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The purpose of this study was to examine university arm wrestlers' leisure time approach who have attended university wrestling championship defined as sportive recreation activity and those' hopelessness level. Personal information form developed by researcher and Beck Hopelessness survey were applied on 186 university arm wrestlers. Findings were analyzed by using SPSS 23 packet program. Frequency method (%) was used in order to determine athletes' personal information distribution, and MANOVA was used for multiple comparisons. Results showed that arm wrestlers stated their leisure time partly enough; they assessed their leisure time with sport related recreation activities; and they stated how they assessed their leisure time was related with their habits and appropriate for their abilities. According to total mean score of arm wrestlers' hopelessness level, they have mild level hopelessness. Mean scores of sub-domains of survey were also low and variables related with leisure time were no significant effect on hopelessness level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the interconnection of life events and such psychological states as hope/hopelessness and its intensity in a non-verbal behavior of the individual. The authors point out that emotional imbalance and likewise states can find its representation in a non-verbal behavior within the people representing the terrorist threat. Hopelessness and negative life events can cause low people's sensitiveness to the terrorist threat. The results of the research studying the peculiarities of the hope intensity and the life events analysis affecting the hope are given. The hope is represented as an integral phenomenon with the emotional, cognitive and behavioral elements. 33% of respondents showed high emotional hope rating result. 27% connected their hope with the professional sphere and with the self-realization. 25,1% of respondents considered their life as being out of their personal control and showed low hope rating scale as their personal time control. Statistically significant differences in the hope intensity within the men and women were found. Women showed greater hopelessness rate (t=1,98). While men have higher ability to find alternative ways to meet the goal in frustrating situations (t=1,94). Significant differences in the life events relevance rating scale within the men and women were found. The highest rate had close relative's death, spouse's death, baby birth. All life events were divided into three groups according to the "increasing/decreasing hope intensity" criterion. There were three groups of life events: 1) life events granting hope; 2) life events leaving no hope; 3) life events insignificant to the hope. The authors of the article conclude that low hope rating scale, hopelessness and despair, many negative and frustrating events in the people's life can greatly increase their sensitiveness to the terrorist threat. Thus, one of the preventive measures to limit terrorist ideology and extremism is the hope and optimism formation and stimulation. The article shows possible ways of the hope/hopelessness intensity visual diagnostics in a non-verbal behavior within the people representing the terrorist threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]