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Siblings of children with a severe illness diagnosis experience childhood differently than their same-age peers. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe an adult's understanding of their childhood experiences when their sibling was diagnosed with a severe illness. In prior studies, researchers engaged proxies, such as parents, to express the experience of the siblings living with an ill child. Few researchers waited until the siblings matured to adulthood to assess the impact on their lives. The sibling's voice is needed to illuminate their unique experience. Findings from this study may help healthcare providers, social workers, and educators support siblings of ill children. [For the full proceedings, see ED648717.]

For more than 20 years, traditional medicine of Mexico, the U.S. Southwest and other countries has been taught as a series of academic course at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque in the United States. These courses focus on traditional uses of healing plants and rituals for students in higher education and the community. These courses discuss the incorporation of diverse Hispanic and Indigenous ancestral methods of healing based on experiential learning through a series of traditional medicine classes offered at the University of New Mexico. This pedagogy is a unique approach to the reclaiming of ancestral perspectives into the university curriculum that have an enduring impact in the students enrolled in these courses. This article provides a definition of "curanderismo" and mentions three major historical figures that have impacted traditional medicine in Mexico and the United States. The article also discusses the impact that these classes have on the diverse students at a Hispanic-Serving, Level I Research American university. Finally, we discuss the development of these courses in the university system and how a program has been created that also allows community members and staff in diverse health professions to enroll in the summer face-to-face institute through the Center for Continuing Education. [For the full proceedings, see ED656038.]

A recent interest in the improvement of teamwork in the healthcare industry has occurred as well as a realization that medical errors are often related to poorly functioning interprofessional teams. This interest is triggering changes in pre-professional accreditation standards for allied health programs which require the use of interprofessional education (IPE). A mixed-methods study using an experiential learning framework is underway to assess the effects of IPE clinical simulations on the development of teamwork skills and the extent to which this improves the understanding of teamwork among allied health students. [For the full proceedings, see ED631897.]

This volume includes three sections of the 2022 NORDSCI international conference proceedings: (1) Education and Educational Research; (2) Language and Linguistics; and (3) Sociology and Healthcare. Education and Educational Research includes 7 papers covering a full spectrum of education, including history, sociology and economy of education, educational policy, strategy and technologies. The category covers also pedagogy and special education. Language and Linguistics includes 3 papers related to theoretical, literary and historical linguistics as well as stylistics and philology. Sociology and Healthcare includes 11 papers related to human society, social structures, and social change, healthcare systems and healthcare services. [Individual papers from the Education and Educational Research section of these proceedings are indexed in ERIC.]

Background: Because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy, control measures were adopted, such as closure of schools, universities, workplaces, and subsequently lockdown, so everyone's life changed. This is associated with psychological disorders in general public and in particular on students. Objective: To evaluate validity and reliability of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in the assessment of perceived stress of Italian students after the lifestyle changes due to the outbreak of COVID-19. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A mailing list was used for the recruitment of students. Internal consistency was examined through Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient; Criterion validity was evaluated comparing PSS scores to SF-12 values, and Pearson Correlation. Coefficient (PCC) was calculated. Correlation analyses were also used to investigate Cross-cultural validity. Results: The PSS scale was administered to 400 medical and health professionals' students in July 2020. Alpha Coefficient's value was statistically significant, and correlation with the SF-12 health survey was good (p<0,01). A correlation was found between Perceived Stress and gender, BMI, and also between PSS scores and time spent sitting and exercising under pandemic. Conclusions: The Italian version of PSS scale is a valid and reliable instrument to assess Perceived Stress among medical and health professionals' students. [For the full proceedings, see ED621108.]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the appropriateness of open-access reading materials for an intensive English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course, and to provide teachers with a set of criteria to select online texts systematically and efficiently. The Corpus for Veterinarians (VetCorpus) was compiled and analyzed using Lextutor corpus tools. Taking into account students' vocabulary size, background knowledge, word frequency, proper nouns, compound words, and cognates, the VetCorpus was considered useful and appropriate for intermediate level students, but too difficult for elementary level students. Further lexical analysis showed that the VetCorpus also provides learners with opportunities to encounter technical and academic vocabulary. [For the complete volume, "CALL for Widening Participation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2020 (28th, Online, August 20-21, 2020)," see ED610330.]

To guarantee high-quality services, health professionals are required to successfully maintain their extensive knowledge base. M, health professionals are forced to consistently stay up-to-date in their field in which new knowledge is evolving continuously. Hence, there is a strong need for effective support during their lifelong, self-directed learning processes as a means of maintaining and updating medical-related expert knowledge. From the literature, self-organisation, -management, -assessment, and collaboration activities have been defined to be of high relevance for these learning processes. The increasing speed of technological development has led to the development of a plethora of digital tools with varying features aimed at supporting professionals in their self-directed learning. In light of the increased number of tools available, we aim to give orientation on some of the most popular tools available to support health and other professionals in their self-directed learning. Results show that three main categories of digital tools related to self-directed learning can be identified: reference-management systems, learn-and-test tools, and collaborating tools. Our results further show that within the current landscape, there is no one tool that covers all tasks related to self-directed learning. We conclude that one single digital tool, combining all the features supporting self-directed learning in one simple easy to use manner may better support health and other professionals in maintaining and updating their expert knowledge. Future development should focus in particular on suitable combinations of features supporting self-directed learning, as implemented within one tool. [For the complete proceedings, see ED608557.]

For the forty-first time, the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Kansas City, Missouri. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume 1 contains twenty-seven papers dealing primarily with research and development topics. Twenty-one papers dealing with the practice of instructional technology including instruction and training issues are contained in Volume 2. [For Volume 2, see ED600552.]

This publication follows the tradition of publishing selected papers from Pacific Islands Association of Libraries, Archives and Museums (PIALA) annual conferences. This 20th annual conference was held in Weno, Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia, November 15-19, 2010. The volume begins with a listing of the members of the PIALA 2010 Planning Committee and PIALA Officers and Executive Board, Acknowledgements, and the Conference program schedule. Joakim Peter, Director of the College of Micronesia-FSM Chuuk State campus, provided the keynote address "Building on Culture, Knowledge, and Information through Collaboration and Resource Sharing." Presentations include: (1) LEAP! Library Education in the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific (Yvonne Chandler and Jane Barnwell); (2) Palau Community College Library & Information Services Pilot Program (Megan Beard, Journey Teruzi, Ilong Roduk, Joycelene Moses, Getta Setts, Halora Paulus, and Jeremiah Hagelilipiy); (3) "Chronicling America" Covering the Pacific: The National Digital Newspaper Program in Hawai'i (Dore Minatodani); (4) Blue Trunk Library: An information Resource for District Health Personnel (Julio Dizon); (5) Developing an Effective Student and Volunteer Program (Paul B. Drake); (6) Copy Cataloging (Ruth Horie); (7) Hawaii Library Association Report (Ruth Horie); (8) Hawaii-Pacific Law Libraries Initiative (Keiko Okuhara); and (9) Relationship Building and Leadership (Lance Linke). Includes a copy of PIALA's By-laws as revised at the Membership Meeting. The volume ends with an appended chronology of PIALA conferences (with links to fulltext availability) and selected photographs from the Conference.

The Northeast Conference on Rural HIV Service Delivery was attended by 51 health and social service professionals, people with HIV, and federal and state health officials with expertise or interest in developing HIV care capacity in rural areas. Low population density, low prevalence of HIV/AIDS, rugged topography and climate, and limited health care infrastructure were identified as access barriers for rural people living with HIV. Three models presented for delivering health and support services to rural residents with HIV were urban outreach, community-based physician networks, and shared care. HIV continuing professional education programs for rural providers should be responsive to local variations in health care delivery, time effective, case-specific, and provided at little or no cost. Rural areas need primary care physicians and mid-level practitioners who are trained to recognize the signs and symptoms of HIV infection and to work with HIV specialists. Linkages with urban-based specialists need to be strengthened through telemedicine, telephone consultations, and visits by specialists to rural sites. Rural areas also need to plan for changes in HIV care that may be required by changing Medicaid policies and payment arrangements. Funding and training are needed to provide the higher levels of support required by increasing numbers of HIV-positive patients with chemical dependence, mental disorders, and hepatitis C. Resources were identified to help rural areas develop HIV service capacity. (TD)

This document contains papers from a Pennsylvania conference on adult and continuing education research. The following papers are included: "Violence against Women: Looking behind the Mask of Incarcerated Batterers" (Irene C. Baird); "Refocusing Faculty Development: The View from an Adult Learning Perspective" (Patricia A. Lawler, Kathleen P. King); "Living and Learning with HIV/AIDS: Transformational Tales Continued" (Lisa M. Baumgartner); "Gender Differences in Distance Education and Technology: Familiarity, Comfortability, and Receptivity in the Hotel and Restaurant Industry" (David S. Bender, James A. Bardi); "Using Qualitative Case Study to Evaluate a Pre-employment Training Program for Adults" (Susan C. Biro); "Assessing the Effectiveness of a Faith-Based Learning Environment for Adults: A Case Study and Comparative Analysis" (Anthony L. Blair); "Evaluating the Value of Internships for Adult Learners" (Gary J. Dean, Kurt P. Dudt); "The Value of Higher Education: A Latino Perspective" (Denise K. Hay); "The Intricacies of Initiate-Response-Evaluate in Adult Literacy Education" (Patsy Medina); "Where Cancer Patients Receive Information: A Comparative Study with Patients and the Perception of Health Care Professionals" (Eileen Milakovic); "Adult Students Speak Out; A Focus Group Research Project" (Sherry Miller Brown); "Identifying the State of the Art: Measures Used to Assess Adult Learners in Even Start Family Literacy Programs" (Joe Norden Jr., Gary J. Dean); "Family Literacy and Adult Education: Informing Practices That Encourage Participation" (Stephanie Wexler-Robock, Kathleen P. King); and "More Than Just Reading and Math: Women in Adult Basic Education" (Lisa J. Wright, Kathleen P. King). Most papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This collection of 38 papers has as its focus adult learners, and covers a wide range of topics including: electronic peer networks; workplace training (in Australia); health professional accreditation; students with disabilities; vertically integrated courses; balancing instructional modes through journal writing and student collaboration; on-line communities for distance learning; building technology skills in adult learners; distance learning opportunities and challenges; barriers to adult undergraduate education; "learners" and the learning process; strategies for evaluating on-line materials; educational persistence among nontraditional graduate students; Web-based distance learning graduate programs; graduate education; integrating multidimensional research and multimedia for conventional and nonconventional students; working with virtual students; ethical issues in academic mentoring; academic discourse and culture-centered context; quality citations and imposter sites; citizens forums; teaching with technology; adult learning and motivation in accelerated courses; instruction for culturally diverse students; quality learning and instruction in hyperspace; on-line orientation for new faculty; and student and faculty learning experiences with Web courses. (Most papers include references.) (CH)

In this scoping review, the authors describe the ways in which key concepts from situated learning theory are employed in the health professions education literature between 2006 and 2014. Among 333 articles identified during level 1 screening, the authors identified 153 that addressed situated learning concepts in a substantive way. Most articles discussed communities of practice (91%) and nearly half (44%) focused on clinical settings. The articles used situated learning concepts to guide the design, implementation, and evaluation of educational programs and activities; to frame research studies, questions, and methods; to explain findings; and to define assumptions about learning. The findings provide insights and examples to illuminate how scholars in health professions education employ these concepts.

This document contains presentations and other materials from a 1997 symposium of practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and funders that was convened to discuss education of direct care workers in the field of health care. The document begins with an executive summary and the keynote address "Why Workplace Literacy?" (Larry Mikulecky). Presented next are three presentations by the members of the Addressing Critical Issues in Educating Direct Care Workers panel and two responses: untitled presentation by Wilma Sheffer; "Overcoming Hurdles: Some Critical Issues Confronting the Education of Direct Care Staff in the Healthcare Environment" (Barbara McCandless, Christine A. Katchmar); "Workshops in the Workplace" (Doris Dingle, Natalie Hannon, Claude D. Grant); "Addressing Critical Issues in Educating Direct Care Workers" (Francine Boren Gilkenson); and untitled response by William Ebenstein. Three presentations by members of the How to Implement Workplace Education Programs in the Healthcare Environment: Alternative Approaches panel and two responses are provided: "A Distance Learning Model" (Harvey Huth, Harriet Spector); "Alternative Approaches to Workplace Education in the Healthcare Environment" (Dorothy Seidel, Lorry Villemaire); "The Cooperative Home Care Associates' Training and Employment Model" (Christine Archambault); "How To Implement Workplace Education Programs in the Health Care Environment: Alternative Approaches" (Robert Knower); and "Evaluating Workplace Literacy Programs: A Response to Symposium Panel #2" (Jorie W. Philippi). A summary address, "10 Trends and Potentials for Workplace Education" (James Parker), and the symposium agenda are included along with six program overviews: "St. Louis Community College" (Wilma Sheffer, Lorna Finch); "The Eddy/Rockefeller College" (Barbara McCandless, Christine Katchmar); "Bronx Community College" (Claude Grant, Natalie Hannon, Doris Dingle); "OMRDD/CUNY/CSEA/GOER (Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities/Civil Service Employees Association/Governor's Office of Employee Relations)" (Harvey Huth, Harriet Spector); "The Geriatric Authority of Holyoke Resource Center Model" (Lorry Villemaire, Dorothy Seidel); and "Cooperative Home Care Associates (CHCA)" (Christine Archambault). Concluding the document are biographies of 18 selected participants; list of 10 exhibitors and contact persons for each; and list of 56 symposium participants. (MN)

This paper proposes an alternative approach to the traditional education paradigm that has prepared students for the old health care environment. In a changing health care environment, problem based learning (PBL) is achieving popularity primarily because educational outcomes parallel the skills and abilities desired of future clinicians and administrators. It is proposed that PBL strategies be woven into a core curriculum to meet accreditation criteria and simultaneously increase students' self-directed learning. The PBL model, such as that adopted by the graduate program in health administration at the University of Scranton (Pennsylvania), is an androgogical model that uses an understanding of the characteristics of the learner to: (1) construct opportunities for interactive and cooperative learning; (2) develop specific skills and competencies; and (3) create a realistic context within which new skills and abilities can be developed, implemented, reinforced, and refined. An action-oriented approach with feedback and greater student involvement leads to a self-directed program. This focus on the learner enables faculty, with a well designed curriculum, to foster life long learning and self-development while preparing students for a changing environment. (JLS)

This paper summarizes ongoing theoretical work and the findings of a recent research project in nursing and midwifery education to understand the problems encountered with using scientific knowledge in actual health care practice and to address these problems with educational program redesign. Case studies and mini-studies are used to investigate the ways in which theoretical knowledge is taught and linked to professional practice in a variety of curriculum slots in education settings and the ways in which the use of theory is introduced in service settings. Some methodologies were found to be more successful than others. The main reasons for problems in practice include little mediation of theory in service settings, lack of clarity about the facilitation and location of use of certain learning objectives, insufficient provision for mediation in the curriculum plan, and inappropriate teaching. But even good teaching over a sequence of sessions cannot ensure appropriate use of theory in practice if crucial links in the mediation chain are missing. Problems were found to be the greatest in the biological sciences, where both understanding the context and appreciating its relevance cause considerable difficulty. This difficulty is believed to be a failure to sufficiently articulate the curriculum demands of teaching for theory use in addition to theory comprehension. It is highly recommended that every pre-registration program have an overall plan for coordinating the theory with the practice. (Contains 23 references.) (NAV)

Between 1978 and 1980, qualitative and numerical data were collected in a health post facility located in Patzite, a rural village in highland Guatemala, in order to determine the effectiveness of rural health service delivery, including nutrition programs. Data were collected by: (1) interviews as to purposes and goals of general health care; (2) case descriptions of the types of programs implemented, and the day-to-day operations of a rural health facility; and (3) measurements of health and nutritional status of health care recipients. Certain programs such as immediate care, child vaccinations and food supplemental programs provided immediate benefits to recipients. However, these benefits were contingent upon the personal characteristics of health care services personnel. Other programs such as health and nutrition care education appeared to have more subtle and long-term positive effects. The Guatemalan health care system is "dendritic" or a centralized system. There is essentially no local control, input or involvement. On the other hand, little or no personnel and resources are provided by the national government, resulting in inconsistencies, disrupted resources, and constantly changing personnel. (ALL)

The third in a series of international conferences on the problems of coping with the information explosion in the biomedical literature, this conference was held to explore certain aspects of the small core libraries recommended at previous meetings. Such libraries would be set up in developing countries and contain highly selective materials relevant to the information needs of each country. The 15 papers in this collection are grouped as: (1) the historical background of the connection between medical education and libraries; (2) the current state of medical school libraries in developing countries and the problems they face; (3) methods and technologies appropriate for selectivity in libraries; (4) global networks and other information services in support of health science libraries; (5) the education and training of medical librarians; and (6) the suggestions of participants for a project (or projects) for the establishment of selective libraries in a number of medical and other health science schools in developing countries. A brief introduction and a list of the participants are included. (LMM)

This report of a conference on guidance school education contains papers from plenary and concurrent sessions, information on the Council of Graduate Schools' (CGS) business meeting, and on awareds presentations, copies of the CGS constitution and bylaws, and a CGS member institution list. Papers and presenters are as follows: "The Graduate Degree in a College of Dentistry" (William M. Feagans); "The Graduate Degree in Nursing" (Helen K. Grace); "The Graduate Degree in the Allied Health Professions" (Richard Gutekunst); "The View from the Graduate Dean's Perspective" (Lowell Greenbaum); "Assuring Mastery" (Suzanne Reid-Williams); "Minority Students--Master's Programs" (John K. Beadles; Mary Ann Carroll); "CGS Project on the Role and Nature of the Doctoral Dissertation: Progress Report" (Gordon Maclachlan); "The Question of Minority Scholarship" (Joyce Ladner); "The Labor Market Implications of Lengthening Doctorate Completion Time" (Howard Tuckman); "Time to Complete the Doctoral Degree: The Berkeley Experience" (Joseph Duggan); "The Birth of a New Academic Partnership at the Johns Hopkins University Montgomery County Center" (Edgar Roulhac); "University of Maryland at Shady Grove in Montgomery County, Maryland" (Harley A. Cloud); "Teaching Assistant Unions" (Madelyn M. Lochkart); "TA Unionization at the University of British Columbia" (Peter Suedfeld; Catherine Urquhart); "Shaping a Public View of Graduate Education" (Lee Daniels; Anthony Flint); "Students, Scholars and Stress: The Relationship between Graduate Students and Their Programs" (Leonard L. Baird); and "New Developments in the GRE" (Carlotte V. Kuh). (LPT)

This publication, issued twice per year, includes proceedings from Two-Year College Chemistry Conferences and papers of special interest to the two-year college chemistry teacher. Both chemical safety in the laboratory and the integration of laboratory work with teaching are discussed. Also discussed are topics related to the teaching of first-year general chemistry and second-year organic chemistry. Additional topics include allied health chemistry and chemistry for the nonscience student. (MH)

Intended for parents and educators, the conference proceedings focus on the influence of the nutritionist, social worker, and public health nurse on the feeding of the deaf-blind child. Included are entries with the following titles: "Improving Nutrient Supply for Deaf-Blind Children" (J. Heffley), "Nutritional Care for the Handicapped" (M. Chetty), "Caring for the Deaf-Blind Child--Its Effects and Implications for Parents and Professionals" (M. Yu), and "The Deaf-Blind Child and the Special Nurse" (J. Horsley). (SBH)

Papers collected in this volume were prepared for and presented at a conference designed to (1) develop improved information on the status of women as health care providers in the United States and selected countries and (2) provide for consideration by an international audience, strategies used in other countries to improve the status and participation of women as health care providers which might be adapted for use in the United States. Topics include approaches to correcting the underrepresentation of women in the health care professions; improving the utilization of women in health occupations in which they are numerically well represented; organization of nurses and allied health and support personnel; new roles for women in health care delivery; and the role of women in health care decisionmaking. A list of conference participants provides their professional addresses. Summary viewpoints of some conference participants reflecting the needs of women health care workers and consumers are included along with a copy of the conference program. (LAS)

The author focuses on a number of key issues which appear to be common to a variety of alcohol treatment programs which have as their intention the amelioration of alcohol problems. The aim in this paper is to call attention to these issues and to discuss their implications for the manner in which health care workers think about alcohol problems, their effect on staff relationships, and the manner in which the staff decides to provide services. In short, the author suggests that the solutions to problems are not independent of how they are perceived, and one may learn more about alcohol problems by not focusing on them per se, but on how care workers think about them. Issues under examination include: (1) organizational self-preservation; (2) the physical setting and environment as a significant impact on an organizations' processing of its clientele; (3) the displacement of goals by an organization; (4) the biases of health care providers; (5) social stratification variables as they affect one's perception of problems; and (6) the effect of suggestion, label, variability, and labeler on the deviance-defining process. (Author/PC)

Major changes are taking place in restructuring allied medical education, and we must be diligent participants in making these changes because we want quality--not "future schlock." National allied medical subcommittees are busily at work on changes for common courses and career mobility, continuing education, equivalency and proficiency examinations, instructor preparation, Federal and State legislation, research, terminology, fees for accreditation, and institutional and geographic approaches to program accreditation. A Joint Council for the Accreditation of Allied Health Education is proposed, and a new National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences has been formed. Studies of allied health education and accreditation are being completed to facilitate improvements in allied health education. Standards are being reviewed, with the objectives of consolidating them for effectiveness and to cut down on the costs in time and money. Surveys visits are being reviewed to study the feasibility of consolidating them, so there will be fewer site visits and more services in consultation and guidance. All of education is changing rapidly toward what we hope will be a learning process in which the student will learn more in less time. (Author)

The history of allied health occupations is one of increasing service to patients, especially by providing specialized services in selected parts of patient care with or under the direction and supervision of physicians. The AMA and 28 collaborating organizations accredit educational programs for 24 allied medical occupations, and are ready to do more to help Wisconsin improve its allied health educational programs. Wisconsin needs more efficient and more productive allied health educational programs for physician support personnel so that more people will get more and better health and medical services. A master plan is needed for allied health education to interdigitate the many kinds of institutions which provide allied health educational programs. Vocational education (Career education) can be a respectable and respected component of the total education available to students, and appropriate academic credit should be granted. (A list of AMA-accredited medical education programs at 53 institutions in Wisconsin is attached.) (Author)

Rural people lose more days of school and work due to illness than do urban people; have higher infant mortality rates, and have more work-related injuries, all of which are aggravated by lack of access to or even the absence of medical services. Lack of doctors is the most glaring problem (in 1973 there were 138 U.S. counties which had no physician). Other rural health problems include farming injuries (the third most hazardous occupation) and inadequate or unsanitary water supply and disposal systems (according to a 1969-70 study, 30,000 rural communities need new or improved water systems). Recent legislative attempts to redress rural health problems have been less than successful (i.e., the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 which earmarked only 20 percent of its funds for rural areas, even though slated for high priority). Examination of a recent survey comparing urban and rural Federal health allocations reveals an urban bias. In view of these problems, consideration should be given to: (1) paraprofessional programs, (2) mobile health delivery systems, (3) self-help programs, (4) networks of clinics created around a hospital center, and, especially (5) to a Federal commitment that will create special rural health programs and redress the current imbalance in Federal allocations. (JC)

A community psychiatric team intimately involved themselves in evaluative research predicting the significant reduction of dysfunctional client behaviors. Following completion of the study team members responded to a 26 item Staff Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) determining clinicians' feelings of competence, attitudes about research, and acceptance of the behavioral approach adopted during the project. The responses on the SAQ indicated the team members (1) began to feel competent in coping with and changing client behaviors, (2) expressed favorable attitudes regarding evaluative research and (3) had accepted and adopted the behavioral model in their daily clinical practice after the project was completed. It was concluded that program research which closely involves clinicians in the planning and evaluation stages is likely to lead to changes in clinical practice. (Author)

The symposium report focuses on an upgrading program (designed by the Consortium for Occupational Therapy Education) to develop alternate routes to credentialled education and training, resulting in opening up occupational therapy career opportunities to young people. The consortium was composed of four New York State hospitals, two academic institutions, the New York State Departments of Health and Mental Hygiene, the American Occupational Therapy Association, and the National Committee on Employment of Youth. The document provides a transcript of symposium speeches, panel discussions, and question and answer sessions. The first session dealt with two questions: (1) How can we divise greater flexibility and secure faster decision making in the colleges in areas such as scheduling, course development, and structuring courses that are more job relevant? (2) How do you integrate in a work study model, classroom education, supervised field work, and employment? The state of the art of health manpower planning was considered in the luncheon session, and the concluding session dealt with issues in employment. (MW)

The focus of this presentation is on innovative human services which psychologists of the future may provide and which hopefully will improve the quality of life. Several suggestions are made regarding some relevant characteristics of quality of life. Economic affluence and level of consumption are not considered in this regard. Felt quality of life is considered predictable from a multiple correlation whose predictor variables include: (1) an emotionally stable and socially nurturant infancy and early childhood; (2) an interesting and challenging way of contributing to one's livelihood in the world of work; (3) reasonable security from random or capricious blows of fate and from irrational handicaps and hurdles based on racial, sexual and other prejudices; (4) pleasant and nurturant physical and social surroundings; (5) a sense of identity; (6) self-respect; and, (7) a feeling that one has reasonable control of one's life direction. It is noted that although traditionally psychologists have focused attention on individual behavior, there has been in recent years an enormous increase in the number of service-providers in psychology. The professionals are expected to become more numerous in the future; the scientists are regarded as destined to decrease both in numbers and resources. (Author/JM)

The Area Health Education Centers Program (AHEC) Conference, sponsored by 11 universities holding federal contracts for the support of AHEC, considered issues relating to decentralized and regionalized health professional education. The participants discussed regionalization and educational program development; interdisciplinary program development; AHEC governance; the relationship of AHEC and regional education to health services institutions; and some future perspectives of AHEC. (JMF)

This report documents the speeches and recommendations made at the conference on Health Promotion and Health Education in Early Childhood. An introduction, which discusses the purpose of the conference, is followed by a speech entitled, "Community and Professional Responsibility for Health Promotion in Early Childhood." This speech focuses on a system for preventive services for young children and community intervention. "A Systems View of Intervention and Its Implications for Promoting the Health of Young Children" defines the systems view and than goes on to relate it to the health of young children. The next speech is entitled "An Ecological Approach to Promoting Dental Health in Young Children.""The Psychosocial Basis for Health Education of Young Children" touches upon three areas: systemic models, a gap between psychosocial concepts and the area of general health behavior, and a theoretical paradigm known as the health belief model. This is followed by "Building Community Programs to Promote Child Health Through Multidisciplinary Teams." The final speech predicts what the current directions in educational programs for young children will be like. A summary by the conference chairman is included followed by recommendations obtained at the conference regarding health education. (SK)

The large inflow of Foreign Medical Graduates (FMGs) into the U.S. is cited and four issues discussed. They are: (1) the belief that the FMG is less qualified than the U.S. medical graduate and thus contributes to the decline in quality of medical care; (2) the loss of scarce manpower from less developed countries that have greater needs than the U.S. for medical care and for physicians; (3) the lessening of opportunity for large numbers of U.S. citizens to become physicians; and (4) if trends continue, then together with the recently increased capacity of U.S. medical schools, there will be an oversupply of physicians in the U.S. which could lead to adverse competitive behavior, unnecessary care, and higher costs. Each of these concerns is examined together with several alternatives for alleviating each concern and the probable consequences of each alternative. It is concluded that the differential effects of a reduction in FMGs alone does not appear to be the solution to any of the issues, nor is it realistic. The differential effects of a reduction in FMGs on the population they serve may more than outweigh any benefits from such arbitrary reductions. (LBH)

In devising training programs for gerontological service providers in Pennsylvania, attention was focused on determining to what extent inservice training improved the quality of or skill with which services were ultimately delivered. The Gerontology Manpower Project is recommending a client or consumer-oriented approach, as evidenced by project research. Four participant groups of institutional geriatric mental health workers, representing various sections of the State, were identified. An environmental therapy program was presented to one group, while the other three groups received basic gerontology information; two of the groups received an expanded program. Evaluation relied on pre- and post-testing for attitude changes and increased knowledge, subjective reactions of trainees and trainers, and agency assessments. Two factors which were predictors of change were the agency's philosophy of aging as it affects care for the aged and the degree of structure existing in the organization/agency. Interpretation of the results led project staff to believe that some degree of structure is needed for trainees to implement new learning and new approaches. The individual trainee needs to be considered in relationship to the job performed and the institutional setting and needs to be actively involved in determining the training objectives and training process. (EA)

This document is a collection of 17 papers on theoretical issues in health education presented at the Dorothy Nyswander International Symposium. The introduction, entitled "Theory and Practice in Health Education: A Synthesis," attempts to highlight some of the features of these papers and their relevance for health education practice. The papers show a diversity in subject matter and scope and include such subjects as health education in the medical care setting, community organization, and educational diagnosis. Several papers examine various theoretical concepts and their applicability to health education practice. The papers emphasize people and the predominant position they play in decisions about their own health actions. Another common characteristic of the papers is the emphasis on precision in the delineation and analysis of whatever aspects of health education are under consideration (defining health education, causes affecting the individual or group behavior, analysis of data, program planning and methods, evaluation, training, and administrative framework). Yet another characteristic of the papers is the emphasis on theory or the ways to use theory in the practical implementation of programs. (BD)

Presenting summaries of the speeches and panel and audience discussions at the Conference on Rural Health Services in Nevada (Reno, 1974), these proceedings include the following: (1) Introduction ("The objective of this Conference was to get the providers together with the consumers to discuss problems of health services in rural Nevada and to set some priorities in what can be done to get better health services to these areas."); (2) Speech by Governor O'Callaghan, Keynote Speaker (emphasis on local accountability and the conflicts which exist between providers and consumers as perceived in transactional analysis terms); (3) "Getting Physicians to Rural Areas" (presents characteristics describing the rural physician and the rationale cited by physicians who leave rural areas); (4) "Consumer Health Education" (describes Oregon's plan for extension health education involving the community development agent, the agricultural agent, and the county home economist working with all related health personnel in their areas); (5) "Increasing Health Manpower Through Alternatives" (seven arguments are presented for expanding and developing the new health practitioner professions--physician assistants, nurse practitioners, health associates, medex, etc.); (6) "Emergency Medical Programs" (describes development of Nevada's Emergency Medical Service). (JC)

One area of communication education that is ripe for growth is that of health communication, where human communication knowledge is adapted to the demands of health care practice. The development of interdisciplinary communication programs such as curricula in health communication can begin to bridge the gap in knowledge between different disciplines and provide epistemological gains for both health care scholars and communication scholars. Problems and issues in the delivery of health care such as lack of patient compliance, misunderstandings and miscommunications between practitioners and patients, unrealistic expectations by both patients and health professionals, and insensitivity in helper-patient relationships are explored in health communication courses. Human communication training, focusing on the relationship between health care and human interaction, can provide the impetus necessary to facilitate in health care professionals both an appreciation for the importance of human communication, and the development of effective health communication skills. (HOD)

The need for the incorporation of training in geriatrics and gerontology into basic medical and dental education has recently been recognized. Existing studies which attempt to measure the attitudes of medical and dental students toward the aged are extremely limited. As part of a larger study of attitudes and knowledge among 500 health workers, the attitudes and knowledge of over 275 dental and medical students are examined, at different stages in their professional education, using Rosencranz and McNevin's "Aging Semantic Differential" and Palmore's "Short Quiz on Facts on Aging." The course of medical and dental education displays no significant deterioration or improvement in attitudes toward the aged. Multivariate analysis reveals a complex relationship between knowledge and attitude scores. Preliminary findings suggest that technically oriented professional education may have little impact on student attitudes. (Author)

The process of implementing Goal Attainment Scaling at the Reno Veterans' Administration Center Mental Health Service, where it had never been employed and where most of the staff had never heard of the technique, is described. The difficulties of introducing a unique measurement instrument such as Goal Attainment Scaling into an existing system are presented, together with the theoretical issues surrounding the use of Goal Attainment Scaling and the many practical problems that arise with any attempt to implement innovations in existing systems. This report describes in detail the method of implementation, the specific problems encountered, and the actions taken in response to those problems. The concluding section provides an account, based on follow-up interviews, of the overwhelming positive response of the patients to the implementation of Goal Attainment Scaling. (Author)

The proceedings of the 1978 Legislative Work Conference of the Southern Regional Education Board include eight essays on higher education. In the first essay, "Financing Higher Education in the 1980's: Fewer Students, More Dollars?," Lyman A. Glenny outlines nine issues that may affect fixed and variable costs for higher education. In "Public Policy and Private Higher Education," David W. Breneman presents his views on federal and state policies affecting private higher education. He sees possibilities for the South that are effectively unavailable to the rest of the nation. In "The Bakke Decision and State Legislatures," Robert M. O'Neil focuses on implications of the Supreme Court decision for state policymakers. In "Supply and Distribution," Frank A. Sloan outlines some of the policies that have been tried or are being considered by states to influence the distribution of health manpower. In "Supply: Changing the Focus to Health Care Delivery," Gordon H. DeFriese describes several specific programs that states now have in operation and that have promise for delivering health care services to rural areas. Robert R. Martin, a college president turned legislator, and Max Sherman, a legislator turned college president, present their views on higher education in "Capitol and Campus.""Competency Testing's Policy Implications for Teacher Training," by Charles B. Reed, remarks by West Virginia Governor John D. Rockefeller, IV, and remarks by Virginia Governor John N. Dalton are also presented. (SW)

The purposes of this conference were to clarify the role of health educators, to identify institutional responsibilities in credentialing health educators, to examine the credentialing process as it applies to the preparation of health educators, and to establish criteria for the entry-level health educator. Participants, health educators from various practice settings, were also asked to consider the responsibilities of the health educator in relation to healthy people. Brief summaries are presented of the discussion groups' comments on: (1) the role of the generic, entry-level health educator; (2) certification of the health educator; (3) program accreditation; (4) institutional and personal implications of role delineation and credentialing; and (6) health educators and disease prevention/health promotion objectives for the United States. Speeches presented at the conference addressed: (1) an historical perspective on professional preparation; (2) national objectives in disease prevention/health promotion (3) regulatory programs governing the certification of health professionals; (4) the progress of the Role Delineation Project, initiated to promote a unified approach by health professionals to their duties and responsibilities; (5) certification of community health educators; (6) certification of health educators in medical care; (7) implications of certification and accreditation standards for school health education and for institutions and programs; and (8) recommendations for future action, options, and opportunities. Recommendations generated by the three-day conference are included along with background papers and events leading to this conference. (JD)

This conference report presents research strategies and ethical considerations concerning consumer participation in the health care process. Section 1, background, lists the beginnings of self-care in health, the programs that have sprung up, and their supporting organizations, and the medical tasks performed by the consumers in those programs. Section 2, proceedings, defines consumer self-care, explains research strategy, topics and particulars, and ethical considerations. The summary of recommendations proposes four areas of research: (1) the parameters of self-care (short-term research is suggested), (2) consumer-oriented research (a national survey is recommended which would be supplemented by a review of literature on consumers coping), (3) health care provider research (the role of the provider, the assessment of him, and a review of his education, and (4) demonstrations (the settings and populations are described). (Appended are four papers dealing with the concept of caring in the self-care movement, an international perspective of self-care, the health beliefs of the U.S. population, and research and demonstration issues in self-care. The paper on research and demonstration includes 146 references.) (VB)

The Indian Health Committee met in Aberdeen, South Dakota, during the week of May 23, 1977 to (1) review the environmental health services provided to the tribal units on the 15 Indian reservations located in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Iowa, and (2) make recommendations for improvement or expansion of current programs, if needed. The Committee observed conditions on the Fort Berthold, Standing Rock, Cheyenne River, Lower Brule, Crow Creek, Winnebago, Yankton, Santee, Rosebud, and Pine Ridge Indian Reservations. Service unit facilities and staff were visited at Turtle Mountain, Eagle Butte, Winnebago, Yankton, Rosebud, Pine Ridge, and Rapid City. Observations were made on the following specific facets of the environmental health programs reviewed by the Committee: accident control, solid and liquid waste disposal, water supply, institutional environmental health, sanitations at celebrations, zoonoses control (vector and vermin), housing and premises sanitation, epidemiology, and environmental health personnel. Among the recommendations were that: the staff be expanded; closer coordination between the Indian Health Service environmental health programs and state and Federal agencies having related concerns should be given priority attention; current efforts to encourage the development of appropriate sanitary codes and regulations and effective enforcement procedures by the tribal councils be continued. (NQ)

This report contains brief descriptions of seven evaluative efforts and outcomes of health education programs, some considerations of problems encountered in evaluating the programs, and detailed descriptions of two case studies: (1) a process evaluation of preoperative teaching and (2) a retrospective study of visiting nurse association use by patients with diabetes and ostomies. (TA)

A patient education evaluation project and how it applies or might be useful to other hospital settings is discussed in this paper. The following topics are included: United Hospitals (St. Paul, Minnesota); situation and approach to patient education; description of the patient education evaluation project, including design, criteria, and elements of the system (program objectives, measures, performance expectancies, weights [ranking of objectives], client descriptors, and the management report); and the system's use in other hospital settings. (TA)

Investigating ways to improve the delivery of health care services to rural residents through health planning and rural development activities was the purpose of the 1980 conference. Four topics addressed by the participants were chosen because of their importance to the rural health systems of western communities and because coordination of efforts in these areas would be beneficial. Topics included: the role of the rural hospital; health personnel in rural areas; rural health education; and special impacts affecting care. Research or position papers were presented on each topic, followed by group discussion and descriptions of instances where health planners and rural development specialists have been working together. Participants then formulated recommendations which were categorized according to policy development, coordination, and research activities. These proceedings present a brief summary of each of the four topic sessions and the recommendations developed at the conference. Appended is a list of conference participants. (AH)

As part of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program effort, the conference explored the implications and impact of the prevalence of hypertension in Spanish-speaking populations in California. Approximately 150 experts in health fields, representing all levels of government, public and private health care providers, consumers, and health care services in Mexico, attended workshops on the collection of hypertension data in the Spanish-speaking community, effective approaches for high blood pressure control, coordination of resources for high blood pressure control programs, educational approaches to high blood pressure control in the Spanish-speaking community, and legislation and hypertension control. Recommendations from the workshops included the following: schools providing professional health training (i.e., medical, dental, nursing schools) within a service area of large concentrations of Spanish-speaking Spanish surname populations must provide cross-cultural training including both bilingual and bicultural elements; legislation must be promoted to emphasize intensive multimedia, public education, and school programs in health education for the Spanish-speaking communities; and programs on weight and obesity, stress and anxiety avoidance, and general health awareness must be promoted among adolescents, with special emphasis on school-based programs. This summary report contains an overview of the material presented, an agenda, recommendations from each workshop, and an overview of each workshop. (NQA)

Proceedings of the November 1986 Workshop on Health Manpower Shortage Area (HMSA) Designation are presented. The workshop was designed to facilitate cooperative efforts among the different federal and state health agencies that are involved in the planning and delivery of health care services. The purpose of the workshop was to improve understanding and use of the HMSA designation criteria and guidelines and to solicit recommendations on how to improve the process and procedures. Contents include: a review of the mission and organization of the Health Resources and Services Administration, background information on health manpower shortage area designation, the current criteria for designating shortage areas, and the role of state agencies. Additional contents cover: trends in the geographic distribution and diffusion of physicians and the projected impact on the number of HMSAs and number needed; the involvement of the American Medical Association in the HMSA review process; problems with HMSA designation; federal and state programs related to HMSA designation; professional association involvement in the HMSA review process; and current efforts at revising HMSA criteria and guidelines. The workshop agenda and a list of participants are appended. (SW)

Proceedings of the March 1987 Workshop on Health Manpower Shortage Area (HMSA) Designation are presented. The workshop was designed to facilitate cooperative efforts among the different federal and state health agencies that are involved in the planning and delivery of health care services. Contents include: a review of the mission and organization of the Health Resources and Services Administration, background information on health manpower shortage area designation, the current criteria for designating shortage areas, and the role of state agencies. Additional contents cover: trends in the geographic distribution and diffusion of physicians; current criteria and guidelines for designating HMSAs; methods employed by state agencies in geographic HMSA designation; federal programs related to HMSA designation; the National Health Service Corps; the involvement of professional associations in the HMSA process/data; methods employed by state agencies in population group HMSA designation; state programs involved in HMSA designation; and current developments in HMSA designations. Appended are a workshop agenda and a list of participants. (SW)

Five agencies of the Public Health Service (PHS) joined with PHS Hispanic employees and other Hispanic health specialists to commemorate Hispanic Heritage Week by critically examining health issues of particular relevance to Hispanics. The first day the forum sought to define, from an Hispanic perspective, issues relating to health statistics, health manpower, health planning, utilization of health care, and health research. Following introductory statements and a keynote address, participants selected attendance at five workshops, where intensive deliberations took place. The workshops examined adequacy of the health care system in meeting needs of the Hispanic population, obstacles to development of Hispanic manpower in the health field, barriers to access and utilization of health services by Hispanics, Hispanic cultural factors in substance abuse and mental health, and some of the problems that must be solved for a more fruitful interaction between the Hispanic community and the National Institutes of Health. The second day was devoted to an overview of Hispanic culture, past and present. The forum closed with a panel discussion among four Hispanics from different geographical regions and orientations, pointing out differences and commonalities. Recommendations cover the five issue areas plus community and migrant health centers. Keynote addresses for each workshop are included, as well as a supporting bibliography of 345 references. (BRR)

Rural residents have traditionally received fewer essential health care services than their urban counterparts because of lack of coherent health care policy, institutional and regulatory impediments, and the special costs of delivering health care in a rural setting. Lack of adequate health services affects all rural residents, including children. With this in mind, health care providers, insurance representatives, state legislators, health care associations, and State Health Department and Social Services Department staffs convened a symposium in order to identify the key issues and outline a framework for improving health care policy and services for rural New Yorkers. This report contains highlights of four separate workshop discussions with the specific recommendations made by each group. All four workshop groups independently arrived at similar conclusions and recommendations about state policy, regulations and codes, communication and representation, joint ventures, research, finance, and personnel. Workshops recommended stimulating recruitment and retention of health care workers, providing more administrative backup, improving financial support, and providing dollar incentives in terms of taxes, insurance, and education. The report also describes the conerence setting history, and opening session, and contains a list of conference participants, resource contacts, and abstracts of the white papers prepared for the symposium. (DHP)