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Although the historical changes in children's perceptions of the landscape have not been studied in depth, according to the different authors, this topic is of great importance for understanding children's perceptions of the environment and the factors influencing these perceptions, as well as for understanding which urban environments are best suited to meet children's needs. This study aims to determine the changes in children's ability to perceive and explore landscapes in a historical context. The main findings are obtained using studies of artwork content and literature systemic analysis. This research has indicated the most important sociocultural factors, such as social reforms, the establishment of compulsory education, and changes in the attitudes of parents that influenced children's perception of the landscape in different historical periods, and how, considering these aspects, children's relationship with the natural environment has changed. Today, children spend more and more time indoors and in virtual environments, and due to that their relationship with the natural environment is getting weaker compared to historical times. The results of this study underline that children have little options to engage with natural settings in today's cities, which are not safe enough. As a result, children go to virtual spaces that provide opportunities to have the experiences they want. This research has also highlighted the importance of understanding what places and environments were important to children when they were still able to experience them independently and applying this knowledge to create a city suitable for children to grow up in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of sustainability from 1970s on has been overwhelmingly used in the academic literature, the corporate sector and by the actors of the civil society. Yet the field of sustainability assessment is quite fragmented because of the various disciplines that have been investigating it and no consensus about its progress and ways of operationalization has been achieved among the environmental, management and accounting disciplines. Earlier reviews of sustainability assessment methods/tools/indicators have categorized approaches based on various factors and dimensions, however none of them has embraced the question of assessing the changing definition of sustainability following a systematic approach aimed at tracing the evolution of the related body of knowledge and study the history and the theoretical foundation behind the developed methods and metrics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is twofold: to follow and analyse the evolution of the existing body of literature tackling sustainability assessment through a combination of a content analysis and bibliometric mapping and to critically assess the metrics and their changes though a qualitative historical analysis. The study's results attempt to contribute to the field of sustainability assessment by establishing its underlying structure and opening the "black boxes" of the sustainability metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of sustainability from 1970s on has been overwhelmingly used in the academic literature, the corporate sector and by the actors of the civil society. Yet the field of sustainability assessment is quite fragmented because of the various disciplines that have been investigating it and no consensus about its progress and ways of operationalization has been achieved among the environmental, management and accounting disciplines. Earlier reviews of sustainability assessment methods/tools/indicators have categorized approaches based on various factors and dimensions, however none of them has embraced the question of assessing the changing definition of sustainability following a systematic approach aimed at tracing the evolution of the related body of knowledge and study the history and the theoretical foundation behind the developed methods and metrics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is twofold: to follow and analyse the evolution of the existing body of literature tackling sustainability assessment through a combination of a content analysis and bibliometric mapping and to critically assess the metrics and their changes though a qualitative historical analysis. The study's results attempt to contribute to the field of sustainability assessment by establishing its underlying structure and opening the "black boxes" of the sustainability metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on organization development and change topics which include societal compassion response to natural disasters, transformational leaders' promotion of innovation in research and development teams during change, and the influence of organizational clarity and confidence on change readiness.

It is very important to have stabile macroeconomic structure for a country. Macroeconomic stability provides very useful environment for the economic agents to make efficient decisions and efficient allocation of the sources across the economy. On the other hand, uncertainty, volatility and instability for the macroeconomic variables have negative effects on economic stability. One of the most important variables in terms of stability is exchange rate. Exchange rate stability has a great importance both domestic and foreign economic agents. Exchange rate stability affects not only real macroeconomic variables but also financial indicators. There are many variables affecting exchange rate stability, one of them is openness. In this study, we are to investigate how openness affects exchange rate stability for the European countries for the period 1951-2004 by using panel time series econometric techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global diffusion of CSR practices is widely explained in institutional- isomorphic terms: corporations worldwide adopt CSR in reaction to isomorphic pressures exerted on them by a pro-CSR global environment, including normative, economic, and regulatory pressures. By contrast, this article considers the proactive agency of corporations in CSR diffusion, which is informed by nonmarket strategies that seek to instrumentally reshape the political and social environment of corporations. Applying a "channels-of-diffusion" perspective, we show that in the initial phase of CSR's transnational diffusion-as exemplified by the cases of Venezuela (1962-1967) and Britain (1977-1981)-CSR travelled through learning exchanges between business elite "exporters" and "importers" whose engagement in diffusion addressed crisis- enhanced political threats and opportunities in the receiving country. The focal agents established national CSR business associations, which disseminated among local corporations CSR practices adapted to confront the challenges at hand. We identify the features of such business-led cross-national diffusions of CSR, formulate propositions regarding their conditions, dynamics, and effects, and suggest that further research of this mode of diffusion would advance a more nuanced and balanced understanding of CSR's globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]