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Mostly the existing heart monitoring devices that were developed are mainly to monitor heart rate continuously. But among those, not many that include features concerning fall detection along with GPS tracking and GSM Module. Thus, the idea of this project is to develop a multi-purpose prototype that can detect the heart beat level in beats per minute (bpm). This feature will use a pulse rate sensor with the programming of Arduino Nano that will receive the input as well as sending out the output to Arduino UNO through a wireless module. The device will also include the fall detection using triple axis accelerometer and GPS tracking using the GPS module that can detect the current coordinate of the user. In addition, in order to send an immediate alarm to the relatives of the users, GSM module will be used that will send immediate text message or Short Message Service (SMS) regarding the location of the user as well as the heart rate values as the output. With the completion of this prototype, some cases where patients are about to be in a dangerous situation due to fall can be avoided and prevented, and help can arrive sooner than usual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been shown to enhance bone and cartilage regeneration from stem cells. Gene expression of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor can be increased in LIPUS-treated osteoblasts. The AT1 receptor is a known mechanoreceptor in cardiomyocytes. It suggests that LIPUS may enhance cardiomyogenesis via mechanotransduction by increasing AT1 expression. Murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were treated daily by 10-min 1MHz LIPUS at spatial-average temporal-peak acoustic intensities of 30 mW/cm2 and 300 mW/cm2 in both continuous and pulsed wave (20% duty cycle) for 10 days. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunocytochemistry, and beating rate were used to evaluate the cardiac viability quantitatively. After the treatment of LIPUS, beating rate of contractile areas and cardiac gene expression, such as α- and β-myosin heavy chain, were improved. Furthermore, no deleterious effects to the development of cardiac proteins were observed. All results suggest that LIPUS stimulation has the capacity of enhancing cardiomyogenesis from embryonic stem cells. With the benefit and the ease in incorporating LIPUS into various culture platforms, LIPUS has the potential to produce cardiomyocytes for clinical use in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the hearts of mammals and birds, a system of nodes and fast-conducting tissues govern the activation pattern that induces myocardial contractions. We have previously shown that the atrioventricular conduction axis, consisting of the atrioventricular junction and the ventricles, is evolutionary conserved. From fish to man, the embryonic heart is patterned into compartments by the same genes. It has a muscular and slow conducting atrioventricular canal (Tbx2/3 positive) and a spongy ventricle (Cx40 and Anf positive) that serves the dual purpose of fast conduction and contraction. This design is maintained in fishes, amphibians and reptiles, whereas mammals and birds develop a fibrous insulating plane, thick compact ventricular walls and septum and, hence, form a discrete ventricular (His-Purkinje) conduction system from the embryonic spongy ventricle. Our understanding of the cardiac pacemaker, seen as a sinus node in mammals, is less clear. Most vertebrates have myocardium upstream of the right atrium (atrium in fishes) called the sinus venosus. It remains disputed if the dominant pacemaker of the heart is a property of the sinus venosus in entirety or of a specialised subset of sinus venosus myocardium. In the anole lizard the sinus venosus consists of three sinus horns that together equal the size of the right atrium. We investigated the electrical activation of the sinus venosus with optical mapping. Activation was earliest in the posterior sinus horn and then spread to the anterior sinus horns both of which are guarded by valves at the sinus-venous border. Later, the atria were activated from the dorsal sinu-atrial border, where the sinus node of mammals and birds is located. This region expressed the conserved sinus node markers Isl1 and Tbx3. We conclude that chambers and border regions of the vertebrate heart have highly similar patterns of gene expression and phenotypes, and that the cardiac conduction system simply follows from this building plan. Consequently, modifications rather than novelties characterise cardiac evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular and genetic studies around the turn of this century have revolutionized the field of cardiac development. We now know that the primary heart tube, as seen in the early embryo contains little more than the precursors for the left ventricle, whereas the precursor cells for the remainder of the cardiac components are continuously added, to both the venous and arterial pole of the heart tube, from a single centre of growth outside the heart. While the primary heart tube is growing by addition of cells, it does not show significant cell proliferation, until chamber differentiation and expansion starts locally in the tube, by which the chambers balloon from the primary heart tube. The transcriptional repressors Tbx2 andTbx3 locally repress the chamber-specific program of gene expression, by which these regions are allowed to differentiate into the distinct components of the conduction system. Molecular genetic lineage analyses have been extremely valuable to assess the distinct developmental origins of the various component parts of the heart, which currently can be unambiguously identified by their unique molecular phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]