vision is used for monitoring the plant growth during the day and night. While, the dripping process runs in real-time application to the plant. The microcontroller ESP8266 used to control the state of ON or OFF light bulb depending on the value of LDR sensor. Based on the results and monitoring process, the proposed smart irrigation system able to works in promising environment with real time data in which it has been monitored through the IoT platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless microcontrollers have become widely used in domestic and industrial applications, where Bluetooth is one of the most popular wireless communication mediums. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a wireless Bluetooth microcontroller System-on-Chip (SoC) using Silterra 180nm CMOS technology. It incorporates Cortex-M0 as the main processor and other essential peripherals for a microcontroller, such as a timer, watchdog, UART, and RTC. This paper demonstrates the gate-level simulation result of the integrated system where several firmware tests are loaded into the RAM and operate those peripherals to verify the overall system functionality. The simulation results show that the system is able to perform the data transmit and receive successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of applications for wireless Bluetooth devices is on the rise this decade. However, power consumption has become a major concern as the demand for more functionality on a single chip increases. Furthermore, since the device has a limited battery capacity, high power consumption limits the chip's long-term operation. Therefore, low-power architecture becomes crucial in these devices. To minimize the power consumption, this work implements a clock gating and a Gray code state encoding in a Bluetooth microcontroller system-on-chip (SoC). Four operation state is being tested to measure switching activity: Bluetooth transmission test, sleep test, timer test, and UART test. This design targets 180 nm Silterra CMOS technology with the system working at 16 MHz. Synopsys System on Chip EDA tools is used to perform the gate-level simulation and power analysis. The experimental result showed that the system's power consumption decreased by 86% when applying clock gating. Implementing a Gray code state encoding on the bridge reduces the power consumption further by up to 42 µW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short communication paper aimed to design and implement a raindrop sensor to control the movement of the pond cover of aquaculture automatically using a microcontroller. This system was designed to be automatic, portable, and monitored in real-time on the web. The system used a raindrop sensor type FR-04, microcontroller module NodeMCU ESP8266, power supply, proximity sensor, and power control circuit. The software used for programming the microcontroller was Arduino IDE. The research used the prototyping method (listening to customers, designing and building prototypes) as the method of designing the prototype and followed by experimental tests (test drive and evaluation). Determination of rain conditions obtained by direct experiment in the real rain conditions. The average value from the raindrop sensor was 701 and the standard deviation was 74 which gave a set point of the raindrop sensor at 775. According to the test with eight repetitions, the average time for the sensor to detect the rain was 12.8±7.6 seconds, and the average time for the sensor to normalize the output state after the rain was 108.0±36.5 seconds. The experiments resulted that the system running properly. When the raindrop sensor gave an output value of less than 775 during the raindrops, it gave an output value of more than 775 whenever no raindrop was detected. The data changes can be observed in real-time on the web, so the farmer will be easy to collect the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays Smart world can be deployed along with the Introduction of IoT technology based embedded system implementations for industrial automation and smart homes. The cost effective, flexible, and reliable components of dedicated IoT systems are supporting smart, interactive and easy means of communication in a network. Hence comparative analysis via testing and evaluation of such embedded hardware modules is necessary in multifaceted automation and security areas. Among them the Raspberry Pi is customized small stand-alone computer board. A detailed discussion on prerequisite vital advanced microcontroller development boards, Sensors, Characteristics, and performance issues is made among different typical existing IoT platform prototypes. From these discussions Raspberry Pi is finalized as a cost-effective computer with its interoperability in various domain applications in IoT vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article provides a thorough review with respect to the technologies used in designing and developing automated garage doors. Herein, technologies such as IOT, microcontrollers and RFID are reviewed. The paper discusses different methods and devices used in cohesion with these technologies to make an efficient automated garage door that is efficient and secure. The article highlights that in the present date IOT is most widely used technology that provide easy and secure method for automation of garage doors. At the same time microcontroller and RFID based technologies are secure, however, these tend to be static in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to design a remote monitoring system of photovoltaic solar cells battery conditions used for street lighting. The main variables to monitor are battery voltage and current. The monitoring system was developed based on commercial components, including INA 219 sensors, NodeMCU ESP 8266 microcontroller, and LCD. The Blynk platform developed the monitoring interface through a wireless internet connection. The monitoring system was tested by using 20 WP solar photovoltaic cells, a battery 12V 7AH, and Solar Charge Controller (SCC). Based on the testing results, it can be concluded that the developed monitoring system was able to measure voltage, current, and battery capacity continuously and display them on a smartphone by using the Blynk platform. The results have been validated manually using a multimeter at both SCC and battery output. The accuracy of the data display on the monitoring system is 27.96% and 0.24% for current and 0.91% to 16.15% for voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is addressed to modern hospitals with nurses call innovation invention to solve ordinary ways. However, this equipment is still not optimal because the patient's family can only make calls to nurses without being able to deliver the assistance they want, a research entitled "Vocal Letters Classification with Audio Processing for the Nurse Room Notification System with the Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient and Backpropagation Method" Neural Network." This study uses the microcontroller system divided into two parts, namely hardware design and software design. This study's results are a speech recognition nurse room system based on speech recognition as a means of communication between patients and caregivers in hospital inpatient rooms. The results of this study are divided into two tests. First data training vocal a: 100%, I: 80%, U: 100%, E: 100%, O: 80% so that it obtained a total accuracy of 92%. The second test results of vocal test data: 100%, I: 100%, U: 0%, E: 100%, and O: 10% so that the total accuracy is 80%. The results of both tests concluded that the pattern could be recognized quite accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of 2020, the corona virus outbreak had entered Indonesia. The World Health Organization (WHO) explains that Coronaviruses are viruses that will infect the respiratory system (lungs). Trolley can make it easier for humans to carry large or heavy luggage. Trolley in everyday life is indispensable. Trolley is used by being pushed or pulled manually by the user. The more items you buy, the more force it takes to push or pull the trolley. It can be seen now that there are a lot of touchless technologies that can be found in the surrounding environment such as parking lots, elevators and water taps. The development of the touchless sensor application can also be applied to a trolley that can be used as a place to put groceries. This touchless trolley is very helpful in reducing physical touch on objects. Trolley in this design is made with a system that automatically follows the user. This system is made in sizes 30 cm × 20 cm × 28 cm. This trolley system uses a trolley basket that has a size of 30 cm × 20 cm × 16 cm, an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 as a detector of the distance of the trolley with the object in front, the pixy 2 CMUcam5 camera as a camera to see the position of the user and will detect objects in real time, Arduino uno R3 as a processing module that processes the data received from the detection module and sends an output signal to the drive module, the l293N motor driver is used to control the speed and movement of the DC motor, and the DC motor is used to move the wheels and trolleys so that they can move.. The trolley follows the user and keeps a distance behind the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our work demonstrates a model of a magnetic levitation system using Simulink auto code generator scheme. It is excecuted by Arduino microcontroller to guide the electricity passage into electromagnet according to speed and location information on levitated magnetic object. The maglev is switched to a power supply of 12V DC and the current is supervised by a MOSFET joined it to a Pulse Width Modulation pin on the Arduino. PID controller can calculate the duty cycle of the PWM pin and adjust the current based in referral to velocity and position into the object that's levitated. The levitated point location is sensed using a Hall Effect sensor. The paper shows that the Simulink auto code generator is a good choice for robust levitation with Arduino. A model system is explain that levitates a sphere having 0.0413-kg weight of 2-cm distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated the turbidity of water by directing a laser at wavelength of 905 nm into the water and measure its light reflectance using a photo detector. The experiment was done in a container with size of (35×24×45) cm3 using pure water, mixed of water with carbon and chalk powders, river and lake waters and a commercial drinking water as tested liquids. The 1.3 Watts laser diode was controlled by a microcontroller to emit light into the container every 5 seconds, from 100 cm height location and furthermore the liquid was poured into the container continuously while detecting laser light reflectance. The microcontroller read and processed the output data using C++ language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]