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Glucose toxicity is a well-established being that has been proven in higher vertebrates. The goal of this the present study was to elucidate the response of farming fish gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio to waterborne sucrose in low (5.55 mM, LS) and high (55.5 mM, HS) concentrations for 21 days mimicking carbohydrate-enrich diet. An increase in blood glucose levels, body mass and hepatosomatic indices were the common sign for both concentrations of sucrose. The treatment with low concentration of sucrose provoked prominent manifestations of oxidative stress traits, namely enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin in the liver. In contrast, exposure of fish to HS induced the oppression of stress response: the decreasing the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation, accompanied by the elevation of DNA strand break, depletion of cholinesterase activity and enhancing of glycated hemoglobin. Treatment of carp with HS caused 50% mortality for 21 days. Substantially that hyperglycemia in LS and HS groups were accompanied by significant upregulation of stress-related proteins metallothioneins in the liver. Overall, gibel carp represents the prospective model for study hyperglycemia mechanisms and consequences in vertebrates. The appropriate level of carbohydrate in the diet of the farming fish is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global burden of diabetes has elevated significantly during last decades. It has highly been appreciated that appropriate animal models that familiarly resemble the hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes are urgently needed for understanding and seeking of concepts cover biochemical and molecular mechanism implicated early in the development and progression of the disease. To this purpose we studied the response of Cyprinus carpio red blood cells (RBC) to high glucose exposure in vitro and potentials of medicinal herbs (Polymnia (Smallanthus) sonchifolia, Catharanthus roseus, Momordica charantia) and zinc-containing compounds against glucose toxicity. The results have shown that the glucose treatment was capable to cause the oxidative stress, and enhance the rate of hemolysis. When glucose-treated RBC were probed with tested compounds, specific response to different co-exposures, but similar to compatible compounds was disclosed. Zinc picolinate in general had no effect on the studied parameters except of TBARS and hemolysis, then ZnO nanoparticles made glucose effects more profound. P. sonchifolia didn’t provoke significant variation of investigated parameters with one exception when compared to glucose-treated cells. Momordica which is well-known nutraceutical with metabolic and antiglycemic effects and tested Catharanthus roseus both in herbal extract form and green synthetized ZnO nanoparticle have caused the decreased in TBARS and rate of hemolysis, and the increased in catalase and glutathione up to control baseline. These results have pointed to the necessity of further investigations of antihyperglycemic activity of Momordica and Catharanthus and mechanistic explanation of their potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]