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Rural regions are confronted with several challenges, such as depopulation, overageing or a declining economic importance of the primary sector. Thus, innovative efforts are required to make such regions more attractive and to maintain and further develop social and physical infrastructure. HORIZON 2020 project LIVERUR aims at strengthening rural regions by expanding innovative business models set up as Living Labs, which are user-centred and open-innovation ecosystems. Living Labs establish a sustainable stakeholder partnership, where users, policy-makers, companies and researchers engage in a long-term collaboration. Within LIVERUR, suitable rural business models are identified and will be developed towards the Living Lab concept. Therefore, a framework with a criteria system with the most relevant LIVERUR topics was developed, following a literature review on important documents of the United Nations and EU as well as scientific publications. This criteria system focuses on four main criteria: 1. Living Lab approach, 2. Economic sustainability, 3. Social sustainability and 4. Ecological sustainability. Each criterion is supplemented with 3 to 6 concrete indicators, which help to create a comprehensive view on sustainable business models linked to the Living Lab approach. The results show 20 business models within 13 pilot regions, which are largely on a high level of development, but most of them still have potential for further development. The presented framework is easy in its application and helps to assess and illustrate business models regarding Living Lab and sustainability characteristics. It is also helpful to highlight a business model's potential for development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent progress on double resonance Raman spectroscopy and related optical properties of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is presented. The electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions for graphite and SWNTs are calculated within the tight-binding scheme. Optical absorption matrix element and phonon relaxation time calculations are consistent with experimental observations. © 2004 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We calculate the second order Raman spectra in graphite and compare it to recent measurements on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Electron-phonon interaction is calculated as the inner product of the amplitude of vibration with the deformation potential vector. The deformation potential vector is calculated by atomic basis functions and the potential fitted by Gaussians. When we include the electron-phonon matrix element, the peak positions and the shapes agree well with the experimental results. The characteristic double peak structure of the G′ band in HOPG is reproduced well. © 2004 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we discuss the resonant Raman process in nanographites and carbon nanotubes, relating the most important Raman features to a first-order (single resonance) or a second-order (double resonance) process. We also show that, in the case of 1D systems, the term “resonance” has a more strict meaning and occurs when the energy of the photon does not simply coincide with the energy of a possible electron-hole pair, but rather matches the separation between van Hove singularities in the valence and conduction bands. © 2003 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disorder induced D band and its overtone, the D* band (not disorder induced, sometimes also called G') in the Raman spectrum of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were investigated theoretically and experimentally. The measured peak positions vs. laser excitation energy (E[SUBlaser]) exhibit an oscillation superimposed on a linear shift. We have shown theoretically that the D-band intensity of an isolated SWCNT has a sharp maximum when E[SUBlaser] of either the incoming or the scattered photon matches a van Hove (vH) singularity in the joint density of states. Calculating the D and D* bands of a bundle of over 100 different SWCNTs both the shift and the oscillation in the experimental spectra were reproduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]