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The damage to mangrove forests occurs due to changes in land use caused by human activities and natural disasters. One of the attempts to increase the success of mangrove life is by conducting the seedling. Rhizophora mucronata, a mangrove species widely used for rehabilitation, is necessary to provide good seedlings. To obtain good mangrove seedlings, adding hormones can stimulate their growth, namely Plant Growth Regulator (PGR). PGR contain hormones like auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinins that play a role in cell division and expansion. These hormones are primarily contained in extracts of organic materials, such as shallot extract and corn extract, as well as in synthetic materials. This study aimed to determine the effect of PGR application on the growth of roots and leaves of R. mucronata. This study used a single factor of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments: control, 100% shallot extract, 100% corn extract, 0.1% Rhizattun-F, and 0.1% vitamin B1. Treatments of PGR were applied exogenously to root plants. Propagule growth of R. mucronata was observed for two months, and then fresh preparations were made to observe the anatomy. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results based on anatomy structure showed that the Rhizzatun-F treatment gave optimal results on root growth, while vitamin B1 treatment gave optimal results on leaf growth of Rhizophora mucronata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scientific reports have stated that the growth and production of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves, both in quantity and quality, are influenced by genotype factors. This study aimed to identify some agronomic traits and nutritional content variations of Moringa from several locations/accessions in Indonesia. The seeds of 4 accessions of Moringa, namely, Cibinong (C), Sumenep (S), Palu (P), and Jayapura (J), were planted at the same location in Cibinong, West Java. This experiment was arranged in Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications (blocks). Each accession was planted in five beds with 18 plants per bed (a total of 90 plants in each accession per block). Five plants in the center of the bed were determined as observed samples for each accession. The agronomic traits observed were plant growth (plant height, stem diameter, canopy diameter, compound leaves length and width, leaflets number and area) and leaves production (dry leaflet weight). The nutritional content observed was carbohydrates, protein, fat, ash, and calcium. The results showed that the Cibinong accession had the highest growth and leaves production quantity but was the lowest in quality based on mineral content (calcium and ash). Sumenep and Palu were superior in nutritional content but inferior in agronomic traits. In contrast, Jayapura was superior in both agronomic characteristics and nutritional content. This result can be used as a base for the Moringa breeding program to create a new superior variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative impact on the environment due to the wider use of technology encourage people to consume health-supporting supplements and the wider use of drug. One source of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds is the plant Hibiscus tiliaceus. The direct use of Hibiscus tiliaceus plants takes a longer time to produce antioxidant compounds than using endophytic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria are known as mutualistic symbiotic bacteria with plants the host and can produce bioactive compounds similar to the host plant. W bacterial isolates were obtained with morphological characteristics of white colonies, cocci cell shape, including gram negative bacteria and has the closest relationship with Pseudomonas bacteria hibiscicola strain ATCC 19867 and Pseudomonas geniculate strain ATCC 19374 JCM 13324. Secondary metabolite extract in the stationary phase had antioxidant activity IC50 value of 196.58 ppm and antibacterial activity by inhibiting bacterial growth Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the proper pups' weight and appropriate seeding time using the soaking technique in a raft to improve the seed quality. To this end, a three-level factorial design was applied. Factor A represented the sucker weight, consisting of <999 grams, 1,000-1,999 grams, 2,000-2,999 grams, and >3,000 grams. Factor B represented soaking duration, including one month after seeding (MAS), two MAS, three MAS, and four MAS. The result indicated an interaction between pups' weight and the number of initiated rachis, rachis height growth, and the number of leaves. The highest number of initiated rachis was obtained from the combination of 1,000-1,999 grams sucker weight and 4 MAS soaking time. The lowest height growth rate was found in the combination of >3,000 grams of cutting and 2-3 MAS soaking duration, while the highest seed leaf growth rate was noticed in a combination of >3,000 grams cutting and 2-3 MAS soaking duration and the combination of <999 grams sucker weight and 2-3 MAS soaking duration. However, the result is not significantly different from those with <999 grams sucker weight and 1-2 MAS and 3-4 MAS soaking duration and sucker weight >3,000 grams and 1-2 MAS soaking duration. It is recommended to use medium-weighted sago pups (1,000-1,999 grams and 2,000-2,999 grams) with a 3 MAS soaking duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genie chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. genie), a widely cultivated Indonesian bird's eye chili variety, has a typical pungent taste that is favorable for local cuisines. Among abiotic stresses, drought is a major constraint to crop growth and productivity. Genie has been described as a moderately drought tolerant chili, but little is known about the physiological responses in this genotype to water shortage stress. This study aimed to investigate the vegetative growth, in particular, the leaf cell proliferation and cell expansion, under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Compared to control (80% field capacity; FC 80%), mild (FC 50%) and severe drought (FC 35%) significantly reduced Genie chili height by 21.87% and 44.37%, respectively. Plant shoot biomass decreased progressively as the drought level increased, with a marked decrease up to 68.94% in FC 35% condition. Although the leaf density was less affected by the stress, the leaf blade area of plants treated in mild and severe drought reduced by 13.30% and 66.25%, respectively, compared to that in control. Upon a closer inspection, drought reduced the average leaf epidermal cell area from 1156.10 µm2 in control to 849.06 µm2 in mild drought, and up to 760.86 µm2 upon severe drought. Interestingly, epidermal cell density per leaf area unit increased in response to elevated stress strength, from 86,848.28 cells cm−1 to 119,066.11 cells cm−1 (37.10% increase) and 133,475.10 cells cm−1 (53.69% increase) in mild and severe drought, respectively. Stomata formation was negatively affected by drought as reflected by the reduction of the stomatal index from 43.31 in.the control to 42.16 in.mild, and 32.29 in severe drought. The enhancement of overall cell density together with the reduced cell size might hint at a compensation mechanism to maintain leaf organ size in response to drought in Genie chili pepper. Altogether, biomass ratio shifting toward root instead of shoot, decrease in leaf size, and reduction in leaf stomatal index suggested a drought avoidance mechanism to limit water loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical contains several plant secondary compounds improved ruminant health and productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and laurel bay leaves powder (LLP) and their mixture on growth performance and some blood parameters in growing lambs. Sixteen Awassi lambs at 4-5 months old with average of (21.81kg ±0.63) kg weight were randomly distributed into four treatments groups: control without any addition (0%), 1% PPP, 1% LLP and mixture 0.5% PPP plus 0.5% LLP in a completely randomized design and fed 63 days a concentrate diet at 3% of live body weight. No significant difference (P>0.05) in feed consumption, final body weight. Results revealed that lambs received 1%PPP and mixture of 0.5% PPP plus 0.5%LLP had best total weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio as compared with control group. Serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin and urea nitrogen concentration were not affected in lambs supplemented with pomegranate peel and laurel bay leaves compared to the control. The additives had no effect on the liver enzymes AST and ALT. It can be conclude that lambs that the mixture of PPP plus LLP exhibited better lamb's performance in comparison with 1% LLP and no adverse effects biochemical blood parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to isolate and genetically identify the Balantidium coli parasite from pig stool and also to evaluate its growth onto four new plant extracts. Roots and leaves of Rhaphanus sativus plant, flowers of Brassica oleracea plant, and bulbs of Allium sativum plant were used for the first time in Iraq as local alternatives to the imported cultivation media, which are known for the growth of parasites. Molecular methods were used for all collected stool samples and then repeated for samples that were succeeded by cultivated methods. The results showed high efficiency in parasite development on the four media and the parasite stage numbers were also varied depending on the type of extracts. The highest rate of parasite numbers was 2450 / ml on the medium of Brassica oleracea extract, while the lowest was 1900 / ml on the medium of Rhaphanus sativus leaves during the four days of incubation in comparison to the parasite numbers on the water agar as a control factor. The percentage of sulfur and organic carbon were also measured for the four extracts and the difference in proportions was compared separately. Flowers of Brassica oleracea plant extract medium was the most efficient medium in improving the growth of B. coli and increasing the number of parasites with a high purity among the four types of experimental cultivation media. The PCR protocol was successfully established and optimized in detecting the B. coli parasite both in the collected pig feces and in culture media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]