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The decision-making process of the European Union is a particularly complex one and its democratic legitimacy has almost always been a preoccupation for the citizens involved in European affairs, researchers, practitioners of Union law and, ultimately, political decision-makers. Today, after an evolutionary process that began, we could say, along with the Single European Act and, as the entire union construction, is still underway, this legitimacy is ensured in a multi-level organized system. One of these, alongside the European Parliament, is represented by national parliaments. This role is regulated in detail by the provisions of the Protocols No. 1 and 2. Practically, according to Protocol No. 1, the National Parliaments have the right to receive information about the content and the effects of the institutions issuing the draft normative acts. The obligation to transmit the documents that are necessary for the exercise of their control is a prerequisite for it, since no effective control can be exercised without knowing its exact subject. In Protocol No. 2, on the other hand, the concrete mechanismes of the National Parliaments' control over the compliance with the aforementioned principles are regulated, consisting in the issuing of reasoned opinions and, in extreme cases, in the action before the Court of Justice of the European Union. We will further discuss these matters in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to determine and present complex information regarding the technical aspects of housing for seniors, both from the theoretical angle and from the angle of subjective viewpoints of the seniors, with a specific focus on the Czech Republic. Firstly, we deal with the technical requirements for housing buildings in general, and secondly, we characterize the specificities regarding housing places for the elderly. Our emphasis on the group of seniors, i.e. those aged 65 and more, is derived from the phenomenon of aging of the population. The increase of the average age of the population results from longer life expectancy and higher life quality in the recent years. There are two possible forms of housing for seniors: individual housing and accommodation in housing institutions of social services (retirement homes). The providers of social services of senior housing are pushed to subordinate the material and technical conditions to elderly clients. At the same time, individual requirements on the accommodation of seniors should as much as possible be respected in cases when seniors live in their natural social settings. This article includes the characterization of the size of living spaces, the area of kitchens, possible wheelchair accessibility and the requirements for stairs. The data analysed in this study have been gathered through doctrinal analysis of scholarly literature and the related Czech legislation. Additionally, we have based our analysis on the assessment of technical norms. Moreover, this article reflects research carried out in the second half of 2015 through the focus group method. The empirical research was concerned with the attitudes and opinions of seniors towards their own living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

France is a traditional European democracy. Its political system was relatively stable since late 1950s with two political blocs. Right - usually connected with the ideas of Charles de Gaulle and left - represented by Socialist party. The situation seems to be different in 2017. As François Hollande became extremely unpopular he decided not to candidate in 2017 anymore. Socialist party chose Benoît Hamon to be candidate but his result 6, 36 % in the first round was poor and more - the worst in the history of Socialist party. Also candidate of the Republicans (the rightist bloc) François Fillon was not successful in the first round - he was third. For the first time in the history of the Fifth republic - two candidates not representing main political parties met in the second, final round - Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen. Emmanuel Macron became president with about 66% of votes and his centrist political movement La République en Marche succeed in the parliamentary election in June 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The insufficiently and poorly ventilated premises or inappropriately ventilated operation can cause primarily health problems of occupants but also damage to building structures. It is necessary to ensure adequate quality of ventilated area, a healthy environment, the required air humidity and air temperature. On the other hand, it is needed to achieve reasonable energy costs and sufficient air exchange (ventilation rate) under current legislation. To reconcile all of these requirements and then find appropriate solutions and alternatives of ventilation is necessary to evaluate several modes of moist ventilation premises and to choose the best alternative. In the work is carried out analysis of calculation methods to determine the ventilation rate. Is processed the methodology for calculating the ventilation rate of room, by are used the measured values in concentrations of carbon dioxide. Values concentrations of carbon dioxide and ventilation rate are verified by experimental measurements. The methodology is selected for calculating ventilation rate applicable in to Slovakia. The result of methodology is nearest the result from experimental measurements. By the following is determined the methodology for calculating ventilation rate for office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper intends, starting from the analysis of Commission Communications on the Common Agricultural Policy and associated policies (cohesion and communication on budgetary perspective) and the package proposed by the European Commission to assess the financial impact of proposed measures to come to meet decision makers in the development of a position towards the new draft regulation and some of the topics under discussion, among which the direct payments and convergence, capping direct payments, introduction of multiple payments, the payments specific for small farms and attracting young people to agriculture, practically a new strategic vision integrated. Examining coordinates rural development can be appreciated that the entire rural area is a sensitive area that can become objects of rural development policies. Romania has now a rural area that works structures which define a complex and diverse rurality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]