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The distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) effectively describes the nonlinear and delayed effects in time-series investigations about some environmental exposures and health outcomes. In DLNM, nonparametric smooth functions are employed to fit the delayed nonlinear relationships between the continuous predictors and the count-dependent variable. This study focused on the cubic B-splines and cubic polynomials as reparameterization tools for these smooth functions. Furthermore, for each scenario, we apply two frameworks of the DLNM, including the classical DLNM and the penalized DLNM. A simulation study is undertaken to evaluate how well these proposed models perform, using criteria such as mean squared errors, mean absolute errors, and AIC. The penalized DLNM with a B-spline basis achieves the best performance in predicting the outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean water and good sanitation are the main basic needs as one of the supports for human health, and cannot be separated. Every living thing that consumes water and food as energy needs for activities will eventually produce waste. About 80% of clean water use turns into wastewater. If not managed properly, wastewater will have an impact on environmental aspects and human health. The problem that occurs today is that wastewater management has not been fully implemented in various parts of the world, especially in rural areas in developing countries. This is because developing countries are experiencing major problems in the social and economic fields. As an effort to overcome poor sanitation systems in various rural areas, especially in developing countries, Safe Water Garden (SWG) technology was introduced. SWG is a simple sanitation system (cost per unit only 4 million to serve 1-10 Families) that combines a septic tank and a 2x3 meter infiltration field (as recommended by Safe Water Gardens Pte Ltd.). In general, the treatment system, named SWG, has 4 main components, namely a closed tank, an infiltration field (garden), an interconnected piping system, and a dishwasher which is separate from the main system. As a further effort to reduce the need for costs, research was carried out at 30 SWG planning locations in Nagrak Village to identify cost requirements that could be adjusted to be efficient. Based on this, the SWG garden with a recommended area of 2x3 meters can be adjusted by considering land conditions and the amount of wastewater generated. In making these adjustments, a soil percolation test was carried out which refers to SNI 2389:2017 concerning procedures for planning a septic tank with advanced processing (infiltration wells, infiltration fields, up-flow filters, sanitary ponds) and calculation of wastewater generation that will enter the SWG system, so that efficient garden area calculations can be carried out. The results of this study reveal that as many as 25 SWGs can be built with less than the recommended garden size, 2 SWGs are in accordance with the recommended garden size, and 3 SWGs should be built with a larger recommended garden size. Therefore, taking into account the soil percolation rate and the amount of wastewater generated at the planning stage can provide efficiency to the SWG construction costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental determinants of health that were gathered from Barcelona city are presented in this research as a fine-grained dataset. This dataset contains a variety of statistics regarding several environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, pressure, wind, green and blue space, among other factors related to human activity like physical activity, alcohol consumption, eating habits and other. The data has been thoroughly pre-processed and exploratory data analysis has been performed to uncover concealed patterns within the dataset, leading to the identification of specific factors that have exerted a direct influence on mental well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve early diagnosis, prompt intervention, and remote patient care, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are crucial for the healthcare industry. WBANs provide real-time monitoring of patients' vital signs. Physiological parameters are monitored by small, wearable devices or sensors that make up a wireless body area network (WBAN). WBANs are used in the military, sports, entertainment, healthcare, and entertainment industries. They allow for ongoing observation, remote data access, and better patient care. Interference, power use, data encryption, and user identification are obstacles nonetheless. The development of algorithms, protocols, and hardware solutions to improve WBAN performance and security is the subject of ongoing research. WBANs have a bright future since they could revolutionize environmental interaction and health monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is one of the purest types of energy and is regarded as a green energy source. Solar energy benefits include reduced carbon emissions, no need for fossil fuels, long-term solar resources and shorter payback period. Solar energy, like other forms of energy, has various safety, health and environmental (SHE) issues. The research scope is limited to solar panel manufacturing companies and solar panel industries. The first objective is to address the SHE impact of solar energy technology, particularly PV modules, on human activity sustainability. The second objective is to suggest possible ways to reduce the effect of potential hazards of widespread use of PV modules. The third objective is to conduct a survey in order to determine the most feasible recommendation for mitigating the impact of the possible risk of widespread use of PV modules. The first and second objectives is met through the synthesis of theories and concepts through the literature review. For the third objective, a questionnaire survey was performed among Malaysia solar panel manufacturing sectors and solar panel companies, with 60 responses. Conjoint analysis is used to analyse the data gathered for the third objective. According to the result, respondents are exposed to various kinds of chemical compounds during manufacturing and decommissioning process. 85% of the respondents strongly agrees that all of the suggested recommendation are required to be executed as soon as possible. This analysis identifies potential environmental burdens. There are both negative and positive socioeconomic consequences. This article also recommended to conduct an interview with individuals involved in the manufacture and disposal of PV modules to obtain more accurate research findings and understand the genuine condition of employees. For future improvement, conducting a thorough examination of each recommendation that can be implemented in the current scenario in order to obtain a specific solution that reflects the current situation and specifies future research on employees in the PV module manufacturing and disposal industries are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadequate management of medical waste represents one of the current environmental challenges facing the planet, being a major contributor to the emergence of waste in water bodies, soil erosion, and air pollution from contaminating gasses. In Peru, although medical waste management is gaining increasing importance and interest as a health management issue, information on environmental impact measurement strategies conducted in the country remains very limited. Therefore, this work aims to highlight the current constraints of the medical waste management system in Peru, identify and select environmental management alternatives, and promote future research. Through a qualitative methodological design of research/action type, the Leopold Matrix is utilized to assess the environmental impact generated in a hospital in the country, alongside a literature review concerning current environmental challenges to propose strategies for mitigating the current environmental effects resulting from these impacts. Consequently, alternative technologies are presented, which should be identified as potential solutions and adapted to the various regimes and/or limitations of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provision of drinking water for the community plays a significant role in improving public/environmental health. Clean water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing. Consumed drinking water can be polluted, and contamination can occur from the raw water source or during processing. To check the quality of a water sample, we can take an example and test it in the laboratory. This, of course, takes a long time and could be more efficient. Therefore, this study aims to design and build a water quality monitoring system based on the Internet of Things so that it can get data faster in real time and accurately. The method used in this research is the experimental method, namely by designing the tool's build, installing the equipment, making the program, and conducting a trial program to be applied to the device to get the desired performance. pH, ORP, DO, and EC sensors are used to measure the quality of PDAM water. The controller used is Raspberry Pi. Water sampling uses a sensor probe that can be immersed directly into the water at the sample point to be measured. Data from sensors is transmitted simultaneously to the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi program is designed with the JavaScript programming language. Furthermore, the sensor data will be sent to the cloud via Raspberry Pi using the MQTT protocol to monitor drinking water quality data remotely via a smartphone connected to the internet network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motorcycle population continues to increase along with population and economic growth. High flexibility is a strong reason for motorcycle enthusiasts. Phenomenon due to adverse effects on environmental health caused by exhaust emissions. Alcohol has properties similar to gasoline. The high octane number is believed to encourage low fuel consumption and environmentally friendly exhaust emissions. This study observes fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide and the purpose of the 110cc DOHC gasoline engine fueled by gasoline and alcohol-ethanol mixture. Alcohol ethanol used is 5 to 30% at intervals of 5% on a volume basis. Experimental results decrease fuel consumption, CO and HC emissions. This tendency occurs at the addition of 30% ethanol. The highest reduction in fuel consumption is 28.13%, the highest reduction in CO emissions is 83.36% by composition, and the highest reduction in HC emissions is 75.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health problem currently faced by Indonesia is stunting. Indonesia is ranked fifth in Asia. The incidence of stunting in Padang City, West Sumatra is 20.05. Food intake and disease history are direct factors that affect stunting. Meanwhile, the availability and consumption patterns, inadequate parenting, clean water and inadequate sanitation can indirectly trigger stunting This study aims to look at modeling the prevention of direct factors and non-stunting factors in children under five in the city of Padang. The analytical study used a case-control design in 3 urban villages, namely Balai Gadang Village, Aia Pacah Village, and Lubuk Minturun Village. The research sample was 90 cases and 90 controls. Primary data through Anthropometric Measurement, consumption of children, body weight and birth length, breastfeeding and complementary breastfeeding, health status, parenting style, hygiene parenting, and service access. Data analysis is univariate analysis, bivariate analysis multiple regression test. The modeling results show that there are risk factors together with the history of complementary feeding, infectious diseases and energy, and protein consumption and parenting, environmental health for children under five in Padang City. The most influential risk factor is insufficient energy intake. Stunting prevention modeling focuses on meeting energy and protein consumption factors, paying more attention to children under five, fighting infectious diseases, and improving environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest and land fires that occurred in Indonesia seemed to be an annual routine in the last twenty years. Payakumbuh City is the closest area to Riau Province affected by fires on forest and land. Nearly all members of the community feel the impact of forest and land fires, efforts that have been made in making policies on forest and land fires to protect the community have not been fully overcome. The purpose of this study is to solve the problem of the impact of forest fires as outlined in the formulation of environmental health policies in order to reduce the impact of haze in Payakumbuh City. This study uses a qualitative approach and to formulate an environmental health policy formulation the ideal policy cycle is carried out in the City of Payakumbuh in the community and health offices. With a population of 129,751 with a sample of 118 data collection techniques by distributing questionnaires to each of the related agencies and the community. Analysis of valid research instruments will be taken into items that are used as data collection tools and will be known after testing the validity / validity and reliability of the items, by testing. From the results of research on the impact of forest and land fires on health can be overcome by the existence of policy proposals that have been formulated. In handling the impact of forest fires extra power is needed, the formulation of the material is adjusted to the basic achievements in the formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, there is widespread worry regarding pesticide residues in various agricultural products. The primary contributor to the contamination of pesticide residues in vegetable fields is the overuse of pesticides to eradicate unwanted insects and diseases. This research aimed to understand the spatial distribution and evaluate the potential ecological health risk presented by ten different pesticide residues (organochlorine (OCh), organophosphate (OPh), and herbicide (Hc)) in the vegetable fields of Karo and Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra Province. This research was conducted in 2017. Soil sampling used a purposive sampling method. A total of 58 samples were taken in this study. According to the findings, the levels of the chemical, i.e., heptachlor, endosulfan, dieldrin, chlordane, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, mancozeb, propineb, paraquat, and glyphosate, were as follows (µg/kg): undetected, 0.07, 0.85, 0.44, 7.63, 395.08, 53.81, 528.15, and 342.90, respectively. The spatial distribution of pesticide residues of OCh, OPh, and Hc showed accumulation leading to low-lying regions. Health risk assessment shows adolescents and adults face a meager chance of developing cancer throughout their lives (total risk, TR<10−6). Because the Hazard Index (HI) is less than one, it is also not anticipated that there would be a detrimental influence on public health that is not carcinogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hand soap is essential during the COVID-19 pandemic for cleaning hands that are frequently used for activities such as touching the face, eyes, and nose. Hand soap contains mangrove leaf extract (Rhizophora mucronata L.), which contains a substance that weakens bacteria. This study aimed to determine the quality of hand soap production by performing organoleptic tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, and foam height measurements. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. In an experimental research method, four formulas were used. The results were tested by 15 Muara Gembong residents using an organoleptic test. It demonstrates that there are differences in the effect of different percentages of mangrove leaf extract (Rhizophora mucronata L.) on the quality of hand soap, namely organoleptic tests (texture, smell, color, and aroma) with a p-significance < 0.05 (0.008 < 0.05). SNI standards are met by the quality of hand soap as measured by pH (8.27), thickness (2216.25 cPs), and foam height (78.71 mm). Hand soap containing 0.02% mangrove leaf extract (Rhizophora mucronata L.) has a better organoleptic quality, according to Muara Gembong respondents, with an average score of 4.26. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miners' safety is crucial. Increasing revenues, reducing mining costs, and keeping workers safe require innovation. The paper proposes a method to monitor miner health and environmental health metrics. The real-time monitoring system is implemented using two modules. Mineworker safety is assured by an ESP-32-based system with a temperature sensor (DS18B20), humidity sensor (DHT11), pulse oximeter (MAX30100), and remote monitoring through ThingSpeak Cloud. The local web server and the ThingSpeak Cloud server continuously monitor hazardous gas emission using sensor (MQ2) also, temperature sensor (DHT11), and a light sensitivity sensor (LDR) for environmental monitoring. Successful IoT-based real-time monitoring of mine workers' health and environmental conditions is proposed here. The system also alerts the mine worker of crisis using a buzzer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current economic growth trend of growing urbanization has resulted in massive amounts of municipal trash and global energy consumption, which is a global challenge. Many cities in emerging countries, such as Iraq, have a worsening problem. Hence, the proper municipal waste management (MWM) system and innovating renewable energy alternatives are the primary issues to be addressed in Baghdad City. According the local government of Baghdad city, the daily waste rate produced is about 8 thousand tons, which equivalents to more than 3 million tons every year. Without recycling this quantity of waste can therefore become a danger to the environment. Therefore, this research developed a new framework are developed the experimental laboratory-test rig to study separation of waste, and Preparing a design study in the field of designing a station that converts waste into energy by combustion or anaerobic digestion of waste. The findings revealed that the suggested framework will also contribute to lowering environmental and public health challenges, as well as alleviating the power generating problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid development in a watershed affects surface and ground water sources. urbanization results in an increase in surface runoff and the volume of water that collects downstream of the watershed. best practice for water resources management is low impact development such as bioretention, vegetated roofs, rain barrels, vegetative swales, permeable pavements, and rainwater wetlands have been applied to reduce the adverse effects of urbanization such as flooding by reducing peak flow in the area. surface and thereby managing rainwater runoff. The aim of this study is to investigate the quality of wastewater originating from drainage canals. The research was conducted in Kali Item, Sunter North Jakarta Indonesia. The filter material used are vegetative soil, Quartz sand, zeolite, charcoal, pumice, and palm fiber. The research was conducted in two steps. The first step is to make a water treatment installation with a filtration system and the second steps of sample testing in the laboratory. Analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis. The results of the study show a physical analysis of water and chemistry analysis. The artificial bioretention tank consists of a watertight plastic cylinder measuring diameter 670 mm and height 800 mm with a filtration media of 50-60 cm high inside the box, leaving 20 cm to provide space and time for standing water during infiltration/absorption. The bioretention tank is equipped with an automatic water pump (electricity). The artificial bioretention will overcome the quality water of river water to obtain some clean water requirements Government standard. The water hardness and watercolor content still meets the requirements from Permenkes No. 32/2017 about Environmental Health Quality standards for Water Media for Sanitary Hygiene Needs. The water turbidity has not met the requirement, and pH water still meets the physical properties of drinking pH water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radon and its decay products constitute a potential environmental health hazard, and their measurement is therefore important. Indoor radon measurements were carried out in 20 dwellings at Madina in the La Nkwantanang Municipality, Greater Accra Region, during the dry season in Ghana in November 2019. The indoor radon concentrations ranged from 37.61±6.13 Bq/m3 to 334.30±18.28 Bq/m3. The mean indoor radon concentration was 151.51±14.71 Bq/m3, which exceeds the World Health Organization action level of 100 Bq/m3 and within the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reference level of 100 Bq/m3 - 300 Bq/m3. The annual effective dose ranged from 0.939 ± 0.02 mSv/yr to 8.35±2.88 mSv/yr, with an average of 3.78±0.37mSv/yr. Given that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, it is necessary to increase the public's awareness about the gas and take action to reduce its levels in homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a discussion of social health issues relevant to sustainable development. They are especially clear in the reproductive part of the labor force. As a result, the question of adaptation to other conditions of the natural and social environment arises. The most sensitive to a foreign culture are young people studying in educational institutions. Sustainability is associated with such a concept as "social health". The article clarifies the concepts of "social health of a person", "social health of the population" as factors of sustainable development. Identified and justified such criteria of social health as demographic; morbidity and sanitary and epidemiological problems; ecological, socialization, lifestyle, self-actualization, functional state and adaptation. The creation of a socio-psychological portrait of heterogeneous groups is important for modeling the dynamics of the transformation of value orientations in the aspect of synergetic as an important condition for the social health of a person and a population. The scientific and educational environment can become the center of social health and a predictor of sustainable development. Studies have shown that it is necessary to create a socio-psychological portrait of heterogeneous groups to model the dynamics of the transformation of value orientations in the aspect of synergy as an important condition for the social health of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key parameters of a country's socio-economic achievement is the construction of roads and highways. The technology for road construction has always been improved particularly in terms of quality and environmental aspects, for which the idea of using plastic emerged recently. Plastic roads are an auspicious strategy for lowering the quantity of land filled plastic, minimizing the dependency on depleted bituminous materials, and enhancing asphalt pavement performance. Assessing the environmental and human health aspects of the modified asphalt mixtures estimates the safety level of the product when exposed to the ecosystem. The objective of this study is to assess the preliminary environmental and human health hazards of our polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastics modified asphalt mixtures using fluorescence microscopy technique and polymer risk index. The mixtures were prepared by wet mixing the asphalt binder with different proportions of powdered microplastic polymers. The asphalt mixture that contained 100% HDPE had the highest crystal formation. Combining at least 5g of PP, reduced the risk index of the asphalt mixture. All the plastic polymers used in our study are ranked as the least environmentally hazardous chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead is a widespread industrial and environmental pollutant with health problems around the world. Camel milk is broadly utilized in various nations as a food added substance and to treat widespread infections. As of late, camel milk studied in depth for it's extraordinary Characteristics due to higher defensive, insulin-like and antibacterial activities. The current study had been conducted to explore the function of camel milk to diminish the hurtful impacts of lead on conceptive parameters (concentration and abnormality of Sperm and pregnancy period and the number, weight of pups) in male rats treated with lead acetate. The research was done on (72) male mature rats and (72) female mature rats, The mals were separated at random into six equivalent divisions, each division comprise of (12) rat, the main division injects I.P together (0.25 ml) distal water, the second group received orally (1 ml) of camel's milk, third and fourth groups were infused I.P with lead acetate (1, 2 mg / kg) respectively, the fifth and sixth groups injected I.P with lead acetate (1, 2 mg/kg) respectively, then they received orally (1 ml) of camel's milk, the treatment continued for (35 days). At last of the trial period, sixth animal from each division were victimized, the number of sperms and abnormal spermatozoa were calculated. While the remained rats from each group were mated with intact female (1♂:2♀) before pre estrous cycle take place, the females were left out until the parturition and then the pregnancy period and the number and weight of pups were investigated. The results showed significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the sperm number and significant (P≤0.05). Increased abnormal spermatogenesis in male rats treatment with lead acetate compared with control group, while the treatment with camel milk caused improve in the previous parameters in male rats treated with lead acetate. Also there was significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the number and weight of pups and pregnancy period of male treatment with lead acetate compared with control group, but there was n't any improve in the previous parameters in the same rats after treated them with camel milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of pharmaceuticals and personal care items, particularly in the built environment, has prompted concerns about their implications on human and environmental health. Carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation in the atmosphere, as well as nutrient enrichment of streams, on the other hand, is an environmental problem with a range of ecological ramifications. Microalgae are being used to bioremediate a wide range of toxins from the residential, industrial, agricultural, and farming sectors. This study was carried out with the use of an inorganic carbon source and a single dose of 50 ml. Coelastrella MH923011 strain was used in the influence of carbon source on emerging pollutants (EPs) at different concentrations, growth rates and removal efficiency. The EPs used was ranitidine added to the cultures in concentrations (5, 15, 25, 35) mg/l. The demonstrative results show that gas dosages have a direct influence on exact growth, as indicated by quicker and more productive adaptation of cells in comparison to groups without carbon and cultures under control. A dosage of 50 mL culture media with a carbon source required 13 days to reach a stationary state, which was equivalent to concentrations without carbon dioxide and control groups. In contrast to other concentrations, Coelastrella MH923011 exhibited the greatest optical density (0.3095) focusing at 35 mg/l with the specified carbon source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses the impact of the anthropogenic environment on children's health as a factor in environmental justice. The study of the negative impact of xenobiotics on the human body is an important task in environmental studies, since most of them are part of the human body. With the depletion of essential chemical elements, there is an excessive accumulation of metal toxins. This can lead to oxidative stress and various dysfunctions of the body. The development of information technologies, in particular digital ones, will make it possible to monitor the quality of products; monitor anthropogenic risks in areas hazardous to health. Introducing artificial intelligence in especially hazardous industries will reduce environmental risks and ensure environmental justice in any area, regardless of their socio-economic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to various studies, approximately 91% of the municipal solid waste has been discarded of in sanitary landfills or open dumping without following proper scientific procedures. There are environmental and public health risks associated with this practice. MSW is the most serious ecological challenge of the 21st century. Before deciding on a strategy for MSW management, a thorough investigation is required. It's important to conduct an environmental impact assessment (EIA) before making any major decisions or making any commitments to the project's biophysical, social, and other relevant impacts. Solid waste management can be made to have less of an impact on the environment by using this new and successful policy innovation. The current paper focuses on Environmental Impact Assessment of MSW, which examines the environmental and human health effects of various MSW generation, composition, characteristics, and disposal options, could be a step toward achieving sustainable development. In addition, the health risk scenario and legal administrative framework are examined. As a result, the current report concludes with a number of positive recommendations that will undoubtedly motivate the officials to work toward the improvement and advancement mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has wreaked havoc throughout the world, affecting nearly every country. Several countries are currently battling the virus's second or third wave, which is wreaking havoc far worse than the first. A variety of plastic-based personal protective equipment (PPE) was instrumental in protecting people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Every day, a significant amount of single-use PPE including masks, gloves, protective aprons, face shields, safety glasses, sanitiser containers, plastic shoes, and medical gowns (made primarily of polypropylene) is discarded by health care workers and the general public. While this personal protective equipment is lowering the spread of SARS-CoV2, the lacking of sustainable management possesses a serious threat to public health and the environment. As the SARS-CoV-2 virus can survive in discarded medical waste for up to 168 hours, likely, the medical waste originating from hospitals, clinics, medical centres, home isolation, and quarantine facilities where the infected individual is getting treatment could spread and increase the infectivity of the virus. Therefore, this paper discusses the environmental and human health consequences of single-use personal protective equipment used to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption and carbon emissions in Malaysia have gradually increased as the Malaysian economy and population have expanded rapidly. The behavior of people has a substantial impact on the consumption of energy and carbon emissions. To reduce carbon emissions efficiently while preserving economic growth, various countries have begun to look for new development pathways that have been widely promoted for low-carbon communities. In fact, in the formulation of energy-related policies and the operation of the energy market, the public has an active role to play. This study presents an assessment of public awareness, acceptance, and attitudes toward the sustainability of environmental health in order to develop low-carbon communities by focusing on 100 respondents in Malaysia. A survey method is employed to collect data where a structured questionnaire was distributed in the Klang Valley area. The quantitative data obtained from the respondents were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis. The research findings reveal a significant relationship between the dependent variable (sustainability of environmental health) and the three independent variables of environmental awareness, acceptance, and attitudes, where environmental awareness serves as a strong predictor of the sustainability of environmental health, followed by attitude and acceptance. It is therefore important to examine public environmental awareness, acceptance, and attitudes towards the sustainability of environmental health in order to provide insights required for successful Malaysia policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption process in the batik wastewater treatment that containing heavy metals is still quite challenging. Batik waste that exceeds the quality standard can cause environmental pollution and health problems. The green technology method to use waste to treat waste has also attracted tremendous attention to recent research that aims to produce adsorbents. It has a significant role in the adsorption process. Organic carbonaceous biochar is typically rich in carbon, highly porous structure, and charged surface. It makes this biochar highly potential for adsorbent application. The characteristics of biochar depend on the raw material and the manufacturing process. This review provides the latest studies and development of the adsorption process and biochar adsorbent in batik wastewater treatment applications. Also, it describes the challenges thoroughly. Hopefully, this review will provide new inspiration for advancing future studies in the adsorption process for batik wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater intrusion can pollute the wells of coastal residents, considering that the residents rely on wells for their daily needs because there is no access to PDAM. This study is mapping the intrusion of seawater and content of E. Coli bacteria in wells located on the coast. This research is expected to be an input for the Bantul local government and the PUPR Ministry in preparing the investment for clean water facilities and infrastructure. In this study, 20 samples were taken from residents' wells. The test for salinity used a refractometer, while the BBTKLPP Lab carried out testing for E. Coli. This study indicates that residents' wells in the coastal area of Samas are polluted by seawater intrusion and E. Coli. The study results explained that there are still community wells that are used as a source of clean water for daily needs that are contaminated with seawater intrusion and E. Coli bacteria. This indicates that the government's 100-0-100 program has not been running optimally and has not met the target. It is hoped that the central and local governments can focus on carrying out the program, as stated in the SDG's and RPJMN 2020-Sea level rise due to global warming and a decrease in groundwater level due to misuse of groundwater resources can reduce the gradient of sea and groundwater pressure, leading to the intrusion of seawater into coastal aquifers. Seawater intrusion can pollute the wells of coastal residents, considerin g that the residents of Samas Beach rely on wells for their daily needs because there is no access to clean water from PDAM. This study aimed to map the intrusion of seawater and the content of E. Coli bacteria in wells located on the coast. This research is expected to be an input for the Bantul local government and the PUPR Ministry in preparing the investment for clean water facilities and infrastructure. In this study, 20 samples were taken from residents' wells in the coastal area of Samas Beach, Bantul district, D.I Yogyakarta. The test was carried out in April 2021. The test for salinity used a refractometer, while testing for E. Coli was carried out by the Center for Environmental Health and Disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of the tilapia cage culture located within 100ha of the Aquaculture Industrial Zone (AIZ) on the water quality of Temengor Reservoir. Sampling on the physico-chemical parameters was conducted at 15 sampling points at depths of 0m, Secchi depth, 5m, 10m, and 15m. The values of these parameters were observed to be dependent on the distance from the fish cages; the trend of water quality parameters deteriorated upon approaching the fish cages. The higher concentration of nutrients was attributed to the nutrient leaching from uneaten food pellets, fish excretion, and decomposition of nitrogenous and phosphate compounds. Besides, the chemical substances such as vitamins and antibiotics used to increase aquaculture production might also contribute to loads of nutrients. However, the concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll-a at Temengor Reservoir were still within the acceptable limit of environmental health. The detrimental effects of the fish cages might be reduced by the dilution factors based on volume, depth, and water level of the reservoir and rainfall, resulting in low concentrations of nutrients on the surface compared to other previous studies conducted in rivers, streams, and shallower lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All river ecological integrity is a strategic component for evaluating watershed management programs in an effort to achieve sustainable water management. In this case of handling, Lake Tondano must be synergized with the upstream area in which there are inlet streams. The research objectives were to analyze the potential of functional feeding groups of aquatic insects' larvae through the analysis of spatial distribution and community structure in the Ranoweleng (Noongan), Panasen (Kakas) and Makalonsouw (Tondano) river areas (upstream of the Tondano river) and to analyze the role of larval functional groups in the studied location. Sampling was carried out according to the availability of river microhabitats, namely zones, riffle zones, pool zones using the Surber Sampler as the square of the plot. Sampling of aquatic insect larvae and measurement of environmental parameters is carried out directly in the study river, water quality testing will be carried out at the Manado Environmental Health Technical Center, while identification of aquatic insect larvae and riparian vegetation is carried out at the FMIPA Unsrat Laboratory. This study found 36 types of insect larvae that are included in 28 families in 7 orders that are unevenly distributed. Petrophila sp larvae are found in all river segments. Individual Cheumatopsyche sp. found most at the time of the study. The highest diversity index is found in reference rivers. Functional feeding groups that occupy the Panasen River are Collector filterers (59%) followed by Collector gatherers (19%), whereas in the reference river, Collector gatherers (46%) dominate followed by Collector-filterers (36%). These results indicate that the Lake Tondano inlet rivers are in very disturbed condition so that the ecological integrity is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the urban rail transit infrastructures provide convenience to people, environmental vibrations and radiated noise generated by its operation can also affect the residents in the surrounding buildings. Therefore, during the preliminary design stage of railway lines, extensive vibration scoping prediction needs to be carried out, which can promote reasonable vibration mitigation design, thus minimizing the impact of the railway induced environmental vibration. Considering the limitations in the accuracy of existing methods, a deep learning-based vibration scoping prediction model is proposed in this paper. Moreover, the transfer learning strategies are used to enable the model to be trained with the railway induced vibration data obtained from both numerical simulations and field measurements, which allows the model to be trained more sufficiently and thus achieve higher prediction accuracy while keeping high efficiency. To validate the performance of the proposed method, a case study is presented. Specifically, vibration data under different conditions obtained from numerical simulations and measurements are used to train and test the deep learning-based models using transfer learning strategies. Then, by comparing the performance of the trained model with the existing scoping methods, the feasibility and advancement of the proposed method are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perforated macrocellular foams produced using recyclable polyolefin resins have existed as acoustic absorption panels for almost 20 years. They have broad acoustic absorption with good resistance to moisture, salt, and UV exposure. Adoption of In-Situ sound reflection standards, in the Rail and Road noise barrier industry; along with renewed focus on sustainable design has led to fresh interest in this technology. Traditional foam panel formats did not attain acceptable insitu sound reflection performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an improved structure of foam to the industry norms required of absorptive components of the noise barrier wall; and then subject this to a lifecycle analysis. A new structure showed good reflection results in-situ, using a reduced mass of raw material. The novel panel was evaluated to a range of acoustic and mechanical testing standards to assess suitability for adoption in Noise Barrier Wall applications. The material was subsequently subjected to lifecycle analysis and the resulting product issued with an environmental product declaration. This paper concludes that the new material is well suited to widespread use in in-situ category A3 noise barrier walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architecture design studios spaces needs special treatment for its acoustical environment. Interaction, communication, meetings, and various activities could influence concentration, which in turn, affects other aspects as quality of the architectural concepts and creation level. Workstation arrangement could consider as one of the elements which can improve the design studio acoustical conditions. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of 5 types of workstation arrangement with two different partitions heights (1.10m and 1.60m). The measurements were conducted in the College of Architecture, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, KSA. Speech Transmission Index, STI in the nearest workstation, Distraction distance rD, privacy distance rP, A-weighted background noise level Lp, A, B and A-weighted SPL of speech at 4 meters Lp,A,S,4m have been measured according to ISO 3382-3. We found that U-shaped workstation arrangement can improve the acoustical environment the design studio. Furthermore, good results were observed using 1.60m partition height for all types of arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, strategic modelling of industrial noise exposure on a national scale has taken a wide range of approaches. Where sound emission data of industrial sites are not available, numerous assumptions are often made. These include simplified modelling of industrial sites and adoption of generic sound power levels for different industry types. In most cases such assumptions significantly increase the uncertainty in strategic noise mapping outcomes. This paper presents an alternative approach to strategic modelling of industrial sound which is based on the environmental permitting practice of large industrial sites in England. Drawing on this approach, a cost-effective and scalable modelling procedure has been developed to estimate sound emission levels and radiation patterns of industrial activities accounting for the local context of the site. This paper details the alternative modelling approach along with example prediction outputs. Potential future refinements to improve the modelling accuracy and opportunities to enhance site-specific input data in collaboration with national authorities are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BS 4142 is the UK's principal assessment method for quantifying industrial / commercial noise impact. It is surprising to realise that this standard is nearly sixty years old. The first draft of the document that was to become BS 4142 was being prepared in 1962 and was first published early in 1963 as the final report of the Wilson Committee on the problem of noise. As a young acoustician, I like many others, regarded British, and all standards in general, as tablets of stone that were immutable. As I gained in experience it became obvious that this was not true. In fact all standards are periodically reviewed, every five years in the case of a British Standard, to determine if they still reflect the current available evidence that underpins them. The current version of BS 4142 would be virtually unrecognisable to those esteemed authors of the Wilson Report all those sixty years ago. This paper traces the history of BS 4142 from its birth in the Wilson Report, through its revisions, many of which were extremely controversial at the time, to its current iteration. Change is coming with a review and potential revision in 2024 and this paper examines the current developments, both in research and standardisation, that may have significant impacts on this review process and the future development of BS 4142. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As guidance for informed decision-making, we estimated the environmental burden of disease attributable to road-traffic noise in Hesse. Using detailed road-traffic-noise exposure data provided by HLNUG, we calculated the DALYs due to road-traffic noise > 40 dB(A) L24h (unweighted average 24 h noise level) and other noise metrics for endpoints with known dose-response functions and evidence in the literature (NORAH-study on disease risks and WHO reviews). For Hesse, we found a total of 26,501 DALYs attributable to road-traffic noise or 435 DALY per 100,000 persons for the reference year, 2015. The end points "Annoyance" and "Sleep disturbance" contribute more than 70 % of the burden. Further, we estimated that a hypothetic uniform road-traffic-noise reduction of 3 dB would prevent 23% of this burden of disease. We are planning to suggest an alternative approach to extract an annoyance function from raw data used in the WHO-review. Our findings imply that the burden attributable to street-traffic-noise is of the same order of magnitude as, for example, the more fully researched environmental risk factor particulate matter. HLNUG is evaluating expanding the BoD-approach including uncertainty assessment to other environmental risk factors and its use for informing decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical waste consists of left over drugs, OTC personal care items, and occasionally accessories like sharps, discarded test strips, and other equipment. It's a matter for worry since it puts human and environmental health at risk. Pharmaceutical trash, whether from a hospital, clinic, pharmacy, or private residence, cannot be disposed of like regular waste due to the risks and requires specific management. The handling of pharmaceutical waste raises a number of issues. In this study we discussed waste kinds,Pharmaceuticals routes of entry into the environment, classification of biomedical waste, pharmaceutical waste treatment. There's also a chance that improperly managed trash will find up in the hands of persons who will abuse the drugs. It‟s important to be aware of the unique dangers of the waste product, as well as the capacity of a given disposal strategy to control them, in order to properly finger and dispose of trash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

there are plenty of methods could be used for the systematic analysis of occupational safety and health in general, and risk analysis in particular. This study was initiated in order to create a HIRARC model for the evaluation of environmental safety and health at a shipyard of PT. X in Madura, Indonesia. The HIRARC model was used to identify the primary and secondary hazards which may be inherent in the system which were determined as a serious threat for work activities in the shipyard. The primary tools of the model consisted of work place inspection schemes which included task observation and interview, safety analysis as well as accident and incident investigation. For risk assessment, the Likelihood scale was complemented by the severity matrix analysis in order to determine the probability and extent of safety and health at the shipyard. These were used to identify and recommend control measures which included engineering and administrative aspects as well as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for the activities in the shipyard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has great potential to improve healthcare, but implementation into routine practice remains a challenge. This study scoped the extent to which AI and Natural Language Processing (NLP) is being implemented into routine practice in Australian healthcare organisations. An environmental scan of publicly available data was undertaken to identify AI applications. Publicly available data consisted of news posts from Australian public healthcare organisations and conference proceedings from key research organisations. Two researchers reviewed and analysed posts related to AI applications to create a list of potential implementation case studies. The final list of AI applications was reviewed by a governance committee in order to identify any missing applications. One application was identified by the governance committee and subsequently added. The environmental scan identified eighteen AI applications, of which eleven met all eligibility criteria. Only one application included NLP. Twelve applications were included when the application identified by the governance committee was added to the list. Implementation of AI applications is spread across four broad categories of use: 1) Decision Support, 2) Monitoring Treatment Effectiveness, 3) Personalised Care and 4) Risk Prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbations can improve recovery and reduce the risk of hospitalization. Digital therapeutics are digital interventions, based on best evidence, designed to provide home-based, patient-centered and pervasive self-management support to patients. Digital therapeutics can be effectively used to offer personalized and explainable self-management and behaviour modification resources to patients to reduce the burden of COPD, especially the prevention of acute COPD exacerbations. The functionalities of COPD specific digital therapeutics for self-management need to be grounded in clinical evidence and behavioral theories, in keeping with the selfmanagement needs of COPD patients and their care providers. In this paper, we report the functionalities of a COPD digital therapeutic mobile application based on a needs analysis qualitative study involving both COPD patients and physicians, and, based on the study's finding, we present a knowledge-driven digital therapeutic for COPD self-management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, water quality monitoring was a crucial topic on which researchers have placed their attention in order to ensure public health and fight environmental pollution. To this end, several technologies have been developed, to obtain a real-time monitoring network sufficiently robust and timely to quickly intercept contamination and contain it. This study analyses the technological and scientific progress of the quality of wastewater through the sensors, which are applied both to sewer systems and to monitor the quality of the receiving water bodies and the quality of the water inside the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The study concerns not only the state of the art of the topic in literature but also other aspects of extreme importance i.e., the purely technological part, the phase concerning the acquired data processing, that concerning the transmission of the data and ultimately the quality of the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is an investment to support economic development and has an important role in poverty eradication. However, the quality of health in some subdistricts in Sumenep Regency, East Java, Indonesia is still below the standard based on three health indicators namely nutrition and health program, infectious disease control, and environmental health and behavior. Considering these indicators, the government encounters some difficulties in choosing which indicators should be prioritized in each subdistrict to improve the quality of health and allocate the budget. Here in this study, we employed cluster analysis to map 27 subdistricts in Sumenep based on three health indicators with the k-medoids method. The k-medoids method is a partitioning method of clustering that aims to find a set of k-clusters among the data that best characterize objects in a data set. The K-Medoids are robust to the existence of outliers and perform better for large data sets. The result reveals that the k-medoid method grouped 27 subdistricts into two clusters, cluster 1 consisting of 22 subdistricts and cluster 2 consisting of 5 subdistricts. Cluster 1 represents subdistricts with a low level of nutrition and health program implementation as well as infectious disease control, but a high level of environmental health and behavior indicators implementation. Moreover, Cluster 2 indicates subdistricts with low environmental health and behavior implementation, despite the high implementation of the other two indicators. Based on the findings we recommend the government should focus on improving nutrition and infectious disease programs for subdistricts in Cluster 1 and improving environmental conditions and behavior for subdistricts in Cluster 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) contains several nodes with sensors. WSN covers a large area and finds application in health and environmental monitoring. WSN is simple to use. But it suffers from a drawback of node discontinuity. This problem becomes a dangerous in sensitive area of work. The discontinuity can be eliminated by self healing method. We introduced a self-healing model is introduced to interact with the communication link and the sensor nodes to eliminate the communication link loss and node failure. The system establishes new connections and overcomes the failures without disturbing the whole service of the network. We model an effective Self-healing technique masks the failure in sensor node and avoids loss of communication link between the nodes due to failure or congestion in the network. Turbo coding is experimented in this paper to avoid the loss of network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a Generation 3 Liquid-Pathway, Pilot-scale sodium and molten chloride salt concentrating solar power system at Sandia National Laboratories requires extensive permitting to ensure code and environmental safety & health compliance for nominal, safe operation. This includes permitting for National Environmental Policy Act, U.S. Airforce approvals, and abiding by the National Fire Protection Association Life Safety Code. This work also details the failure modes effects analysis procedures to address design engineering and administration controls for technical risks. To facilitate permitting and safety procedures, staged sodium spray and pool fire variants were demonstrated. Soda ash extinguishing agents were utilized to demonstrate fire mitigation by Fire Department personnel. For this work, temperature data was measured for characterizing sodium fire temperatures and the zone of influence to provide PPE level information to emergency response personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement Production Company (CPC, a nickname) is a company engaged in the production and distribution of cement. CPC has a long series of production processes, has various potential hazards and impacts the environment, health, and safety. Therefore, research is needed to improve workplace safety. Based on interviews with workers at CPC, the raw mill and kiln areas are areas with a lot of potential hazards. Raw mill and kiln are areas with a sound intensity that exceeds the threshold value of 85dB. In addition, the process in both areas requires high temperatures of up to 1500 °C. This study uses the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) approach. This approach aims to identify hazards that may occur in the workplace, provide a risk assessment and classification according to safety or acceptable impacts on the environment and provide suggestions for improvement. Compared to the proposed improvements to get the best alternative with Pugh's method and carried out the work accident cost analysis using the Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) method to determine the amount of profit received by the company after being compared with the losses due to work accidents. The expected result of this research is a risk control by proposing the best work accident prevention mechanism based on quality and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. The fact that more cities are now improving their air quality control system is good news, so when they take action to improve air quality, they set a goal accordingly. As air quality declines, the risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma, increases in people who live in these cities. Ambient air pollution, which contains high concentrations of fine and fine particles, poses the highest environmental health risk, causing three million premature deaths worldwide each year. At the same time, people's awareness is rising, and air quality monitoring is being carried out in more cities. As air quality improves, global prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is declining." Most sources of urban outdoor air pollution are wholly beyond the control of individuals, suggesting the need for action at the city level and by national and international policy makers to promote cleaner modes of transport, more efficient energy production and appropriate waste management. More than half of controlled cities located in high-income countries, and more than one-third of cities located in low- and middle-income countries reduced their air pollution levels by more than 5% within five years. The set of affordable and accessible policies includes measures such as reducing emissions from industrial chimneys, increasing the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, and prioritizing the development of rapid transit systems, increasing walking and developing bike path networks. Air quality in Bulgaria raises serious concerns: measurements show that citizens across the country breathe air that is assessed as harmful to health. For example, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 is much higher than the values prescribed by the European Union and the World Health Organization (WHO) for health protection. The concentrations of PM2.5 in the urban areas of Bulgaria were the highest of all 28 EU member states as average values for a three-year period. For PM10, Bulgaria also leads among the countries with the highest pollution with an average daily concentration of 77 μg/m³ (the EU limit value is 50 μg/m³). According to the World Health Organization, 60% of the urban population of Bulgaria is exposed to dangerous (unhealthy) levels of dust particles (PM10). Air pollution in the Republic of Bulgaria is a significant and difficult to solve environmental problem related to physiographic, social, economic and anthropological factors. Bringing the air quality in the country in line with the norms and goals set in Directive 2008/50 / EC, although difficult, is achievable. For the last 10 years our country has made significant progress in terms of controlled pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The air pollution in many Bulgarian cities is of concern mainly due to high concentration of particulate matter (PM). Poor air quality has adverse health effects and is responsible for premature deaths and life loss. According to the World Health Organization air pollution remains the single largest environmental health risk in Europe. Additionally, negative effects of urban air pollution can be detected on buildings, cultural heritage, vegetation, biodiversity, etc. Air pollutant concentrations in the city depend on processes occurring on different temporal and spatial scale and reflect contribution from distant and local emission sources. At a single point in the city the pollutants concentrations can be regarded as superposition of natural background values, regional background and city increment contribution consisting of urban background and street level values. Background values are critical components of the total air quality concentrations and their estimation is important for defining appropriate abatement measures at national, regional and local level. The objective of this work is to present and discuss background concentrations of key pollutants (PM, NO2, SO2 and ozone) for the city of Sofia for one summer and one winter month of 2021. These concentrations are estimated by the Bulgarian Chemical Weather Forecasting System (BgCWFS) [1-3], based on WRF-CMAQ models. The results analysed are for domain Sofia (30 x 27 grid points) with 1 km resolution. The concentrations for this domain can be considered as regional background for the city of Sofia. We discuss the spatial monthly distributions of the key pollutants and the variability across the city and present domain mean concentrations for the two months. The relationship to some meteorological variables (wind speed, temperature, mixing height) is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater generated from textile industries is serious issues importance because of their potential environmental and human health impacts. More than 10% of the dye in dyeing process washed away as waste in the textile industry. The wastewater generated in textile industry contains both organic and inorganic impurities. Recently, photodegradation of textile wastewater has been studied in terms COD reduction. The present study is focused development of two photocatalysts for textile effluent degradation under Visible Light Irradiation. The experimental conditions such as time of contact, effluent concentration, catalyst dosage and effluent pH were varied to find the optimum conditions of photocatalytic degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic waste includes varied electronic gadgets and appliances that have big previous like computers, TVs, refrigerators, mobile phones, MP3, pagers etc., that are literally dropped by their original handlers in the past. It includes assorted dangerous materials that impact the environment negatively and over all damages the health of human beings if not properly disposed of or taken care of. several Governments and Organizations of assorted countries try to be setting all friendly and so have come back up with environmentally sound selections and approaches for E-waste management to manage the ever-growing risk towards the environment and human well-being. With regards to reaching the top of aim, this paper consists of E-waste alignment, cataloging, Worldwide and Indian E-waste things, forecasts of reclaimable or retrievable materials found within the E-waste. Also, here we've mentioned concerning the best available practices for recovering and recycling processes which is followed by the facts that if there square measure any environmental and activity hazards to that. In developing countries, any awareness of the health hazards and environmental threat, which has been postured bye-waste, is effectively non-existent. And if we have a tendency to carry on doing nothing, these problems can take an additional serious non-returnable turn. In demand to do best, we should defend public health and the environment in some way that doesn't burden developing countries; thus, policy manufacturers of all countries ought to be willing to primarily reform the tactic to e-waste management and to create them privy to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the environmental pollution in a small industrial city (Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai). To assess the state of health of the population, we used information on the incidence and prevalence of pathology among adults in terms of seeking medical care. The source of information was data on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the service area of a medical institution (statistical reporting form No. 12), as well as information on the annual number of the served contingents. The material for the study of data on the quality of surface waters was the records of annual observations at the network of stations of the State Hydrometeorological Administration for the Primorsky Territory. In order to study in detail the variability and influence of atmospheric emissions and concentrations of pollutants in surface waters on the morbidity of the adult population in the city, a correlation and factor analysis was carried out. The study made it possible to identify patterns of long-term influence of environmental factors on the incidence of the adult population. The results obtained indicate the ambiguous influence of environmental factors on the health of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of thermal generation facilities (TGFs) in manufacturing industries produces of a massive amount of bottom and fly ash (BFA) containing toxins, thus requiring proper management. In Ho Chi Minh city, more than 200 TGFs are in operation but the generation BFA and how it is handled is unknown, posing environmental and health risks if contaminants in BFA are leaching into the environment and accumulated in food webs. This study investigated the fuel demands of and the BFA generation from the TGFs in 17 industrial zones and export processing zones in Ho Chi Minh city to estimate BFA generation rates for various fuels. The results revealed a total consumption of 129,028 tons of diverse fuels per month, among which diesel oil (DO) and coal were of majority, accounting for 85,65% and 9,11% by weight, respectively. In addition to coal and DO, cashew husk, wood, and sawdust were among the most widely used fuels. BFA generation rates for rice husk, coal, sawdust, firewood, and cashew husk were 16.95 ± 28.12%, 10.62 ± 8.84%, 5.57 ± 7.34%, 4.88 ± 3.59% and 0.93 ± 1.37%, respectively. Automatically fuel feeding and small – medium TGFs showed higher BFA generation rates than manually fuel feeding and large ones. The findings help estimate the amount of BFA from MFs on larger scales, such as city, province, and country, which serves to develop an effective management strategy and plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]