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Functional food having great importance if we consume it on daily basis. Many disorders and chronic disease can prevent with the consumption of it. And probiotic is one of the common functional foods. Intestinal ecosystem helps to survive the friendly bacteria and probiotics helps to maintain and in preparation of that friendly bacteria. Probiotics are the food which contains live bacteria which help to maintain the gut bacteria. Probiotics are favorable microorganisms (yeast or bacteria) that produce many benefits while habituating the host. Lactic acid bacteria species (Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus) and Bifidobacterium are in the number of superior probiotics. Some commonly used probiotics are pickles, yogurt, Kefir, kimchi, miso and tempeh. They have good effect toward the production of bacteria and maintain them. Many health problems may start from the disturbed GUT. By adding probiotics in your regular diet may help to maintain good heath, improved digestion, supply many nutrients and decreases the internal inflammation as well. In this review we discussed about some probiotics which act as functional foods. As they are ecofriendly and no chemicals need to add for their stability and for preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an efficient root canal irrigation material for eradicating pathogens and dissolving necrotic tissue. Significant influences on the efficacy of the irrigation material were concentration, time, and temperature. Increasing the temperature of a NaOCl solution with a minimum concentration is an alternate method for reducing toxicity and enhancing NaOCl's effectiveness. The aim of this research is to determine the antimicrobial effect of increasing the temperature of 2.5% NaOCl as a root canal irrigation material on Enterococcus faecalis bacteria and the antimicrobial effect of temperature degrees in 2.5% NaOCl. As the P value exceeds 0.05, the Shapiro-Wilk test indicates that the results of this study have an irregular distribution. In addition, since the Kruskall-Wall is test yielded a P value of 0.05, it can be inferred that the data sets do not differ significantly. The Mann-Whitney Post-Hoc test, where the P value is less than 0.05 and indicates that there is no statistically significant difference between the tested data, supports this. The antimicrobial effect of a 2.5% NaOCl solution at 60 °C, 65 °C, or 70 °C has no discernible impact on E. faecalis. Pathogenic factors and the use of NaOCl cause this. At 60 °C, 65 °C, and 70 °C, it is anticipated that decreasing the concentration of Sodium Hypochlorite from 5.25 to 2.5% will diminish the toxicity and maintain the antibacterial effect against E. faecalis bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opportunistic pathogenic microflora inhabiting microbiocenoses associated with broiler chickens were studied. Gram-positive bacteria were studied in biomaterial from broiler chickens that were given the antibiotic avilamycin and a phytobiotic based on Brassica juncea, Linum usitatissimum, and Nigella sativa L. oils as an additive to the diet. The dynamics of the species composition of Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., phenotypic susceptibility to antibiotics vancomycin, ofloxacin, levomycetin, tobramycin were analyzed. Itwas found that the introduction of avilamycin into the diet of chickens led to a twofold decrease in the number of opportunistic cocci in the biomaterial from chickens. In the broiler biomaterial from the groups receiving phytobiotic, no antibiotic-resistant isolates of gram-positive cocci were detected, while the largest number of isolates were susceptible to antibiotics at a low value of the minimum suppressive concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study included the isolation and identification of the most common microbial species that cause respiratory tract infections. The isolated microorganisms were identified by conventional and / or molecular methods. From a total of 60 samples taken from patients with respiratory tract infections in the AL-Hussein Medical City in the Holy Karbala Governorate, 52 isolates were obtained, including 48 bacterial and 4 yeast isolates, which included 12 isolates (23%) of Klebsella Pneumoniae and 14 isolates (26.9%) of the Streptococcus genus where 4 (7.7%) of Streptococcus agalactiae , Streptococcus pneumoniae , 3 (5.7%) Streptococcus pyogenes, 2 (3.8%) of Streptococcus salivereus and one of them (1.9%) of Streptococcus viridans. Seven isolates (13.4 %) from Sphingomonas sp., 4 isolates (7.7%) of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and candida albicans , 3 isolates (5.7%) from Pseudomonas aeroginosa and two isolates (3.8%) each from Entreococcus faecium and Enterobacteres aerogenes. The 16s rRNA gene in Klebsiella Pneumoniae was identified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique (PCR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies were conducted on the effect of extrudates on the microbiome of the broiler's cecum. It was found that the addition of extruded feed to the diet stimulates the growth of representatives of obligate microflora, namely, bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and bifidobacterias. A significant presence of representatives of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora was also recorded. The possible lower content of non-starchy polysaccharides in the extrudate-receiving groups could serve as a key factor stimulating the reproduction of bacteria with amylolytic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. The gut bacteria plays an important role in the development of colorectal cancer. Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) has been used as traditional medicine to treat various diseases. This study aimed to find antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of dewandaru fruit using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and to determine Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using Dilution Tube Method (DTM). Ethanolic extract with different concentration were evaluated for the antimicrobial activity against colorectal bacteria (Streptococcus bovis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica). The results showed resistance – strong inhibition zone category of dewandaru fruit extract. The largest average of inhibition zone produced by ethanolic extract were 22 mm against S. bovis, 26.7 mm against E. faecalis, 19.3 mm against E. coli, and 12 mm against S. enterica. The MIC of dewandaru fruit extract against S. bovis, E. faecalis, E. coli, and S. enterica in a row were 15%, 10%, 7.5%, and 7.5%, meanwhile the MBC of dewandaru fruit extract against E. coli is 15% and for the other 3 bacteria was 20%. In conclusion, dewandaru fruit extract can be used as an antibacterial agent against colorectal bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Renal disorders during pregnancy are variable, ranging from asymptomatic bacteriuria to end stage renal disease. Pregnancy increases the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), especially due to the hormonal and mechanical changes, that are predisposing to renal and urinary stasis. UTIs in pregnancy are associated with high risks, both to the fetus and the mother, so adequate management is required. Aim of study was to monitor the incidence and prevalence of lower and upper UTI during pregnancy, as well as complications and evolution under therapy. Material and methods: Our study used a descriptive and prospective plan for the examination of pregnant women diagnosed with urinary tract infection. A total number of 130 patients were followed for 1 year, usually by hospitalization in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, with nephrological monitoring. Results: From the total number of 130 patients, 82 (63.1%) had at least one urinary infection episode during pregnancy. The most common germ involved in urinary infection at pregnant women was Escherichia Coli (42.7%), followed by Klebsiella (17,1%) and Enterococcus (12.1%). Our study found a high sensibility to cephalosporins, ampicillin, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin, antibiotics that can be prescribed in pregnant women (according to the 2014 FDA criteria). There was also a significant percentage of unidentified germs (17,1%), often on the background of antibiotic therapy initiation before urinary cultures. Mortality in the study group was 4,8% (4 cases) and occurred in the following patients: 2 cases with toxic-septic shock, 1 case due to intravascular disseminated coagulation secondary to fetal death, 1 case with hemorrhagic shock. Conclusions: Significant bacteriuria in pregnancy is common and represents a serious cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The most common causative agent of urinary tract infection in pregnant women was Escherichia Coli, and the most frequent used antibiotics were ampicillin and cephalosporins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary calculi have been previously reported in squamates, although the current literature is limited to single case reports. The aims of this retrospective study were to evaluate the clinical and pathologic findings in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) with urolithiasis. The medical records of green iguanas presented between 1996 and 2021 were reviewed and twelve cases (seven females, five males) with confirmed urolithiasis were identified from three institutions. Cases were included after surgical confirmation (7/12), postmortem examination (3/12), or advanced imaging (2/12). Average (min-max range) age at time of presentation was 12-22) years. Clinical signs included lethargy (8/12), tenesmus (6/12), and hyporexia (5/12). A moderate leukocytosis consistent with inflammation was found in three cases.2 Moderate hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia, suggestive of renal disease was seen in two cases.2 Radiographs were performed in ten animals. A single circular mineralized lamellar structure was noted in the caudal coelom in eight cases, and multiple smaller ovoid mineralized stones in two cases. Seven animals had urolith removal via cystotomy (6/7) or cystectomy (1/6). Average (min-max range) survival time after surgery was 41.3 (2-96) months. Three cases had calculi analyzed and were composed of 100% salt(s) of uric acid. Aerobic bacterial culture from bladder wall collected during surgery was performed in two cases, resulting in pure growth of Klebsiella spp. (1/2) and Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Enterococcus spp. (1/2). Urate urolith prevention strategies, including diet and husbandry risk factors should be evaluated further in green iguanas under human care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is no known relationship between caseinase and carriage of esp gene. Also, no breakpoints exist for phenotypic assays that are used to infer virulence characteristics among Enterococci. In the present study, caseinase activity was measured by a radial diffusion assay for 113 enterococci isolates. A standard curve with predictive r² value of 0.939 was produced by dispensing several doubling dilutions of proteinase K into 3% skimmed milk agar wells. Caseinase activity for all tested enterococci was subsequently converted into proteinase K activity, using the obtained chart. Caseinase activity ranged from 1.74 x 10-8 to 4.47 x 10-7ug/ml and 6.37 x 10-8 to 8.82 x 10-8 ug/ml per colony of environmental and clinical enterocococci tested, proportionate to proteinase K activity. Caseinase activity among environmental strains was five-fold higher than was observed among clinical strains. Fishers exact test revealed significant associations between esp gene carriage and caseinase activity (diameter on skimmed milk, z=8 to 13mm) at p<0.1. However, the probability of association was strongest at z=13 mm (p=0.033) suggesting a range of diameter cutoffs that was exclusive to and may be used to predict the presence of environmental enterococci strains harbouring esp gene. Results obtained from sensitivity analysis showed increasing assay sensitivity from cut-off of 9 mm (61.54%) up to 84.62% (13 mm). Specificity of the caseinase assay slightly decreased from 50% to 42.86% as cut-off increased from 9 to 13 mm. The caseinase assay described here potentially proves useful in preliminary PCR independent screening of environmental enterococci isolates for the detection of strains which carry the esp gene known to increase the severity of enterococcal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]