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Both nuclear forensics and environmental sampling depend upon laboratory analysis of nuclear material that has often been exposed to the environment after it has been produced. It is therefore important to understand how those environmental conditions might have changed the chemical composition of the material over time, particularly for chemically sensitive compounds. In the specific case of uranium enrichment facilities, uranium-bearing particles stem from small releases of uranium hexafluoride, a highly reactive gas that hydrolyzes upon contact with moisture from the air to form uranium oxyfluoride (UO2F2) particles. The uranium isotopic composition of those particles is used by the International Atomic Energy Agency to verify whether a facility is compliant with its declarations. The present study, however, aims to demonstrate how knowledge of time-dependent changes in chemical composition, particle morphology and molecular structure can contribute to an even more reliable interpretation of the analytical results. We prepared a set of uranium oxyfluoride particles at the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements and followed changes in their composition, morphology and structure with time to see if we could use these properties to place boundaries on the particle exposure time in the environment. Because the rate of change is affected by exposure to UV-light, humidity levels and elevated temperatures, the samples were subjected to varying conditions of those three parameters. The NanoSIMS at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was found to be the optimal tool to measure the relative amount of fluorine in individual uranium oxyfluoride particles. At the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, cryogenic laser-induced time-resolved U(VI) fluorescence microspectroscopy (CLIFS) was used to monitor changes in the molecular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NemOut™ is a new nematicide in development for use on cotton and peanuts. NemOut contains an EPA registered bio-rational fungal nematicide formulated for applications at planting, side dressing and through overhead irrigation. This new product, based on Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251; is being evaluated by public researchers throughout the mid-south and southeast and is being commercially introduced by Plato Industries of Houston, Texas. The active ingredient in NemOut has been developed and is produced by ProPhyta GmbH of Germany and is presently labeled for use on a variety of vegetable crops and for turf use. The registration process for cotton and peanuts is underway and registration was received in late 2007. NemOut has activity against reniform, root knot and lance types of nematodes. Field tests were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate different application strategies for NemOut. Application in cotton using liquid fertilizer equipment and timed during the 4-7 leaf growth stage consistently increased cotton yields compared to no treatment of when applied following the use of a nematicidal seed treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NemOut™ is a new nematicide in development for use on cotton and peanuts. NemOut contains an EPA registered bio-rational fungal nematicide formulated for applications at planting, side dressing and through overhead irrigation. This new product, based on Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251; is being evaluated by public researchers throughout the mid-south and southeast and is being commercially introduced by Plato Industries of Houston, Texas. The active ingredient in NemOut has been developed and is produced by ProPhyta GmbH of Germany and is presently labeled for use on a variety of vegetable crops and for turf use. The registration process for cotton and peanuts is underway and registration was received in late 2007. NemOut has activity against reniform, root knot and lance types of nematodes. Field tests were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate different application strategies for NemOut. Application in cotton using liquid fertilizer equipment and timed during the 4-7 leaf growth stage consistently increased cotton yields compared to no treatment of when applied following the use of a nematicidal seed treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NemOut™ is a new nematicide in development for use on cotton and peanuts. NemOut contains an EPA registered bio-rational fungal nematicide formulated for applications at planting, side dressing and through overhead irrigation. This new product is based on Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251; is being evaluated by public researchers throughout the mid-south and southeast and is being commercially introduced by Plato Industries of Houston, Texas. The active ingredient in NemOut has been developed and is produced by ProPhyta GmbH of Germany and is presently labeled for use on a variety of vegetable crops and for turf use. The registration process for cotton and peanuts is underway and registration is expected 2007. NemOut has activity against reniform, root knot and lance types of nematodes. Field tests were conducted in 2006 evaluating NemOut as an in-furrow spray at planting and as a seed treatment; thus far, results are promising as a strategy for the control of nematode pests in cotton. The commercialization process for NemOut is focused on identifying the application methodology that best fits grower practices while providing the most cost-effective efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NemOut™ is a new nematicide in development for use on cotton and peanuts. NemOut contains an EPA registered bio-rational fungal nematicide formulated for applications at planting, side dressing and through overhead irrigation. This new product is based on Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251; is being evaluated by public researchers throughout the mid-south and southeast and is being commercially introduced by Plato Industries of Houston, Texas. The active ingredient in NemOut has been developed and is produced by ProPhyta GmbH of Germany and is presently labeled for use on a variety of vegetable crops and for turf use. The registration process for cotton and peanuts is underway and registration is expected 2007. NemOut has activity against reniform, root knot and lance types of nematodes. Field tests were conducted in 2006 evaluating NemOut as an in-furrow spray at planting and as a seed treatment; thus far, results are promising as a strategy for the control of nematode pests in cotton. The commercialization process for NemOut is focused on identifying the application methodology that best fits grower practices while providing the most cost-effective efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boll weevil traps baited with Grandlure pheromone dispensers and dichlorvos (DDVP) dispensers are integral in the effort to eradicate the boll weevil from the United States and Latin America. The Plato Boll Weevil Trap, previously known as the S & S Boll Weevil Trap, has been in operational use in U.S. Boll Weevil Eradication Programs for four years. The Plato Trap offered 26 design modifications that were key improvements compared to the USDA model as manufactured by Precision Plastics. Between the 2003 and 2004 seasons several additional design changes were integrated into the design of the Plato Trap. These changes improved the strength of the capture cylinder and improved the locking feet of the trap cylinder. All of the changes and improvements result in time and cost efficiency improvements of the trap when in operational use. In 2004, the Plato Boll Weevil trap was compared to a new plastic trap manufactured by Technical Precision Plastics of Mebane, NC. The data illustrated no differences in trap captures observed. Field tests were conducted in 2003 in Northeast Texas, the Texas Rio Grande Valley and Arkansas to ascertain if an alternative base color would improve weevil captures. The capture results with an experimental yellow base cup were equal to the commercial green (yellow-green) base cup of the Plato Trap; however, trappers reported that the alternate color was more easily seen at distances than the commercial trap. In 2004, an alternative reflective yellow base was evaluated with inconclusive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In three separate replicated field trials, extended-release pheromone dispensers containing various combinations of Grandlure, eugenol, and DDVP (dichlorvos) were compared for efficacy to attract boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boh.) adults to the Plato Boll Weevil Trap®. Dispensers containing Grandlure and eugenol performed better in attracting boll weevils than Grandlure dispensers without eugenol. Dispensers combining Grandlure, eugenol and DDVP into a single dispenser demonstrated performance equivalent to separate Grandlure+eugenol and DDVP dispensers. Extended-release dispensers containing 25-mg of Grandlure captured similar numbers of weevils when changed at either 21-day or 28-day intervals; however, most boll weevil eradication programs will operate on a 21-day interval during post-eradication. The use of dispensers combining Grandlure and DDVP or Grandlure, eugenol, and DDVP are a viable approach to reducing costs associated with active or post-eradication boll weevil eradication programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boll weevil traps baited with Grandlure pheromone dispensers and dichlorvos (DDVP) dispensers are integral in the effort to eradicate the boll weevil from the United States and Latin America. The Plato Boll Weevil Trap, previously known as the S & S Boll Weevil Trap, has been in operational use in U.S. Boll Weevil Eradication Programs for four years. The Plato Trap offered 26 design modifications that were key improvements compared to the USDA model as manufactured by Precision Plastics. Between the 2003 and 2004 seasons several additional design changes were integrated into the design of the Plato Trap. These changes improved the strength of the capture cylinder and improved the locking feet of the trap cylinder. All of the changes and improvements result in time and cost efficiency improvements of the trap when in operational use. In 2004, the Plato Boll Weevil trap was compared to a new plastic trap manufactured by Technical Precision Plastics of Mebane, NC. The data illustrated no differences in trap captures observed. Field tests were conducted in 2003 in Northeast Texas, the Texas Rio Grande Valley and Arkansas to ascertain if an alternative base color would improve weevil captures. The capture results with an experimental yellow base cup were equal to the commercial green (yellow-green) base cup of the Plato Trap; however, trappers reported that the alternate color was more easily seen at distances than the commercial trap. In 2004, an alternative reflective yellow base was evaluated with inconclusive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In three separate replicated field trials, extended-release pheromone dispensers containing various combinations of Grandlure, eugenol, and DDVP (dichlorvos) were compared for efficacy to attract boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boh.) adults to the Plato Boll Weevil Trap®. Dispensers containing Grandlure and eugenol performed better in attracting boll weevils than Grandlure dispensers without eugenol. Dispensers combining Grandlure, eugenol and DDVP into a single dispenser demonstrated performance equivalent to separate Grandlure+eugenol and DDVP dispensers. Extended-release dispensers containing 25-mg of Grandlure captured similar numbers of weevils when changed at either 21-day or 28-day intervals; however, most boll weevil eradication programs will operate on a 21-day interval during post-eradication. The use of dispensers combining Grandlure and DDVP or Grandlure, eugenol, and DDVP are a viable approach to reducing costs associated with active or post-eradication boll weevil eradication programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]