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Digitalization in economic processes and governance requires a fast, efficient, and secure process. Digital signatures help digitization run quickly and securely. It makes it easy for those who adopt it. Several users benefit from digital signatures (Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Ministry of Finance. This study aims to overview the problems in adopting this digital signature technology. This qualitative research collects data from some registered Electronic Certification Providers. This study found obstacles to the adoption of digital signatures. Constraints in the adoption of this technology are inharmonious regulations and literacy. For example, authentic meanings must be made before a Notary to meet the requirements for verification and fulfillment of the Power of Authentication Deed. This study suggests that the government (Ministry of Law and Human Rights) harmonizes regulations related to digital signatures. Meanwhile, literacy improvement aims to increase awareness about digital signatures. As a regulator, the Ministry of Communications and informatics needs to help other institutions adopt digital signature technology, prepare infrastructure, and encourage the use of digital signatures in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the directives of the European Union on the fight against money laundering and financing of terrorism (AMLD) as one of the key measures of the European Union in the fight against international terrorism after September 11, 2001, from the aspect of respect for human rights. Through various revisions, from the first AMLD to the most recent, this legislative framework has been progressively improved to respond to emerging challenges in the financial world and to strengthen the fight against financial crimes. In the paper, a special research focus is given to solutions to the "security vs. human rights" and problems in the implementation of AMLD. The results of the analysis show that the European Union is developing the AMLD measure regarding the dilemma "security vs. human rights" found an adequate balance, i.e. AMLD is continuously developing in such a way that it respects human rights while not jeopardizing the effectiveness of protecting democratic societies within the EU and accepted common values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender men and non-binary individuals' rights to conceive and bear children remain unimaginable through dominant gender constructs. Social reproduction and structural violence reinforce the gender binary and restrict transgender men and non-binary individuals from exercising their right to conceive, parent, and receive proper health support. This gender expectation is reified in Canadian historical, socio-economic, and legal contexts, creating significant barriers in relation to accessing trans-reproductive healthcare. This paper brings attention to the paucity of research to understand better the rights of transmen and non-binary individuals when wanting to conceive and raise a family. It highlights the underutilization of the social work profession and their critical role to support affirmative reproductive trans healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Constitution of Iraq, adopted in 2005, enshrines fundamental rights and freedoms for all citizens of Iraq and those within its territory. At the same time, the practical implementation of constitutional guarantees into the everyday life of the state often differs from the text of the main law, leading to dysfunction in the legal system and violations of basic civil liberties. In this article, we will examine the current situation of human rights development in Iraq and comprehensive measures for their sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Lithuania, the 90s marked the beginnings of a transitional period toward the reconstruction of a democratic state. On the one hand, it emerged as the ideal model, a new societal and state project, a democratic society, with a state founded on respect for the law and for human rights. On the other hand, the past made its presence felt as a result of administrative and judicial heritage, but also of a pattern socially reproduced at the level of human interactions between those whose rights were violated and those who violated these rights. Among those whose rights were abusively violated in the old regime were those dispossessed of properties and of their right over them, during the communist period. The old regime's abusive seizing of properties was a prejudice brought to the dispossessed. The present paper intends to analyse whether property restitution in Lithuania was part of a more extensive process, entitled transitional justice in the literature. The first part of the paper describes the theoretical lens as well as conceptual aspects. The second part focuses on property legislation and on the function laws fulfilled in the reparations process. The paper has a heuristic value and constitutes itself as part of the research in the field of transitional justice and property restitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers are concerned with how new technologies, especially those using AI, will change society as we know it. There are evident benefits that will facilitate our current activities. Still, there are also elements whose impact we do not know, or have a character that can limit or restrict our rights and freedoms. Probably, it will not be the technologies that will determine certain limits, but those who own them and those who will establish the rules by which these new technologies will be guided. I consider that any concern related to the use of new technologies, based on the use of AI, must be approached with great care, and must be reported to respect the values provided by art. 2 and 3 TEU and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. There are significant concerns related to the ethical implications of the use of AI at the EU level, which will be analysed in this article. At the European level, it is the role of the European Commission to deal with the „ethical interests" regarding the observance of the five principles that will be a challenge for cyberjustice: respect for fundamental rights, nondiscrimination between individuals and groups of individuals, quality and security, transparency, neutrality and intellectual integrity and user control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence, globalisation and the ideology of transhumanism are contemporary realities that propose a new conception of man, his social status, likely to affect the fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in constitutions and laws. In this study we will present the content, definitions and meanings of globalisation, AI and the ideology of transhumanism, whereby the social status of man, his existence are subordinated to technology. In this context, we will insist on the risks and vulnerabilities that the new contemporary realities present for humans. We will refer to the legal means of guaranteeing human rights and to normative regulations regarding the use of AI in the context of world globalisation and the proliferation of the ideology of transhumanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a reality that is already threatening our existence, and it could not be ignored anymore. Every day, on television, at the radio, at work, on the streets, in schools and universities, at home, we discuss about climate change and its effects on our planet and on our lives. The politicians and the governments worldwide are addressing this matter more or less, but from the decisions taken, we can easily notice that the measures taken (if they are taken) are not sufficient to counteract climate change. Therefore, in our opinion, states worldwide are failing to do what is necessary to counteract climate change. Through the state's actions or, even worse, their inaction, on one part, they violate human rights, and, on the other part, they decrease the chances of ensuring a bright future that is worth living for the future generations on earth. This is why, nowadays, more and more people, worldwide, young or elder, living in a state at risk or not, are taking these states to court, arguing that their individual rights were violated because of the States' failure to take sufficient measures to combat climate change. Since 2021, for the first time, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg was faced with the responsibility of holding CoE Member States accountable for violating human rights by not taking such sufficient measures - in Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and Others and in Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland. On April 9th, 2024, ECtHR has delivered its Grand Chamber rulings in these two climate change cases. This study will attempt to analyse the legal consequences of these rulings. What is the Strasbourg Court vision on climate change? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that there is a trend in understanding international humanitarian law and international human rights law as two separated branches of international law, discussions about these two concepts and their relationship continues. Rather than looking for which approach is correct, we should analyse what implications these discussions have in both theoretical and applied terms. To achieve that it is necessary to ascertain what is the nature and, consequently, what are the implications of identifying international humanitarian law and international human rights law as branches of international law, as well as the attributing specific norms to a particular branch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enshrined in the 1970 Declaration, under the name of the principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes, the principle obliges states to settle their disputes by peaceful means, so that peace, international security and justice are not endangered. States must act in good faith and in a spirit of cooperation to reach a swift and just solution based on international law. For this purpose, states can resort to means such as: negotiation, investigation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement or other peaceful means of their choice, including any settlement procedure agreed upon, prior to the occurrence of a dispute to which they are parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological progress has had both benefits and negative effects over time. The road to civilization was paved by scientists through hard work. Today we enjoy the results produced over a long period of time when civilizations and empires succeeded each other. Man has always sought to lead a better life, to explore territories and seek new opportunities. The institutionalisation of people's power in the form of the state led to some limitations on the freedom of free movement. The establishment of states led to the emergence of borders. This paper seeks to analyse how today's most advanced advancement, AI, can have both beneficial and negative contributions to society. In a world where basic human rights are no longer a novelty, regulation of new technologies has become a necessity. The lack of clear regulations leads to abuses by the state or its members. Ethics is a basic pillar in any field of activity. Scientific discoveries led to economic progress. Competitiveness has bred efficiency. Even if in a first stage there are systemic changes in certain economic branches, with the possibility of technology replacing certain activities carried out until then by man, the economic prosperity of the last two centuries was only possible through a mass development of production. The political factor, through its representative bodies, has the mission of ensuring a balance between technological development and society as a whole. The balance is ensured through regulation, legislation. Technologies must have a positive impact on the democratic world. This article examines new technologies in the context of refugees. Displacement of populations is not new, but in correlation with new technologies and fundamental human rights it acquires a new dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, a new way of bringing journalists to civil liability has gained momentum, which is also a form of intimidation in carrying out their activity, namely SLAPP (strategic law-suit against public participation) trials. This paper analyses the essential elements necessary to qualify a trial filed against a journalist as a slaptrial, starting from two relevant European acts: the Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on protecting persons who engage in public participation from manifestly unfounded or abusive court proceedings („strategic lawsuits against public participation") and the Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/758 on protecting journalists and human rights defenders who engage in public participation from manifestly unfounded or abusive court proceedings ('strategic lawsuits against public participation'). As it has been pointed out, there are at least two essential elements that qualify a law-suit as a SLAPP-trial and identifying them is only a prerequisite of the correct qualification, that may also imply subjective elements as bad faith, or abuse of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) has infiltrated many aspects of contemporary life, including the criminal justice system. AI systems can be helpful tools when predicting criminal activity, analyzing large amounts of digital evidence, or making court decisions. However, in addition to the indisputable advantages provided by the use of AI technology, its application in criminal justice has actualized the issues of the bias of its algorithms and the lack of transparency in decision-making processes. Algorithm bias can arise from several factors, including implicit biases in the design of the algorithms themselves or biases in the data that are imputed. These factors can result in algorithms that unfairly target specific groups or communities, increasing the risk of discrimination in the criminal justice system. The lack of transparency in the functioning of complex AI algorithms and machine learning models makes it difficult to understand how the algorithms make their decisions and consequently makes it difficult to analyze and valorize the obtained results. The above can make it challenging to recognize and correct biases in algorithms but also lead to a lack of confidence in the fairness of decisions based on machine learning algorithms. Finally, AI decision-making procedures' implicit bias and lack of transparency collide with the core principle of criminal procedure - the right to a fair trial. The purpose of this research is to use the example of the case study - State of Wisconsin v. Loomis (2016) - to show the extent of the potential bias of AI algorithms, as well as the impossibility of contesting a court decision based on machine learning algorithms, due to the non-transparent internal functioning of the AI system. The contribution of this research is a deeper understanding of the complexity of the application of AI algorithms in the criminal justice system, the use of which must not come at the expense of the defendant's fundamental rights, especially the right to a fair trial. The internal functioning of the AI system should be understandable to the end user so that the predicting output values of such algorithms are subject to (human) validation and critical review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information, communication, and technology (ICT) are two interconnected topics that are crucial in today's digital age. In today's world ICT has become an essential tool for communication, education, and economic growth. Access to the internet has become a basic human right, with more than half of the world's population using it, and infrastructure development is critical for providing this access, particularly in Africa. In today's modern world, the internet is a vital tool for communication, education, and economic growth. This paper explores internet access and infrastructure development in Africa, to identify the impacts, challenges, and solutions for improving access. An extensive literature review is done which will assist in identifying and addressing key issues related to internet access and infrastructure development, as well as providing insights into how to maximize the benefits of these technologies for individuals and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNGPs have had affected, are affecting and will deeply and widely affect all areas of social life. The global supply chain must also adapt to the principles of the UNGPs in the face of world fluctuations in the context of the new normal. UNGPs have a positive impact on the global supply chain in the context of globalization such as increasing competitive advantages, ensuring human rights in business activities. UNGPs also have detrimental effects on the global supply chain, including the widening of the wealth-poverty divide, the rise of operational hazards, and labor rights violations. The requirements of the UNGPs also create expectations and challenges for global supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amendment to Article 20 of Law Number 13 of 2016 on Patents with Article 107 of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation raises concerns that the fulfilment of public access rights regarding the availability of medicines will be hampered to fulfil their right to health. This change resulted in the abolition of the provisions regarding local working requirements. There is a conflict of interest between the obligations of the Government of Indonesia to fulfil the right to health of its citizens, including access to medicines, and due to international trade era, the interests of Indonesia which must also accommodate the interests of other countries to maintain good relations. This study uses a doctrinal approach that analyses secondary data, especially various policies related to patents and the provision of medicines by the Government as its obligation to fulfil the right to health of its citizens. The result of this research concludes that further policies are needed from the Government that can guarantee the community's right to access good quality medicine as part of the fulfilment of public health access rights which are parts of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom of expression on social media in Indonesia has been regulated by the Law Number 11 of 2008 and was last amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE law). The existence of the ITE law as a mandate of Article 28E Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. However, the implementation of the ITE law often causes the people to be criminalized for hate specch. This study aims to propose a tool to detect hate specch before people express their opinions on the internet to minimize violations of the ITE Law. This article demonstrates the e-hights by explaining the user interface, procedures, and methods of e-hights. E-hights (Electronic Human Rights) is a website-based application to reconcile the realization of freedom of expression, which presents a novelty with a keyword filter feature to detect hate specch and correct words to express opinions, thus criminalizing public opinion through the internet can anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact generated by numerous conceptions regarding human rights has been noted since antiquity, in the works of philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle, Plato. Man, as a product of society and at the same time, producer of society, can be characterized according to its interests, because the human being is a social being. Accepting the specific character of everyone constitutes the principle of respecting his life and being. The right to private life was mentioned for the first time in 1890, in the United States, by Samuel Warren, a lawyer from Boston, together with his friend, Louis Brandeis, a professor at Harvard University, in the work entitled "The right to private life". It was defined by them as the right to be left alone. "The right to respect for private life", "the right to privacy" or "the right to private life" represents a fundamental right of society, human dignity, and freedom, both in national and international legislation. In Romania, the New Civil Code requires respect for private life. Its provisions mention the facts that constitute violations of the right to private life, but also the legal means that the individual benefits from to defend his right to privacy. At the European level, the protection of the right to private life is guaranteed by art. 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, but also by the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Considering the aforementioned, I started in this article from explaining the term private life approached in the European context, I described how private life is protected both by European legislation and by Romanian legislation aligned with the European one, I emphasized the importance of protection personal data in this context, concluding with the description of art. 8 of the Convention for the Respect of Human Rights, an article so requested in the European Court, even by the citizens of our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life imprisonment is a criminal punishment, which consists in depriving the convict of his freedom for the rest of his life. In accordance with the provisions of the criminal law, this type of punishment is established only for exceptionally serious crimes. The national enforcement law, in many aspects, treats persons sentenced to prison and persons sentenced to life imprisonment distinctly, this category of punishment being much more restrictive. It is important to mention that the principle of humanism and the principle of the equality of convicts are enshrined among the principles of criminal execution legislation. Thus, in the context in which both prison and life imprisonment consist of deprivation of liberty, there would be no grounds to impose distinct behaviors on the two categories of convicts, especially when we refer to their fundamental rights. The role of criminal punishment is not to create suffering for people, regardless of the type of crime committed. Thus, the restrictions to which the person is subject must be proportional to the seriousness of the facts, in order to correct the offender's behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of natural origin, individual freedom is part of the category of inviolability, an essential component of first generation civil rights, currently guaranteed by art. 23 of the Romanian Constitution and international legal acts in the field of human rights, as art. 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 6 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The actual importance of the constitutional and legal protection mechanisms for ensuring the necessary guarantees for the observance of individual freedom also results from the cases in which the Constitutional Court, in terms of domestic legal reality, or the supranational courts, in international terms, were called to rule on possible violations of this freedom. Hence, the freedom is protected from any possible violations. The present study proposes an analysis of the recent jurisprudential aspects, highlighted in the practice of the Romanian Constitutional Court, developed as a result of the referral made by the Romanian Ombudsman regarding the violation of the provisions of art. 23 of the Constitution that establishes the inviolability of individual freedom and personal safety. The main regulations in the matter will be presented in this way, including from a historical perspective, being highlighted the legal norms, by which the measure escorting to the police station is regulated in the current legal system. The study emphasizes the effectiveness of the functioning of the fundamental institutions of state governed by the rule of law, in which the rights and freedoms of citizens represent supreme values and are concretely and effectively guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuant to the provisions of art. 538 et seq. CPP, individuals who consider themselves to be victims of manifest miscarriages of justice or in cases of unlawful deprivation of liberty may bring an action against the Romanian State through the Ministry of Public Finance for damages for the unlawful deprivation of liberty they have suffered. This study will attempt to analyse the conditions of admissibility of such claims, arising from unlawful deprivation of liberty, and to present elements of material and non-material damage that could be covered by the court. But even if such actions were to be admitted and the court were to grant the claims referred to by the persons entitled, could the non-material damage be fully compensated, given that several fundamental human rights have clearly been infringed? The issue is also approached from the perspective of the ECtHR rich case-law on this matter, which we consider relevant to the present topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian Federation and the ECtHR have never had a very „friendly” relationship; on the contrary, in some periods the relationship between them has even been tense. By joining the Council of Europe in 1996, the Russian Federation also accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the ECtHR after ratifying the Convention in 1998. After a tumultuous relationship of more than 20 years characterised by non-compliance and rhetorical attacks, in the context of the „military operation on Ukraine” which began in February 2022, the Russian Federation notified the Secretary General on 15.03.2022 of its withdrawal from the Council of Europe and its intention to denounce the ECtHR. Moreover, as of 16.03.2022, the Russian Federation was excluded from the Council of Europe as a result of its aggression against a member state of the organisation - Ukraine, for which reason the Russian state ceased to be a High Contracting Party to the ECHR as of 16.09.2022. This study will attempt to analyse the legal consequences of this exclusion. After all, who „loses” and who „gains” from this exclusion? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work covers the review of the main issues arising in judicial practice with regard to the use of special surveillance or investigation methods, especially the use of undercover investigators and of collaborators, starting from ordering such measures all the way through the limits the intervention of such investigator/collaborator should respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking that occurs in vulnerable groups such as women is a crime that violates human rights. Until now, the practice of buying and selling human beings, especially women, continues to multiply, especially in the pattern of victim screening. The reality is that the Covid-19 pandemic has not reduced the number of cases of trafficking in women who have socially experienced various inequalities and particular vulnerabilities due to their marginal social position, thus making them entangled in indications of trafficking in women that dominate and pose a significant threat. The study of intersectionality is considered capable of seeing the different situations faced by women and marginalized groups. It becomes a meeting point study on gender issues, especially during the current pandemic, which shows the increasing cases of trafficking in women. And the purpose of this research is to explain the form of handling the crisis of trafficking in women with intersectionality law regulations. This study uses a qualitative method by collecting data on intersectionality law regulations through report documents, literature, news, and journalism related to the research. Data analysis used the Nvivo12 Plus qualitative data processing application with crosstab query tools analysis and cluster analysis group. Furthermore, the study results show that intersectionality legal regulations refer to gender equality. However, these regulations are still ineffective and still discriminate against women or are less gender-sensitive to suppress the spread of cases of trafficking in women. The vulnerable sector is shown in the sex trade, worrying, especially during the current pandemic. Based on the study results, it is concluded that there is a need for new legal regulations regarding intersectionality that provide legal construction as a basis for women in fighting against unfair hegemony and guaranteed in various legal instruments, both international and national law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The panel is premised by a recurring theme in empirical privacy research: as privacy localism drive regulation and policy change, we are left with a landscape that is fragmented, across states and sectors; confusing, between places and stakeholders; and often insufficient, as laws address narrow sets of privacy harms or specific actors. This raises the question: How can organizations and individuals innovate to address privacy policy gaps and fragmentation? This panel aims to describe and discuss creative and experimental approaches to institutionalize privacy practices in different contexts and organizations, moving beyond relying on policy alone to promote social good. We address this from a variety of perspectives including licensing, contracting, privacy by design including via architecture, records laws, AI ethics, human rights, obfuscation, and activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global challenges raised by biomedical advances require global responses. Some international organizations have made significant efforts over the last few years to establish common standards that can be regarded as the beginning of an international biomedical law. One of the main features of this new legal discipline is the integration of its principles into a human rights framework. This strategy seems the most appropriate, given the role of "universal ethics" that human rights play in our world of philosophical pluralism. In addition to the general standards that are gradually being established, a widespread consensus exists on the urgency of preventing two specific procedures: human germ-line interventions and human reproductive cloning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has become a global issue for the past 2 years. During that time, almost all countries in the world feel the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The World Health Organization as the main mandate holder in global health affairs has developed a framework for handling and controlling the spread of disease across national borders which is compiled in the 2005 International Health Regulation. IHR 2005 aims to prevent, protect and control the international spread of disease. The government's step by implementing a vaccination policy is the final effort to stop the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Vaccination is carried out to reduce the transmission of Covid-19; reduce morbidity and mortality due to Covid-19; achieve herd immunity and; protect the community from Covid-19 in.order to remain socially and economically productive. This paper aims to determine the extent of the implementation of vaccination as an effort to fulfill public health rights in the COVID-19 pandemic situation. This paper uses a normative legal research method based on the human rights legal framework. The results of the study show that in dealing with Covid-19, the government enforces a vaccination policy as an effort to realize the fulfillment of the right to health for the community as a fundamental right and cannot be separated from other human rights, such as the right to life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aims to examine how the public sector may leverage artificial intelligence (AI) use through the exploration of AI adoption frameworks and how such frameworks can steer best practices of AI implementation and governance in the sector. Through inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were retrieved from academic databases, specifically Science Direct, Springer Link, and Wiley Online Library. The AI adoption frameworks are categorized into four groups: Regulatory frameworks, normative frameworks, applicative frameworks, and evaluative frameworks. Regulatory frameworks can provide standardizing and prescriptive guidelines to public sector organizations adopting AI technologies. Normative frameworks can strengthen the ethical and human rights aspects of AI adoption instead of devaluing human skills and eroding human agency. Applicative frameworks can help public sector organizations achieve positive and responsible outcomes for AI adoption. Alternatively, evaluative frameworks can spell improvements in the quality of public service delivery after identifying areas for improvement in an evaluation of AI systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with non-procedural means of social influence, such as complaints, requests and petitions, on the performance of public tasks by public authorities. Complaints, requests and petitions belong in Polish law to extra-procedural legal means which discipline bodies and institutions of public authority to perform public tasks in the best possible way. On the other hand, these extra-procedural legal remedies are a tool for civil society capable of becoming active in the social space. In this way, complaints, requests and petitions constitute an important manifestation of social control in a democratic state of law, based on the principles of cooperation between the citizen and the agent of authority. On the one hand, they constitute a kind of cooperation of civil society with the authorities, and on the other hand, they subordinate the directions of the authorities' actions. The performance of public tasks should, after all, coincide to the highest degree with public expectations. Complainants and petitioners can, through these means, stimulate the activities of public bodies and institutions, and thus influence the spending of public funds. By activating actions of public authorities complaints, requests and petitions become human rights related to freedom, as no one should limit the activity of civil society. On the example of Polish legislation the author explicates these extra-procedural means of supporting civil society initiatives, indicating their importance not only in Polish constitutional and administrative law, but, above all, their general social significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies have a responsibility to comply with global human rights and environmental standards. At the global level, the UN therefore published the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in 2011. In a globally networked economy based on the division of labor, respect for human rights and ecological aspects requires global guiding principles. This is linked to the obligation of individual countries to implement the globally formulated guiding principles in their own national action plans. Companies bear responsibility over the entire life cycle of their products and services. Managing the ecological, economic and social impacts over the entire life cycle is in line with the principles of good corporate governance and incorporating sustainable development into the corporate philosophy. This issue is part of political discussions and legislative processes at global, European and national level. Due to the high international integration of the national economy and public pressure, the Federal Republic of Germany is striving to improve the global human rights situation along the supply chains of internationally active companies. The aim of the study is to place the national law on corporate due diligence to prevent human rights violations in supply chains (Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtengesetz – LkSG / Supply Chain Sourcing Obligations Act) in the context of sustainable development in order to analyze the necessity of the law and its contribution to sustainable development. Regarding the approach in the study, the objectives of the German Sustainability Strategy are analyzed with the contents and objectives of the Supply Chain Act. Furthermore, the obligations for companies associated with the Act are outlined. The result of the study is that the Supply Chain Act is in line with the Sustainability Goals 1, 5, 6, 8 and 12 of the German Sustainability Strategy and that these are strengthened by the Supply Chain Sourcing Obligations Act. Thus, it is also clear that the Supply Chain Sourcing Obligations Act fulfills sustainability goals of the German Sustainability Strategy. With regard to supply chains, the Act on Corporate Due Diligence in Supply Chains not only takes human rights risks into account and sets out environmental obligations for companies. The Act also contributes to the fulfillment of sustainability goals of the German Sustainability Strategy. Thus, the Supply Chain Act or the companies obligated by it can make an important contribution to sustainable development as a whole. However, the research for this study is to be considered limited in that the concrete impact of the Supply Chain Act for the respective companies on sustainable development in Germany and the achievement of the goals of the German Sustainability Strategy lacks measurement in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned vehicles or drones (how they are cultured in general) have become a staple in the modern era conflicts seeing as how they offer mostly the same results as other vehicles with less drawbacks. The paper will focus on identifying current issues regarding unmanned vehicles used in conflicts, identify the international law documents that are applicable to said vehicles and focus on how states should reconsider a reform in how states handles future conflicts based on unmanned devices. Conflicts such as the Azerbaijani-Armenian war or the Ukrainian crisis have shown to revolve around the usage of drones as low threshold devices that bypass the rules regarding usage of force and could trigger dangerous responses from states. Furthermore, the analysis will also take into aspects on how international courts have been tackling modern conflicts and methods, while also delving in the aspects of human rights breaches. Identifying how the legal regimes applicable for unmanned vehicles and how future legal instruments can be developed and enforced will also be another focus of the paper, as such, conclusions will be based on how legal aspects will evolve and ensure a checks and balances approach in this field, seeing as how influential artificial intelligence will be in the unmanned segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of October 2021, the European Commissioner for Equality issued a highly controversial document with internal guidelines for all future communications, oral or written, of the European Commission. What triggered the public outcry and led to the withdrawal of these guidelines under the pretext they were a mere work in progress, was the use of hotly debated, contentious notions such as systemic racism, gender neutrality or preferred pronouns. This case is but one of the most recent examples of what we consider to be a normative push to change values and mentalities in the EU, by altering the language used in official communications and legislative drafting. The present article explores the underlying premises of this normative push through soft and hard law instruments, in connection to the core values of the European Union, centered on the protection of human rights, and currently shaped by the sociopolitical developments coming from the USA. After a brief overview of these new ideological trends, in addition to the matter of the European Commissioner's guidelines, several cases illustrating the national response to these trends from individual Member States will be analyzed as well. The final section of the paper will highlight several potential risks in introducing such value-charged notions without public debate and public consensus, even if it is all done in the name of equality and inclusiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proportionality is a general principle of law, signifying the ideas of balance, justice, responsibility and the needed adequate suiting of the measures adopted by the State to the situation in fact and to the purpose aimed by the law. The principle is expressly formulated in the European Union documents but also in the constitutions of other states. The normative or jurisprudential regulation of the principle explains the numerous preoccupations at scientific level to identify its dimensions. In this study, the principle of proportionality is analyzed from the perspective of the philosophy of the law, in order to try to identify its value dimensions that are to be found in the normative consecrations or in jurisprudence. The normative of jurisprudential dimension of proportionality, as a law principle has its content in the concepts and philosophical categories that make up the contents of the principle of proportionality, in the law philosophy's main periods and currents. We consider that such a scientific attempt is useful, having into consideration the importance of this principle for the contemporary law. The principle of proportionality is an important guaranty in the observance of the human rights, mainly in situations in which their exercising is being restricted by the actions ordered by state's authorities, being at the same time an important criterion to delimit the discretionary power from the power excess in the activity of state's authority. In our opinion, only in the extent of our knowledge and understanding of the philosophical contents of this principle it is possible this one's correct applying in jurisprudence. This study is aiming to be a pleading for the possibility and usefulness of law's philosophy in this epoch dominated by juridical pragmatism and normativism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering and technological developments are at the core of societal change, influencing and being influenced by society's cultural, political, economic, and socio-technical context. However, traditional engineering education tends not to equip future engineers with the critical thinking and tools necessary for interpreting their obligations in relation to codes of professional ethics and the duty to hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. Ongoing environmental and societal challenges (ranging from social inequality to the climate crisis) urgently require the development of an engineering workforce that can perform successfully in a multicultural and globalized world. This paper shares the pedagogy and lessons learned from implementing an undergraduate course at the University of Connecticut based on a Human Rights-Based Approach to Engineering called "Engineering for Human Rights.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Government of Indonesia grants special autonomy to Papua Province based on Law No. 21 of 2001. Special Autonomy is expected to resolve political, legal, environmental, economic, social and cultural issues. However, the special autonomy granted resulted in misunderstandings, so that development was hampered. This study aims to develop an understanding of special autonomy as one of the concepts of human rights and environmental development in Papua. This study used a juridical-qualitative analysis method. The data were obtained using observation and literature study of the problems and a clear picture of special autonomy. Data analysis uses interpretation and evaluation models of existing regulations and concepts to sharpen the understanding of special autonomy at the maximum level of data abstraction. Data were analyzed using a deductive logic method based on secondary norms, theories, and doctrines. The study results indicate that special autonomy for the Papua Province is envrionemtal development and human right in internal selfdetermination, which is constitutionally guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution. Therefore, the Papuan people and the government can develop activities based on special autonomy without central approval and do not conflict with laws and regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present the well-reasoned legal situation of abortion under European law in order to examine, from the point of view of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (the Court), whether the conception product is the right-holder of the right to life enshrined in Article 2 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) and, on this occasion, to grasp the position of the European instance on the legality of pregnancy interruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reveals the links between second language learning and the development of global citizenship in pre-school education. A review of educational policy documents shows that global citizenship education is defined as a democratic and sustainable education focused on the development of competences of a global citizen. It emphasises the importance of global citizenship in the education of the pre-school child, since from this point onwards, the child becomes familiar with his/her surroundings, not only locally but also globally. Education at this age is linked to knowledge of the world, communication in the mother tongue and in a foreign language, the development of values relevant to modern society, awareness of human rights, etc. The ethnographic research carried out and the analysis of the data obtained have shown that language learning is closely linked to the development of global citizenship, which is recommended to start at pre-school age, as children can easily absorb new knowledge and apply it in formal and informal activities. Preschool teachers agree that children are very receptive to foreign languages because of modern information technology and its use in communicating with their peers in formal and informal activities in and outside the preschool setting. Thus, combining global citizenship education with foreign language learning is seen as essential for a growing global citizen because of the wider educational opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on contemporary innovative pedagogical practices of Bulgarian parochial education relies on insufficient and inconsistent data. Every church community has responsibility and system of teaching its parish Orthodox values with regard of human rights. Church instruction of children, youth, and adults is not a process of provoking anything incompatible with human rights and social peace. Nevertheless, critical circumstances in last several years demonstrated that such tendencies can appear, when both flocks and pastors are under enormous pressure. Still, in my dissertation we have chosen methodologically not to focus on any negative aspects of the problems of Bulgarian Orthodox schooling and catechetic instruction at churches during last several decades. Scholarly objectiveness also requires that we are aware of obstacles, and stay optimistic, adequate, reflexive, analytical, and systematic, oriented to the future and the better, according to values, and keep building good perspectives and relations. Human rights defence can only support our church subculture within traditional local culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Discrimination represents the prohibition or restriction of fundamental human rights and freedoms, becoming the reason for aggressive or undignified behavior, influenced by a lack of respect and consideration. In this context, the young people's perception of the phenomenon of discrimination based on religion or national origin in a multicultural educational environment is of interest. In connection with this, we conducted an opinion poll among Romanian, Russian, and Indian students studying at the „Nicolae Testemițanu” State University of Medicine and Pharmacy. According to the results, the problem of discrimination based on religion or national origin is not peculiar to young people, who are much more flexible in their behavior and thinking. They neglect ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and prejudices and realize that the peaceful coexistence of people belonging to different cultural backgrounds requires a tolerant environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport is an important social phenomenon that promotes social and cultural values such as peace, respect for human rights, solidarity, and mutual understanding between nations and cultures. At the same time, sport is also an important economic reality. Therefore, the funding of sports is an important priority, and, in addition to the above-discussed benefits, it also brings economic benefits. The basic goal of the present study is to provide an overview of the financial mechanism and to discuss the sources of funds for sporting events in the Slovak Republic. The funds from the State budget allocated for sporting activities in the form of contributions to recognised sports, subsidies and contributions to a national sports project are described in detail for its implementation. Furthermore, pre and post Covid-19 pandemic sports legislation in Slovak legislation were compared. At the same time, these new legal regulations were compared and interpreted from the context of the legal orders of the Slovak Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the subject of human rights and particularly the extremely sensitive one of human trafficking, presenting some historical references on the matter and the current state of affairs, as well as the involvement of Romanian NGOs in the fight against this phenomenon. The economic drivers of migrant exploitation and human trafficking are also investigated. This paper highlights some measures and actions taken by the authorities and NGOs in Romania in their effort to raise awareness of the phenomenon, to prevent it and to counterattack these forms of human rights violations, as well as to help people who are actual or potential victims of human trafficking to get out of the respective situations and reintegrate into society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, atrocities of the last dictatorship (1976 - 1983) continue to resonate not only through ongoing trials but also in sites where detainees were disappeared, tortured, and exterminated. Many of those former detention centres have been recovered and converted into memorial spaces. This work delves into the controversy over one of the most notorious sites in Buenos Aires known as ESMA. With a keen eye on architecture, it analyses the manner by which repressors utilized and modified ESMA as a clandestine centre. Turning critical attention to the afterlife of that space allows for deep introspection into how human rights groups repurposed the same space. Chief among the curatorial techniques is the management of the site's temporal mode linking the past with the present. The current incarnation of ESMA reveals a history of brutality that was once concealed. By thoughtful design, the site now provides a performative anchor through which visitors - as secondary witnesses - can empathize with sufferers. The analysis is guided by the performative theory of Taylor (1997) and the dramaturgy of Goffman (1959) while taking informative cues from Nora (2002; 1989). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study seeks to investigate globalization and the impact of environmental crises on human rights. From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space of the subject, it will examine the ecological challenges and their impact on human rights. According to the thematic documents presented in this article, the research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection method in this research is the library. The article raises the question of what is the relationship between environmental crises and human rights? How do environmental concerns affect human rights? In response to this assumption, it is stated: "Currently, environmental issues in different parts of the world are accepted as the main concepts of human rights by the international community, which is increasingly globalizing. As a result, the destruction of the environment is a violation of human rights. The article concludes that the connection between human rights and the environment leads the victims of environmental degradation to adopt some protection mechanisms considered in the form of human rights mechanisms. What is at stake in the discussion of human rights is its challenges in the age of globalization, emphasized and considered in various dimensions. However, this article examines the challenges of human rights from an environmental perspective. As the latest global community raises awareness of the link between environmental degradation and human rights abuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice (DEIJ) issues underlie the systemic problems affecting our society, including the critical lack of inclusion within the field of librarianship. All LIS faculty must prepare students to work with diverse populations of both patrons and colleagues and should aim to strengthen students' cultural competence by incorporating DEIJ issues and concepts into the curriculum. However, in a field that is overwhelmingly white, there are sure to be missteps as white faculty develop their own cultural competency through research, teaching, and interpersonal interaction. In this poster, we argue for increased transparency amongst white LIS faculty who seek to incorporate DEIJ concepts into their courses. We additionally encourage faculty to prioritize student involvement and feedback while integrating DEIJ‐related theory and topics into the LIS curriculum. Finally, we argue that open discussion between white faculty and students of color is necessary for the field's ongoing progress towards equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze and compare the process of immunization of the population worldwide, as well as analysis of possible phenomena of abuse, restriction and violation of human rights. Economic, material and political discrepancies between different regions around the world have led to a strong polarization of the immunization process, leaving ample opportunity for misinformation and untruths to be spread in the immunization campaign by international institutions and national governments. The need for a brief sublimation of these important issues is certainly an additional academic effort to assist in the process of verifying the facts based on the use of verified information from relevant sources, in order to further use them in the process of managing this important issue worldwide frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]