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Ferrotitanium demand is expected to grow; this can be seen from the increase in goods with titanium and Ferrotitanium alloys as raw materials. Ferrotitanium is iron alloy that consist of 20-75% titanium. This alloy usually manufactured by reduction or melting process. High titanium intensity from ilmenite is generally used as the core material of the reduction Titanium process. The by-product of the carbothermic process of ilmenite produced iron-titanium oxide ore in Pseudobrookite form (Fe2TiO5); this mineral is currently on the rise because it can be used in several factors, such as photocatalysis, filter optic, and photoelectrode. The reduction process of iron-titanium oxide, which can still be developed, is carried out to produce Ferrotitanium alloy. On the other hand, mixing commercial products such as iron oxide and titanium oxide with high availability could produce synthetic Pseudobrookite by the solid-state process. The Pseudobrookite produced by carbothermic and solid-state processes will be reduced to make Ferrotitanium alloy. Magnesium is usually used as a reducing agent because Magnesium will easily oxidize to be MgO, while Iron and Titanium are easily reduced to Iron, Titanium, or their alloys. The lower reduction potential of Magnesium will be actively releasing the oxygen bound in iron-titanium oxides. The experiments would be tested by excess Magnesium (50.3wt%), reducing the feed containing 48-57% of Pseudobrookite. Both of the product was tested with the X-Ray Diffraction method showing that 9-20% of the Ferrotitanium alloy was produced from carbothermic Pseudobrookite feed, and 8-14% of Ferrotitanium alloy was produced from solid-state (synthetic) Pseudobrookite. Scanning Electron Microscope with eds tested of both products showing the microstructure of Fe-Ti alloy produced between MgO slags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron steel alloy is an alloy that includes carbon, HSLA, carbon-manganese, and tool steel in its composition. The major difference between boron steel and carbon steel is the amount of carbon in their composition. It is 0.2%–2.1% of carbon in carbon steel, whereas it is only 0.3% of carbon in boron steel. Basically, steel is an alloy of both carbon and boron, which has high strength and is more resistant to fracture when compared to other forms of iron. A small amount of less than 1% is added to steel, which results in an increase in hardenability, thus making it a boron-steel alloy. The boron added to the steel will be in the form of ferroboron (an alloy of iron and boron that is used to produce boron steels). The quantity of boron is very limited, i.e., >30 ppm. If it increases, that would result in lowering the hardenability, reducing toughness, and causing problems in welding. The factor of hardenability majorly depends upon the behavior of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon present in steel. The toughness of the boron-steel is enhanced by a technique called novel processing, which is a method for effective separation of boron and iron from ludwight ore. These characteristics are determined by the complex interplay of microstructure dynamics and mechanical properties displayed by boron steel during the spheroidization and annealing processes in a bell-type furnace. The parameters like microstructure evolution, phase transition, and mechanical behavior of the boron steel are examined during the heat treatment and mechanical testing. We analyze how these processes drastically alter the material's intrinsic properties using modern methods such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical testing. Finally, this metallurgical attempt has revealed useful insights for optimizing the qualities of boron steel, which is used in a wide range of industries that rely on its mechanical integrity. These analyses result in revolutionizing heat treatment procedures, which further results in superior and more sustainable boron-steel products for a wide range of applications, improving the field of metallurgy and material research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin Mössbauer spectrometry was employed to examine metallic glasses, specifically Fe81B12Sn7 and Fe83B12Sn5 fabricated using the planar-flow casting technique into an amorphous substance. The investigation encompassed the asquenched state and also samples in which 25 % of iron was replaced by cobalt. This study explores the impact of slight variations in tin and iron content on the resultant microstructure. Tin Mössbauer spectrometry is a method that is not used that often, especially on alloys already containing iron., However, it can tell us more about the commonality of tin magnetization and about the extension of the magnetization of boron in this alloy. The findings reveal an interesting interaction between Co and Sn that causes a much larger increase in hyperfine magnetic field at 119Sn resonant nuclei. Increasing the proportion of tin in comparison to iron in the alloy causes a reduction of the hyperfine magnetic fields at both Fe and Sn probe atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of several advantages, iron and its alloys are among the most commonly used materials for manufacturing metals (ferrous). Fe-Cr-Mn alloy is a rust-resistant metal. Iron composite is an innovation process aiming to increase its advantages and minimize shortcomings. Research the microstructure (SEM-EDS) of Fe80%, Cr10%, and Mn10% alloys against variations in sintering temperature of 500℃, 600℃, and 700℃ using the powder metallurgy method. The results of the Brinell hardness test at a temperature of 500℃ were 293 HB. Specimens with a sintering temperature of 600℃ were 249 HB, and specimens with a sintering temperature of 700℃ were 370 HB. Microstructure observation using SEM-EDS on 80% Iron, 10% Chromium, and 10% Manganese alloys with sintering temperature variations of 500℃, 600℃, and 700℃ noticed the presence of impurities, including C, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti and Oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial isolates collected from the Mount Semeru lava with coordinates of LU: 90o 96'126.959" BT: 72o 08'12.318" were analyzed to obtain reduction potential of Fe(III) to Fe(II) by regenerating the bacteria using the 4 quadrantstreak method, preparing liquid cultures which were then reacted with Fe(III) solution, and determining the percentage of iron recovery using UV-Vis spectrophotometer instrument. This study aims to determine the potential of bacterial isolatesin reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II) in order to develop technology to control environmental pollution due to heavy metals by industrial activities. Variables that were varied were the condition of bacterial cells, namely living and dead bacterial cells, as well as bacterial species such as Pseudomonas sp., Bacterium strain BS2049, and Uncultured bacterium clone 1. The results obtained from this study were the percent of iron recovery and the time required to reduce iron by each bacterium. Living Pseudomonas sp. bacteria cells were capable to reduce iron with an incubation time of 1 hour and getting a percentrecovery of 94,05%, while the dead bacterial cells of Pseudomonas sp. managed to reduce iron with an incubation time of6 hours and get a percent recovery of 75,73%. In addition, other bacterial variants, namely living Bacterium strain BS2049cells required 4 hours to reduce iron and obtained a percent recovery value of 93,58% whereas dead Bacterium strain BS2049 cells obtained a percent recovery of 53,61% after reducing iron for 4 hours. Living Uncultured bacterium clone 1bacterial cells were capable to reduce iron with an incubation time of 96 hours and obtained a percent recovery of 101,26%,whilst dead Uncultured bacterium clone 1 bacterial cells did not show any ability to reduce iron, which was indicated by the percent recovery value of 0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of iron addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Mo-4Cr system were investigated in this work. The alloy was produced by a vacuum arc melting furnace under ultra-high purity argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted for phase analysis. The as-cast microstructure was observed by Optical Microscope (OM). The microhardness test and impulse excitation examination were performed to evaluate the hardness and elastic modulus of the alloy. The β phase titanium was formed in 1 and 2 wt.% iron addition. The optimum hardness value was 500 HV (without iron addition) due to the presence of α phase titanium. The lowest elastic modulus was 88 with 2 wt.% iron addition due to the decrease of α phase titanium. The T6Mo-4Cr-2Fe seems to be a promising candidate for biomedical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-temperature oxidation behavior and mechanical properties of iron-aluminum (Fe-Al) based alloys are influenced by the addition of various elements. This paper is a review that describes Fe-Al-X Alloys (X is an alloying element) with different additions of Fe, Al, and X (weight %). The quantity and quality of X well-produced diffract phases at different temperatures lead to different results in the Fe-Al system. Therefore, information on the results is collected from several trinary systems or more, and the most important results have been reached by researchers from 2011 to the present time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with metastable and immiscible Cu-Fe alloys with different iron contents with a homogeneous microstructure were successfully prepared. Such a result was achieved using AISI 321 and C11000 steel and the multi-wire electron beam additive manufacturing. The samples under study were of different compositions with steel varying from 10 mass. % to 75 mass. %. The results showed that as the content of the second component increased, the volume fraction of stainless steel inclusions in the copper matrix increased, forming a heterogeneous melt. In the present work, a scheme of convective motion with diffusion elements in the melt pool at simultaneous feeding of two heterogeneous wires was constructed. During the melting process, the material with higher density occupies the lower position, displacing the less dense material to the upper part of the melt pool. Fluid phase separation processes due to surface tension also take place. After solidification, a heterogeneous melt is observed with the inclusion of copper in the steel matrix and steel in the copper matrix. After reheating, typical for electron beam additive manufacturing, secondary phases precipitate out of supersaturated solid solutions through the phenomenon of diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has studied the features of the surface relief and the change in the microstructure of ARMCO iron after propagation the deformation front at room and elevated temperatures. The fronts of the Chernov–Luders bands move monotonously at room temperature. This corresponds to the typical stress-strain curve of low-carbon steel. After deformation, shear bands are observed in the material, both in individual grains and conglomerates of grains. At elevated temperatures, the fronts of the Chernov–Luders bands move discretely with stops. In this setting, a serrated deformation is observed on the stress-strain curve. A periodic relief with a spatial period of∼6 mm is observed after passage the deformation front at the mesoscopic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melting of ferrous metals and alloys is frequently done in a cupola furnace. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of input parameters of cupola furnace such as velocity of air and amount of coke supplied to the furnace. The overall effect of these parameters are studied on parameters like melting rate, pouring temperature, hardness and stress. The experimentation was conducted at C. P. Foundry Works which is located at central India. The experiments were performed at three levels each for melting rate, pouring temperature, hardness and stress. It is found that the optimum performance of furnace get at velocity of 36m/s and 598 kg/hr. The maximum melting rate, pouring temperature, hardness and stress are found as 4000 kg/hr, 1406.250C, 207MPa and 19.75 MPa respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation into the influence of rotor size, casting temperature on the mechanical characteristics of a stainless-steel alloy's component produced by sand casting revealed that they were mined locally and reprocessed into a cylindrical type of sand used for construction. Azare Foundry specialises in metal manufacturing. Molding sand is a type of sand used to make moulds. In Runners to the mould cavity, the effect of runner size on runner performance was investigated. The runner's reduced cross-section is taken into account. Temperatures ranging from 250 to 350 degrees Celsius were used to prepare the mould. The casting temperature, on the other hand, has been reduced to 600-8000 degrees Celsius. A variety of mechanical properties of stainless-steel alloy castings, such as hardness, shock, and traction, were examined. The mechanical properties of stainless-steel alloy cast iron were found to be influenced by the process parameters used in this investigation. When used as data inputs in the sand-casting process, which is one of the most common industrial processes in poor countries, the findings of this study may help to reduce the vast quantity of incorrect castings that are frequently generated while also making the operation less expensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studying the physical and chemical properties (temperature of the beginning, end and temperature range of softening, density) of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Nb2O5-TiO2 oxide system with the addition of Fe2O3 and P2O5. Its chemical composition is comparable to the composition of domestic ore concentrates used to obtain complex ferroalloys with niobium. It has been established that all the studied oxide systems have low softening temperatures and are difficult to restore. The introduction of 24–29% Fe2O3 also leads to an increase in the softening temperature range to 420–470 °C. The pycnometric method determined the density of synthetic systems. The study of the density of oxide materials showed that the density of the studied samples is in the range from 3.32-3.91 g/cm3, and depends mainly on the content of iron oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The density of aluminum is around onethird that of steel or copper. This is one among the lightest metals currently available on the market. It is an essential structural material because of its excellent strengthtoweight ratio. For the transportation industry in particular, this allows for larger payloads or fuel savings. In order to consolidate some of the wear,mechanical, and physical behavior features of aluminum and its alloys, a review was done. The importance of aluminum and based alloys as engineering materials is imitated in the fact that there are currently over 300 wrought aluminum alloys on the market, with 50 of them being used frequently. Due to their low wear and seizure resistance, these materials were first used to replace cast iron and bronze alloys. For the past 25 years, a number of researchers have reported on these materials. The aluminum and its alloys have been explored in great length in the current study, which is based on various literature reviews. Aluminum and based alloys are increasingly used in aeroplanes, automobiles, space shuttles, undersea vehicles, and transportation. This is owing to its low weight, increased physical, mechanical, and tribological qualities, such as being strong, stiff, abrasion and impact strength, and resistant to corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People's demand for healthcare has shifted from seeking medical treatment after illness to maintaining active health into later years, as the population has aged and the economic climate has improved. Hydroxyapatite is a bioactive material with a porous structure that can resemble native bone due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. Hydroxyapatite's use in medicine, however, is limited due to its poor mechanical properties. Stainless steels, titanium alloys, iron and magnesium alloys, and other biocompatible materials. The distinct properties of these materials can be combined to create a composite material for medical applications. Powder injection molding (PIM) is one of the processes to manufacture the composite system of hydroxyapatite and metal powders. Among the processing parameters in the PIM, the interactions among the binder system components are critical for improving the processing properties of the powder injection molding feedstock. In this work, some potential binders for combining hydroxyapatite and metals for use as biomaterials are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trade for stainless steel is continually increasing. Nickel is one of the decisive elements of stainless steel making. Nickel can be produced through the pyrometallurgical process route from its ore. However, coeval, nickel sulfide ore reserves which are the essential source of high-grade nickel are increasingly rare. So, the alternative processing route from laterite-type of nickel ore is a solution. One of the alternative methods to process laterite-type of nickel ore is by direct reduction. The direct reduction process utilizes CO gas as a reductant. This study was conducted by directly reducing the low grade of laterite nickel ore with the variation of Na2SO4 dosage. This research aimed to determine the content and recovery of nickel and iron elements in the direct reduced product. First, the mixture of low-grade laterite nickel ore, coal, Na 2SO4 with a ratio of 100: 50: 17 was formed into pillow-like shape briquettes. Starch was used as a binder. The variations of Na2SO4 dose of as selective agent used in this research were 10% wt, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%. The direct reduction process was conducted within the silicon carbide crucible at 1400°C for 6 hours. The Then, the direct-reduced products were tested by using EDX and XRD. The nickel contents in the direct reduced products were 5.75%, 1.23%, and 4.31% for 10, 20, and 30 wt% Na2SO4, respectively. Differently, the iron contents in the direct reduced products were 52.84%, 11.07% and 11.26% for 10, 20, and 30 wt% Na2SO4, respectively. The Ni recovery were 95.66%, 93.1%, and 91.86% for 10, 20, and 30 wt% Na2SO4, respectively. The phase of nickel and iron contained in the direct reduction product is an alloy of Fe-Ni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grey cast iron is one of the most widely used and easily cast ferrous materials in foundries. One-of-a-kind foundry material with exceptional properties, it has been demonstrated to be the most suitable material available for a wide variety of engineering applications, competing with newer materials. An assembly for the nose leg made of low alloy grey iron was evaluated in this study, which was made utilizing a casting method commonly called evaporative pattern casting. It is a sand moulding technique using evaporative patterns created by moulding or machined from a block of expandable polystyrene block. Often called lost foam casting, this contemporary casting method is used in most metal casting industries today. Design of the components were done in CATIA V5.0, while simulation study was done in ANSYS. There are boilers that use the nose leg assembly in power plants. In addition, this study explains the characteristics and advantages of lost-foam casting. It also discusses the factors involved in the lost-foam casting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of application of multicomponent diffusion coatings from the medium of low-melting liquid-metal solutions on hard alloys of the WC-6% Co type is described. The thickness of the coating varies depending on temperature and exposure time, and ranges from 5 to 10 microns. The results of elemental and metallographic analyzes are presented. It was found that during the formation of coatings, active diffusion of iron to the surface of hard alloys occurs with the formation of the FeNi intermetallic compound. The functional coating of the TiC-NiCu system on WC-6% Co hard alloys obtained by diffusion saturation in the medium of low-melting liquid metal melts is a solid solution of variable concentration with inclusions of TiC and WC. The phase composition on the surface of the hard alloy after diffusion saturation is: FeNi 44%, Cu 41%, TiC 12.5%, WC 2.3%, Co 0.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent days aluminium alloys replace ferrous alloys. Material strength is an important parameter that decides its application. This research paper investigates the fatigue strength of Aluminium alloy 2024-T3 after shot peeing process using nickel shots. Compressed air is used for shot peening process. Shot peening process parameter values are chosen based on response surface method (RSM) to conduct the experiments. Desirability approach is used to get the optimized values of process parameters. High cycle fatigue testing is performed to find the fatigue strength of specimens before and after shot peening process. The fatigue strength is observed to be increased by 34 percentage for the specimens shot peened at optimal process parameter values. FESEM and EDS tests revealed the presence of nickel on the surface of aluminium 2024-T3 specimen after shot penning with nickel shots. The penetration of nickel on the surface of aluminum 2024-T3 is attributed for the increase in the fatigue strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the industrial and potentially industrial types of niobium deposits in Russia are characterized by high content of phosphorus. The use of such raw materials when enriching by known methods leads to additional costs and losses of niobium. In this regard, it becomes impossible to obtain standard grades of ferroniobium according to the existing technological schemes. The paper considers the possibility of obtaining complex ferroalloys from Russian niobium raw materials with an increased phosphorus content based on alloys of the Fe-Al-P and Fe-Si-Al-P systems at a variable concentration of aluminum (10-20%) and silicon (10-30%). The process of sublimation of phosphorus from melts is studied in the temperature range of 1400-1700 °C. It's shown that aluminum does not affect in the studied alloys, and silicon contributes to the sublimation of phosphorus. With a significant phosphorus content in the alloy (10-18%), the presence of 20% silicon in the Fe-Si-Al-P system leads to the sublimation of phosphorus up to 20%. It's also shown that an increase in temperature affects an increase in the activity of phosphorus and its sublimation. The intensity of phosphorus sublimation increases especially at temperatures ≥ 1600 ° C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parameters of electric current play a decisive role in ensuring the quality of oxide layers formed on non- ferrous alloys by plasma-electrolytic oxidation (PEO). In this work, the study is focused on the effect of current density and negative-to-positive pulse ratio in a wide range of values on the thickness, composition, structure, mechanical and anticorrosive properties of oxide layers on wrought 1560 aluminum alloy (Al – 6.2 wt% Mg). It is found that the oxide layers obtained at the negative-to-positive pulse ratios of 0.7–1.00 and current densities of 9–12 A/dm2 have the best corrosion resistance, while the oxide layers obtained in the "symmetrical" mode and in the "soft sparking" modes at the negative-to-positive pulse ratios of 1.0–1.3 and current densities of 12–18 A/dm2 have the higher hardness and the best wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PT. Kharisma Rotan Mandiri is a rattan furniture manufacturer and exporter company established in 1998 that produces various of furniture models and home decorations made of rattan, wood, and iron alloys. Based on direct observations made by the author and discussions with the company, there is a buildup of unused materials for the Winston Rattan High back Armchair chair in the cutting building. Based on discussions that have been carried out by the author with the company, it was found that PT Kharisma Rattan Mandiri has not managed material inventory efficiently so that there is often a buildup of residual materials that hinder operator performance and harm the company's investment costs. The Winston Rattan High Back Armchair chair was chosen as the object of research because it is a product that is included in the push product (a product with high demand) so the company needs to maintain the availability of material stocks. Inventory control is needed in the management of materials Winston Rattan High back Armchair as an effort to maintain optimal availability of materials with the aim of stacking the remaining materials which harms the company's investment costs and hinders the work of production operators to be reduced. ABC analysis is one of the methods used in inventory planning and control. The focus of the ABC Analysis is to group inventory based on the cumulative amount of usage and investment value of each existing inventory. This grouping is carried out to determine control priorities and assist operators in facilitating the diversification of inventory records. The conclusion of this study is that the stock of Winston Rattan High back Armchair are medium moving because most of the the material for the Winston Rattan High back Armchair, categorized as B, namely eight items. Category A has the least number of materials, namely as many as 2 items. Through the analysis of the investment value, it is known that many material items in group C have low investment values. So that the purchase can be reduced or replaced with other materials and can reduce the risk of causing a high risk of accumulation of residual materials and large investment costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work continues the heat treatment of the Seymchan meteorite study. The annealing influence on the cloudy zone structure of the Seymchan meteorite was studied different fragments at the spinodal decomposition temperatures. Four fragments were heated up to 400 °C and 500 °C from pallasite and octahedrite parts of the Seymchan meteorite (Pallasite Main Group). Changes in the cloudy zone's structure at 500 °C were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of sequential adjustment of heat treatment mode for obtaining desired mechanical and physical characteristics of precipitation hardening iron-nickel alloy SAE AMS5221. Experimentally, varying the time and temperature, an aging mode (T = 675 ± 20°C and t = 3.5 h) at which the hardness of the alloy becomes maximum was detected. It is shown that after quenching iron-nickel alloy acquires high ductility, and its subsequent hardening occurs during aging. It was revealed that if there is aging after quenching, the ductility of the alloy is halved, while the yield stress σ0.2 increases by 2.5 times, and the tensile strength σB doubles. Mechanical tests for uniaxial tension at room temperature showed that increasing of quenching temperatures from 910 to 950°C does not significantly contribute to strength properties of the alloy. The total elongation εtot of specimens till the fracture remains at the same level, and the tensile strength varies slightly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of carbon content on structure and mechanical properties of Fe65(CoNi)25Cr10 and Fe65(CoNi)25Cr9.5 C0.5 high-entropy alloys was studied. In addition, the effect of thermomechanical treatment on structure and properties of the Fe65(CoNi)25Cr9.5C0.5 alloy was investigated. Microstructure of the alloys in the as-cast conditions had a two-phase structure consisting of a face-centered cubic (fcc) and a body-centered (bcc) phases. An increase in the carbon content from 0 to 0.5 at % led to a decrease in the bcc phase amount from 90 to 35%. Besides the carbon addition resulted in higher plasticity without significant loss in strength. Cold rolling of the Fe65(CoNi)25Cr9.5C0.5 alloy to 80% thickness reduction leads to an increase in the bcc phase amount up to 40%. Subsequent annealing at 700–900°C for 10 min led to the development of a recrystallized microstructure with an increased volume fraction of the bcc phase, and the precipitation of M23C6-type carbides. Relationships between the chemical composition, processing, structure and mechanical properties of alloys are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the niobium deposits of the Russian Federation, the objects of the Ziminsky ore region in the Irkutsk region are industrially significant. When enriching the ores of these deposits, highly phosphorous concentrates of various compositions are obtained which contain 15–50% Nb2O3 and 10–15% phosphorus. To determine promising ways of dephosphorization of niobium-containing ferroalloys, the effect of silicon on the degree of phosphorus removal into the gas phase from the simpler Fe-Si-P metal system was studied. In laboratory conditions the fundamental possibility of removing phosphorus from ferroalloys by sublimation from a significant initial P concentration in the alloy (10–12%) up to 0.3%P has been shown. The rational conditions for the dephosphorization process have been determined: high content of silicon in the alloy not less than 40% [Si] and a process temperature of 1700–1800 °C. Such alloys can be obtained by processing natural high-phosphorous mineral raw materials contained in complex polymetallic ores (for example, containing apatite, pyrochlore, monazite, columbite). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of studying the possibility of improving the properties of Al-Fe alloys with an iron content of 1.7 and 3.4 wt.% using the method of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), due to the formation in an ultrafinegrained structure. The study found that the concentration of iron in an aluminum alloy in the cast state leads to an increase in the volume and volume of the intermetallic phase AlxFey and is accompanied by an increase and decrease in electrical conductivity. Also, an increase from 2 to 4 cycles of machining workpieces made of a strong aluminum alloy ECAP leads to an increase in characteristics without a noticeable change in electrical conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every engine radiator needs a coolant to stabilize the engine. The cheapest coolant is water, which in the long run can corrode the radiator. To prevent corrosion requires an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor. One of the corrosion inhibitors found in coastal areas is mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) leaves. The research aimed to make Mangrove leaves extract as a corrosion inhibitor on steel or iron alloy, identify chemical content of Mangrove leaves extract, and calculating the effect in corrosion rate. 10 kg of dry mangrove leaves, dissolved in 10 liters of 96% ethanol and concentrated into 200 ml. Electrochemical testing using distilled water as media and added with mangrove extracts concentrations were 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. A potentiostat/ galvanostat (PGSTAT101) was used to obtain anodic and cathode polarization curves for steel with different concentrations of Mangrove extract. Based on emission spectroscopy, steel or iron alloy contained Fe, Mn, C, Si, and Ni. Based on the GC-MS test result, there are 5 major chemical components of mangrove leaves extracts, i.e., 2-O-methyl hexose, Catechol, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, Cyclopentyl 4-ethyl benzoate, and 4-O-methyl mannose. Increasing mangroveleaves extracts concentration as steel or iron alloy corrosion inhibitor changes the Tafel diagram downward. Mangroveleaves extracts in water showed corrosion inhibitor of steel or iron alloy efficiency up to 27% at a concentration of 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways to solve the problem of environmental protection in the fuel/metallurgical sectors of the economy is the introduction of new complex technological processes, which can be implemented by the principle of energy-chemical-technological processing of carbon raw materials. It involves the extraction of valuable chemical components in the form of coke oven gas, benzene hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulphide, coal tar, ammonia, as well as the production of solid product with new properties. A technology for the production of smokeless solid fuel from a mixture of gas coal (80%) and coal wastes (20%) has been developed. Comparative studies of the kinetics of combustion have been carried; the dependence of the rate of interaction of coke residues of anthracite, highly metamorphosed coal, low-metamorphosed coal and smokeless solid fuel with oxygen of air was obtained. The characteristics of anthracite, high-metamorphosed coal, low-metamorphosed coal and smokeless solid fuel combustion dynamics are obtained, which allow further determination of the reactivity of the carbonaceous substance of the fuel. The developed technology of production of smokeless carbon fuel offers the opportunity to use carbon wastes and improve environmental performance. According to the results of industrial experiments, the optimal quality indicators of smokeless solid fuels recommended for ferroalloy industries were established at ferroalloy enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present scenario the necessity for dissimilar metal joining is in increasing order. Requirements in a wide range of new welding techniques for industrial up gradation. The existing technologies capable for improving in components joining from small assemblies to earth movers in extremely. The most significant applications of aluminum and ferrous alloys for producing in more sustainable products. In this present research work, selected Aluminum 2014 and SS304L and these are taken from the rolling sheet in different angles of 0°, 45°, and 90°. These are welded using friction stir welding with a HSS tool. From this method dissimilar metal sheets are obtained. The tensile specimens are prepared from these dissimilar sheet metal welds with respect to horizontal weld. This horizontal weld orientation is perpendicular to gauge length. Conducted tests on these tensile specimens through universal tensile testing to determine mechanical properties are yield stress, yield load, ultimate tensile strength, and percentage of elongation. This paper presents, mechanical properties evaluated and studied for friction stir welded of SS304L and Al2014 alloys. These studies on mechanical properties are useful in aerospace, ships, industrial and automobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powder compositions based on vanadium-containing iron powder with alloying microadditives Zn, Cu, and C, obtained as a result of mechanical mixing, have been investigated. The strength of green briquettes from powders based on iron with different contents of alloying additions was investigated according to the results of tests for uniaxial and diametral compression depending on the density of the samples. The features of the formation of the strength properties of each of the powder compositions are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main indicator of ferroalloy efficiency is the degree of absorption of the driving element, which is greatly influenced by physical and chemical properties of the ferroalloy: melting start and end temperature, ferroalloy density, melting duration of ferroalloy and its thermal characteristics. Studying the effect of the chemical composition of ferroalloy on its service characteristics makes possible to predict the degree of assimilation of its leading elements by the steel. The pycnometric method was used to determine density of boron-containing ferroalloys. The density was in the range of 3.8–4.64 g/cm3. Reduction of silicon content to 40–55 wt. % contributes to the density increase, bringing it closer to the range of rational values. The study of the melting point of alloys showed that all alloys were low-melting with a melting point of below 1200 °C. By using a mathematical model, the melting time of ferroalloy was calculated. It is shown that the rational diameter for alloys is 10–20 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product life especially the high consumer products like mobile phones and automobile is considerably reduced. The lot of use-and-through kind products attracts the customers more. In the recent days, the re-sale value of utilities including automobiles is equivalent to scrap value. On other hand boosting up the driving power with low cost is highly preferred in the automobile industries. One of such key components is turbocharger which boosts up the power as well as helps in pollution reduction by complete combustion, engine size reduction, fuel consumption etc. The Compressor impeller is focuses in this research. The material validation is main aim of this piece of research. The materials like copper, gray cast iron and alloy steel were considered for investigation. The SOLIDWORKS preferred for this study. The impeller is designed and modeled. The finite element analysis is employed to deploy the material behaviors in the computer aided investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminizing process has been widely used to form aluminide layer on metal surface. Examples are nickel aluminide (NixAly) on nickel alloys and iron aluminide (FexAly) on steels. These aluminide compound layers improve oxidation resistance of the alloy substrates by acting as an aluminium source for the formation of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) layer. In this research, silicon in form of silicon oxide (SiO2) was added into the aluminizing pack to improve oxidation resistance of pure iron (99.45% purity). Two types of silicon dioxide, quartz and rice husk ash (RHA) powders, were used in the pack aluminizing to investigate the effect of silicon addition from different sources. Quarts or RHA is added to the pack which is consisted of Al, Al2O3 and NH4Cl powders. The ratio of quartz or RHA addition was varied from 0 to 18 wt%. Pack aluminizing were carried out at 1000°C for 2.25 h under Ar atmosphere. Microstructure of aluminized samples were analyzed by an optical microscope (OM) and a glancing incident angle X-ray diffractometer (GIXD). Surface analyses confirm a successful formation of iron aluminide. Oxidation resistance of quartz-doped samples are significantly greater than that of RHA-doped samples. By adding 9 wt.% of quartz into the pack, a specific mass gain after 50 h oxidation test reduces from 4.191 mg·cm−2 of non-modified aluminized sample and 6.249 mg·cm−2 of 9 wt.% RHA sample, to 0.719 mg·cm−2. The oxidation resistance was achieved by formation of protective layer with higher ratio of Al2O3, as confirmed by GIXD profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid metal corrosion is getting more attentions by nuclear material researchers. The information about corrosions and damages mechanism of nuclear structural materials are very important for nuclear reactor design. In this current work we study the corrosion of iron when immersed in liquid lead. We study the phenomena by molecular dynamics method based on the Lennard-Jones potential for interaction between two neutral atoms the material. The potential has two parameters i.e. collision parameter(σ) and energy (ε). We also study the iron corrosion inhibition by using nitrogen agent. To simulate the corrosion phenomena, we use the MOLDY molecular dynamics program. For doing this we need to verify the used Lennard-Jones potential parameters firstly. The verification is done by adjusting the two parameters (σ, ε till the value of diffusion coefficient (iron in liquid lead) is similar between simulation and experiment, under certain small error. The two parameters (σ, ε in this work after some correction should be the best value for studying corrosion inhibition or others. We got new parameter ε = 0.4007eV and σ = 2.3894Å for iron, while for lead ε = 0.1910eV and σ = 2.9578Å. By using these parameters in simulation of corrosion inhibition using nitrogen, we can make estimation that for reducing the iron corrosion, it is recommended if we inject nitrogen gas into liquid lead for about concentration of 0.29wt%for the best inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]