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Research Question - Social media has become a major part of modern social connection, yet there is still insufficient research on the connection of FOMO and social media. We review the psychological drivers of the social media FOMO process (e.g., social comparisons, selfverification, self-evaluation maintenance, etc.) and present a framework for how it can lead to mental health consequences. We propose future research questions based on our framework of social media FOMO. The following are research questions meant to inspire future research on social media FOMO: What factors affect the amount and impact of upward social comparisons on social media? In addition to body image, what other content categories interact with gender and FOMO? How do gender norms heighten FOMO across different content categories? Does active posting on social media increase FOMO when self-presentation worries arise? Can active posting also decrease FOMO because of the agency it provides the user? When self-verification goals fail, does FOMO arise? Do consumers use social media to self-verify on certain aspects of the self (e.g. physical, personality) more than others? How do feelings of FOMO develop into a chronic habitual process of social media FOMO over time? Summary of Findings - With this theoretical work, we set an intention for our conceptual framework to stimulate research findings that can be translated into actionable implications for consumers, businesses, and policy makers to reduce social media FOMO. We advocate for social media platforms to collaborate with our social media FOMO research paradigm. Research conducted by researchers external to the social media platforms will reduce the bias of internal research. For example, a reminder to take a break on social media would be more effective at supporting well-being if coupled with identifying segments of users who are low in self-esteem and seek social comparisons. Some social media content can even increase user well-being. Consumers can be educated to become aware of the effects that FOMO has on their overall wellbeing which could encourage them to adopt healthier social media habits. While we encourage consumers to empower themselves to manage their social media habits, the scale of the social media FOMO problem represents a public health crisis that requires supporting policies and funding. Policy makers can consult with child development experts and gain understanding from social media FOMO research to reassess minimum age requirements and require social media platforms to provide warning labels for FOMO-inducing content. Statement of Key Contributions -This work aims to encourage future research on the topic of social media FOMO by proposing a holistic framework for social media usage. Prior research on the links between social media and consumer mental health has been fragmented; therefore, laying out a conceptual framework for it with psychological mechanisms is a key step in understanding the social media epidemic. We highlight the central role of social media FOMO and propose a series of research questions at every stage of the framework. This research contributes to the social media literature by providing new avenues of research that can enrich the discipline and provide greater understanding to the construct of social media FOMO and its consequences on well-being. We conclude our theoretical paper by recommending detailed actions that key stakeholders (businesses, policy makers, and consumers) can take to deal with the negative consequences of social media FOMO. While we note examples of some social media platforms taking steps to reduce social media FOMO, we focus on empowering consumers to understand the challenges they face in managing their social media usage towards improving their mental health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We look at the concept of intersectionality, that different social categories can create overlapping and interlocking systems of disadvantage or discrimination, in an exploratory quantitative manner in order to empirically quantify intersectional impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Questions Fluency and directiveness in problem recognition advertising. A friend gave one of the authors a card listing the signs of stroke. Subsequently, at dinner, his mother-in-law suddenly started speaking strangely. Reading the card, the course of action seemed unambiguous and he called 911. Problem recognition advertising uses relatively short advertisements warning of medical, psychological, or related problems. Sometimes, the first letter of symptoms or signals spell out a short word. For instance, the "Signs of Stroke" card spells out the word FAST. We argue that an acronym, like "FAST," increases the fluency (Alter and Oppenheimer 2009) of the ad. Problem recognition ads are sometimes very directive (Searle 1976). For instance, the "Signs of Stroke" ad directs the reader to call 911 immediately. Other ads are much less directive and simply list the signs. This paper is tests whether two characteristics of problem recognition ads, fluency and directiveness, increase the effectiveness of the ads. Persuading people about climate change. Cultural cognition research by Kahan and his colleagues has demonstrated the difficulty of persuading people of the threat and seriousness of climate change. Myers and her colleagues (2013) conclude that education strategies could help people experience the link between weather conditions and climate change. Our hope is that problem recognition ads will help people to persuade themselves. Method and Data Study 1: a simple fluency manipulation in problem recognition ad (FAST). One hundred twenty one participants, recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk, participated in the study. After extensive screening, data from 98 participants were analyzed. Participants viewed one of two versions of a simple problem recognition ad to teach people what to do when confronted with a person who might be having a stroke. In the high fluency condition, the header of the ad stated: Learn the sudden warning signs of stroke so you can recognize and respond to stroke FAST." The warning signs and instructions started with highlighted letters in the order F, A, S, T. In the control condition, the warning signs were not highlighted and presented in an order that did not spell "FAST." Three 5-point scales measured aspects of fluency. Study 2: problem recognition ads for increasing awareness of climate change. Two hundred forty participants, recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk, participated in the study. After extensive screening, data from 170 participants were analyzed. Fluency. In the high fluency condition, the signs of climate change (Storms, Hotter Weather, Odd Weather, and Wet or dry weather) were presented in the order S,H,O,W. Pictures representing these signs were included. In the low fluency condition, the ad stated that "Climate Change will show itself to you." The signs of climate change were presented in the order O,H,S,W. Directiveness. The low-directive version of the ad began with, "It's a Fact!", so the entire headline read, "It's a Fact! Climate Change will SHOW (show) itself to you!" The high-directive version of the ad began with, "Look out the Window!" so the entire headline read, "Look out the Window! Climate Change will SHOW (show) itself to you!" The headline in a control condition simply stated, "Climate Change will SHOW (show) itself to you. Instead of pictures of descriptions of the signs of climate change, the control condition included a general statement "The signs of climate change are everywhere." The dependent variables included fluency ratings, directiveness ratings, personal efficacy ratings, self-reported learning from global and local signs of climate change, and a cognitive response variable. The latter asked participants to list any signs of climate change they had seen. Summary of Findings Study 1. Multivariate and univariate tests indicated that the high fluency condition (where "FAST" was explicitly spelled out) significantly differed from the low fluency condition. Study 2. The manipulations significantly affected fluency and directiveness. As well, both the fluency and directiveness manipulations affected perceived efficacy with respect to understanding the signs of climate change. However, measured fluency (but not measured directiveness) mediated this effect. Other outcomes (such as learning global and local signs of climate change and number of signs listed) were affected by the manipulations. Perceived efficacy mediated these effects. Key Contributions These two studies address an understudied area of marketing-- the improvement of problem recognition advertisements used to help people recognize and respond to symptoms of diseases, psychological problems, or similar issues. Fluency and directiveness increase the effectiveness of these ads. Problem recognition advertising also made people feel that they were personally capable of assessing the signs of climate change. Implications These studies demonstrate that the effectiveness of problem recognition advertising can be improved by the use of simple devices such as acronyms. These ads can help people to experience the local symptoms of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]