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The purpose of this research is to develop HOTS questions on First law of Thermodynamics materials and measure the high order thinking skills of students at SMAN 1 Jakenan. This research procedure uses 4D models (four-D models) which consists of 4 main stages, namely: Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. However, this research is only limited to the develop stage. This research has 8 questions which were tested on 127 students who had received First law of Thermodynamics material. The question instrument that has been developed has expert validity in a very feasible category. The result is 100% of the questions were declared valid, and the reliability of the question of 0.674 is declared reliable with high criteria. The result is that higher order thinking skills at SMAN 1 Jakenan are classified in the low category from a maximum score of 24, with an average score of 9.19 on First law of Thermodynamics material. From the question instruments that have been developed, it is known that the number of students who have the highest higher order thinking skills is in question number 4, which is about critiquing the P-V graph to determine the ratio of work in the gas thermodynamic process with 30.71% of students answering correctly and belonging to the enough category. Whereas the number of students who have the highest low-level thinking skills in question number 7 is checking the value of the temperature that occurs in the isobaric expansion process through the 1st law of thermodynamics, with 69.3% of students answering incorrectly belonging to the very low category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat capacity of eutectic diphenyl oxide (DPO) and biphenyl (BP) was investigated with Calvet-type differential scanning calorimetry. Significant impact of the sample mass per crucible was found. With 82 mg per 130 µl lowest impact by heat of evaporation on the readings was achieved. With the linear data fit C (in J/(g*K))=0.00268 * T (in °C)+1.4917 in the range of 130 - 409 °C the calculated enthalpy difference between 300 °C and 400 °C is 0.6 - 3.7% smaller in comparison to the projections based on manufacturer's data sheets. The impact of pressure on the enthalpy difference was tested with a compression loop between 17 bar and 63 bar. It could be shown that additional mechanical pressure causes decreases of the enthalpy difference by -0.03% J/(g*bar). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum Brayton engine efficiency with the massless boson particle as a working substance has been investigated. The research method used is analogy modeling of the first law of classical thermodynamics which is implemented into the quantum systems. The quantum system used is the single massless boson particle trapped inside the two-dimensional symmetrical potential well as a replacement for the classic system is an ideal gas in a piston tube. By replacing the working substance from the classical system into a quantum system, the four processes that form the classic Brayton cycle (two isobaric processes and two adiabatic processes) can be constructed on the quantum system. The final result indicates that the quantum Brayton engine with boson particle has a higher efficiency value compared to the classic version, but is lower than that engine when the massless boson is replaced with nonrelativistic particles. This occurs because of differences in Laplace's constant value in the three systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three types of the charge-exchange isobaric resonances - giant Gamow-Teller (GTR), the analog (AR) and pygmy (PR) ones are investigated using the microscopic theory of finite Fermi systems and its approximated version. The calculated energies of GTR, AR and three PR's are in good agreement with the experimental data. Calculated differences ΔEG-A=EGTR-EAR go to zero in heavier nuclei indicating the restoration of Wigner SU(4)-symmetry. The average deviation for ΔEG-A is 0.30 MeV for the 33 considered nuclei where experimental data are available. The comparison of calculations with experimental data on the energies of charge-exchange pygmy resonances gives the standard deviation δE<0:40 MeV. Strength functions for the 118Sn, 71Ga, 98Mo and 127I isotopes are calculated and the calculated resonance energies and amplitudes of the resonance peaks are close to the experimental values. Strong influence of the charge-exchange resonances on neutrino capturing cross sections is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our current knowledge of the Equation of State of asymmetric nuclear matter around saturation density and of the energy of the Isobaric Analog State in a heavy nucleus such as 208Pb seem to be in contradiction. In Ref. [1], the problem has been highlighted and a solution has been proposed. In the present contribution, we overview the aforementioned work by giving some new details not previously published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neutral Σ photoproduction off a proton has been investigated by using an isobar model. Based on our previous model for Λ photoproduction, we have constructed a new model for the Σ photoproduction. A number of Δ resonances are included in the present analysis. All unknown parameters are extracted from fitting the calculated observables to around 7000 experimental data points. The result of present investigation is compared with experimental data and the result of previous studies. Prediction of the model for certain observables in this reaction is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear fission yields data measurements for thermal neutron induced fission of 241Pu have been carried out at the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble, using the Lohengrin mass spectrometer. Mass, isotopic and isomeric yields have been extracted for the last measurements. A focus is given in this document to the mass yield results which are obtained for almost the entire heavy peak and most of the light high yields masses, along with the covariance matrix. The mean kinetic energy as a function of the fission product mass has also been extracted from the measurements. The total mean kinetic energy pre and post neutron emission have been assessed and compared to other works showing a rather good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developed bank ASTIOB of the coordinated thermodynamic information consists of five databases - for inorganic and organic individual (including unstechiometric) condensed compounds and gases, and components of aqueous solutions. For each of the condensed substances is given its chemical formula, standard enthalpy Δ f H°298 and Gibbs energy Δ f G°298 of formation, entropy S° 298, and also for each of phase (agregate or structural) states - appropriate binary index, enthalpy Δtr T ° H of polymorphic or agregate (solid - liquid) transformation, temperature interval of existence for this state and equation coefficients for temperature dependence of isobar capacity C ° P ( T) . For elements "of gas bases" (inorganic and organic ones) the structure of the data becomes simpler (at the expense of absence of phase transitions). In a basis "of water base" - standard meanings of stability constants and enthalpy for complex compounds of all basic types. Besides of that it includes the standard thermal constants of key substances - for nucleuses and ligands, forming complexes. Mathematical device of orthogonal functions attraction at examination of thermodynamic information has allowed to increase sharply reliability and completeness of thermodynamic functions description. Is shown high (in comparison with known development) completeness, reliability and coordination of the bases information for databank ASTIOB. Its program "support" provides effective search and analysis of the required thermodynamic data. The developed methods and databases were checked on many test both real natural and industrial (aqueous, geology, phosphor, heat- and fire-resistant, glass-forming, polymer etc.) systems. It is shown, that the databank ASTIOB surpasses most widely widespread other similar developments in reliability of received thermodynamic modelling results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupled channels Lagrangian approach of the Giessen model (GiM) for meson production on the nucleon is discussed and applied to a selected set of meson production channels on the nucleon, ranging from πN → πN and γN → πN, eta-production and associated strangeness production to 2πN channels in the resonance energy region. We present an updated coupled-channel analysis of eta-meson production including all recent photoproduction data on the proton. The dip structure observed in the differential cross sections at c.m. energies W=1.68 GeV is explained by destructive interference between the S11(1535) and S11(1560) states, not confirming the postulated sharp state. Kaon production on the nucleon is investigated in K⋀ and KΣ exit channels. The approach to 2πN production has been significantly improved by using the isobar approximation with σN and πΔ1232 intermediate states. Three-body unitarity is maintained up to interference between the isobar subchannels. We obtain RσN(1440) = 27+4-9 % and RπΔ(1440) = 12+5 -3 % for the σN and πΔ1232 decay branching ratios of N*(1440) respectively. The extracted πN inelasticities and reaction amplitudes are consistent with the results of other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An equation of state (EOS) of metals in the region of warm dense matter (WDM) is discussed. Data for EOS developing includes results of static and dynamic experiments as well as theoretical calculations. The information, obtained in shock compression, isentropic expansion, isobaric expansion and "exploding foils" experiments is analyzed and discussed with the use of the multi-phase EOS for selected metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow structure behind the Mach disk in the first cell of free supersonic underexpanded jets exhuasting from nozzles of different geometric Mach numbers at nozzle exit was examined. Flow visualization pictures obtained with the help of the direct-shadow method, the schlieren method, and the laser sheet technique are presented. It is shown that, in the subsonic zone behind the Mach disk of free supersonic non-isobaric jets exhausting from conical nozzles with Ma = 2.5 and Ma = 3 in a wide range of gas-dynamic regimes, the shape of the Mach disk corresponds to that of a normal shock, and this shape undergoes no deformation, i.e. no recirculation region is registered behind the Mach disk. Experiments using the contactless panoramic laser PIV method were performed. From measured fields of flow velocity at outflow regimes of free supersonic jet with Npr = 8.5 and Ma = 1.5, the non-occurrence of flow recirculation zone behind the Mach disk was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remarkable results have been published recently on the β decay of 56Zn. In particular, the rare and exotic β-delayed γ-proton emission has been detected for the first time in the fp shell. Here we focus the discussion on this exotic decay mode and on the observed competition between β-delayed protons and β-delayed γ rays from the Isobaric Analogue State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resonance spectroscopy of light nuclei is discussed with emphasis on the invariant-mass measurements performed with the HiRA detector. For three-body exit channels, we consider the exact conditions necessary such that the decay can be described as either sequential or prompt. However experimentally, we find some cases where the decay is intermediate between these two limits. Finally, two-proton decay from isobaric analog states is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of normal and pathological variation in human foot morphology is central to several biomedical disciplines, including orthopedics, orthotic design, sports sciences, and physical anthropology, and it is also important for efficient footwear design. A classic and frequently used approach to study foot morphology is analysis of the footprint shape and footprint depth. Footprints are relatively easy to produce and to measure, and they can be preserved naturally in different soils. In this study, we need to correlate footprint depth with corresponding foot pressure of individual using 3D scanner. Several approaches are used for modeling and estimating footprint depths and foot pressures. The deepest footprint point is calculated from z max coordinate-z min coordinate and the average of foot pressure is calculated from GRF divided to foot area contact and identical with the average of footprint depth. Evaluation of footprint depth was found from importing 3D scanner file (dxf) in AutoCAD, the z-coordinates than sorted from the highest to the lowest value using Microsoft Excel to make footprinting depth in difference color. This research is only qualitatif study because doesn't use foot pressure device as comparator, and resulting the maximum pressure on calceneus is 3.02 N/cm2, lateral arch is 3.66 N/cm2, and metatarsal and hallux is 3.68 N/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract.Variable geometry turbochargers have been widely researched to fulfil the current engine stringent regulations. The passively controlled turbocharger (PCT) concept has been proposed to reduce energy consumption by utilizing the emission energy to move the actuator. However, it only covered a small range operating condition. Therefore, a magnetorheological(MR) Valve device, as typical smart material devices to enhance a passive device, is proposed to improve the PCT. Even though the benefits have been considered for the compactness and easiness to connect to an electrical system, the number of publications regarding the MR application within engine system is hard to be found. Therefore, this paper introduces a design of an MR Valve in a turbocharger. The main challenge is to make sure its capability to produce a sufficient total pressure drop. To overcome the challenge, its material properties, shape and pressure drop calculation has been analyzed to fulfil the requirement. Finally, to get a more understanding of actuator performance, the actuator response was simulated by treating the exhaust gas pressure as an input. It shows that the new MR actuator has a potential dynamic to improve the PCT controllability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a model for the study of the excitation of Δ(1232) and N*(1440) resonances in isobaric charge-exchange (AZ, A(Z ± 1)) reactions of heavy nuclei. Quasi-elastic and inelastic elementary processes contributing to the double differential cross sections of the reactions are described in terms of the exchange of virtual pions. The inelastic channel includes processes where the resonances are excited both in the target and in the projectile nucleus. We present results for reactions of 112Sn and 124Sn on different targets. Our results confirm that the position of the Δ peak is insensitive to targets with mass number A ≥ 12, and show that the origin of the Δ peak shift towards low excitation energies, with respect to its position in reactions with a proton target, can be easily explained in terms of the superposition of the different excitation mechanisms contributing to the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure of the ground and excited states in halo-like nuclei is discussed. Both the Borromean and tango halo types can be observed for n-p configurations of atomic nuclei.Structure of the halo may be different for the different levels and resonances in atomic nuclei. Isobar analog, double isobar analog, configuration, and double configuration states can simultaneously have n-n, n-p, and p-p halo components in their wave functions. When the halo structure of the excited state differs from that of the ground state, or the ground state has non-halo structure, the γ-transition from the excited state to the ground state can be essentially hindered, i.e. the formation of a specific type of isomers (halo isomers) becomes possible. B(Mλ) and B(Eλ) values for γ-transitions in 6,7,8Li, 8,9,10Be, 8,10,11B, 10,11,12,13,14C, 13,14,15,16,17N, 15,16,17,19O, and 17F are analyzed. Special attention is given to nuclei which ground state does not exhibit halo structure but the excited state (halo isomer) may have one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that IAS, DIAS, CS, and DCS can simultaneously have n-n, n-p, and p-p halo components in their wave functions. Differences in halo structure of the excited and ground states can result in the formation of isomers (haloisomers). Both the Borromean and tango halo types can be observed for n-p configurations of atomic nuclei. The structure of the ground and excited states with different isospin quantum number in halo like nuclei is discussed. B(Mℷ) and B(Eℷ) for &$947;-transitions in 6,7,8Li, 8,9,10Be, 8,10,11B, 10,11,12,13,14C13,14,15,16,17N, 15,16,17,19O, and 17F are analyzed. Special attention is given to nuclei whose ground state does not exhibit halo structure but the excited state may have one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of the p(6He,p) elastic scattering excitation function have been performed in the RIBRAS system using a 6He secondary beam and a CH2 polyethylene thick target. The motivation is to observe states of the compound nucleus 7Li in the excitation energy range of Eexc7Li = 10.8 -- 11.8MeV, where the isobaric analog state of 7He ground state lies. Excitation functions have been obtained at three laboratory angles Qlab = 0°, 20°, and 25° which correspond to θc.m = 180°, 140°, and 130°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have revisited the effect of hadronic form factors in kaon photoproduction process by utilizing an isobaric model developed for kaon photoproduction off the proton. The model is able to reproduce the available experimental data nicely as well as to reveal the origin of the second peak in the total cross section, which was the main source of confusion for decades. Different from our previous study, in the present work we explore the possibility of using different hadronic form factors in each of the K?N vertices. The use of different hadronic form factors, e.g. dipole, Gaussian, and generalized dipole, has been found to produce a more flexible isobar model, which can provide a significant improvement in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a measurement of isobaric analog states (IAS) of 76As in 76Se as a method for measuring the Gamow-Teller (GT) strength important to constrain and possibly help normalize calculations of double beta (ββ) decay matrix elements. We show that photo-nuclear reactions via IAS can provide valuable information about the parent and daughter states of ββ-decay not currently available from measurements of charge exchange reactions. Several experiments have been proposed at the HI□ Sfacility at the Triangle Nuclear Research Laboratory in Durham, NC, the first of which will measure the lowest 1-, 1+ and 2+ IAS in 76Se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-flight-decay spectroscopy is discussed, including its advantages and disadvantages. In particular the use of in-flight-decay spectroscopy for the study of two-proton decay along isobaric multiplets in highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods of extraction of the symmetry energy coefficient to temperature ratio from isobaric and isotopic yields of fragments produced in Fermi-energy heavy-ion collisions are discussed. Consistent results are obtained when the hot fragmenting source is well characterized and its excitation energy and isotopic composition are properly taken into account. The results, independent of the mass number of the detected fragments, suggest that their fate is decided very early in the reaction. A comparison to the Statistical Multifragmentation Model (SMM) predictions is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]