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Soil water content and understanding water dynamics is crucial for agricultural practice. Direct measurements of the soil moisture are being slowly replaced by the mathematical simulations and models. One of the most used models for the simulation of the soil moisture is the HYDRUS 1D model, which simulates how the water is transported through or within the soil profile. The soil water model HYDRUS can simulate water movement through a porous media during transient (irrigation) and steady state (between irrigations) conditions. Incorporating defined initial and boundary conditions as well as soil profile and soil hydraulic properties into the model enables HYDRUS to predict movement and location of water in unsaturated soil profile by solving the Richards equation. Subsurface drip irrigation systems, compared to other irrigation systems, enhance the delivery of water and nutrients directly into the root zone. However, in light-textured soils, certain quantities of water may leak out below the root zone due to the subsurface position of drip lines and/or poor management of irrigation systems. Our initial effort was therefore to create a model in which we would subsequently verify the location of the underwater drip irrigation in the given soil profile. The next step was to verify the equilibrium state during a simulated event (water pulse), the task was to verify predictions with the expected and real results that correspond to the measured data. Though this process still requiring further validation, these results suggest that it may be possible to engineer more water efficient and also to more effective irrigation scheduling, which when combined can increase water retention and subsequent crop water use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World is changing rapidly. We are facing new reality and challenges. New global and complex solutions are needed to adapt to future reality. Tasks about landscape are coming to the forward more and more. It is necessary to speak about role of landscape in our life. Many points of view need to take into account when we want to speak about landscape and changes which are waiting for us in next decades. Question for researchers is how to obtain the best data for the best suggestions and recommendations for policy makers. We have to think about ecology, environment, spatial planning, land use changes, climate changes, agricultural practice and many more when we want to find answers. We need to have wide range of monitoring and measurements to collect data about various indicators. We have to monitor soil properties, meteorological conditions and soil water regime, especially. These parameters often influence another spheres of landscape, mainly agriculture. This paper deals with landscape, practical side of landscape indicators monitoring. Integrated system of monitoring of the main fields of nature is shown in this paper at case study of the Nitra river catchment. We focused on soil properties, soil water regime and meteorology parameters monitoring. The whole system of collecting, processing, analyzing and interpreting of collected data is introduced in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permeable pavement represent one of the most important Low Impact Development (LID) techniques. It is usually used to reduce runoff volume, peak-flow and pollutant load. Although the lack of adequate modeling tools is a limiting factor in the diffusion of permeable pavements. The modeling of infiltration phenomena in porous medium is extremely complex due to his strongly unsaturated character. For this reason in this research a modeling application on an innovative permeable pavement in University of Calabria is presented. The HYDRUS-1D software has been used to simulate the infiltration phenomena involved for his capacity to correctly describe the hydrological behavior of porous medium under different boundary conditions. In particular a dualporosity model with a mass transfer equation has been applied. Several events have been used to assess the predictive performance of the HYDRUS model. The modeling results have been compared with the experimental data in terms of outflow using several statistical index. Results confirm the suitability of the HYDRUS model in predicting the hydrological behavior of permeable pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]