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A Gasoline Engine Vehicle (GV) modified into a Hybrid Engine Vehicle (HEV) has been investigated. The Hybrid Engine Vehicle (HEV) is able to run on electrical power as well as fuel like petrol. It has several advantages over Gasoline Engine Vehicle (GV). A comparative study of Hybrid Engine Vehicle (HEV) with Gasoline Engine Vehicle (GV) has been also done. It has been founded that as compare to Gasoline Engine Vehicle (GEV) having 110 cc engine capacity for 50,000 km, the price of fuel consumption is reduced 42.2% by Hybrid Engine Vehicle (HEV). Here 70:30 of petrol and electricity respectively has been used in total traveling distance. It founded that the total servicing and maintenance of Hybrid Engine Vehicle (HEV) is reduced by 28.32% than Gasoline Engine Vehicle (GV). It has been also observed that emission of NOx and hydro-carbon is reduced by 30.07% by use of Hybrid Engine Vehicle (HEV) instead of Gasoline Engine Vehicle (GV). Due to attachment of Li-ion battery and several type of accessories, the weight of HEV has been increased by 21.7% than GEV. Therefore, Hybrid Engine Vehicle (HEV) is a better solution for reduction in fossil fuel and harmful emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thousands of people worldwide suffer from mobility disorders like neuromuscular disorders and spinal cord injuries, where they usually rely on wheelchairs to have independent mobility for daily living activities. This work proposes an innovative smart system for controlling an EPW (Electric Power Wheelchair) by developing a natural and non-intrusive interface. The system employs the Kinect sensor to detect and track the user's face for driving the EPW by only performing precise head movements. The three face-rotation angles are calculated in real-time by ensuring face detection using the Kinect sensor. Depending on specific values of these angles, required control signals are created and sent to the actuators of the EPW to drive it. The method's objective is to contribute to mobility for persons with a significant degree of body disability but at least can move their heads freely. The system has been implemented on a small mobile vehicle to evaluate its performance. Participants tested the system to see how realistic the system's performance is. The results confirm the system's efficiency in the possibility of its practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental research, the intelligent control heater is designed as an advanced model of solar heating devices. The device provides about 15 to 20 amperes, that is, 3300 to 4400 watts of electrical power if an electric heater is used. The electronic control system is programmed to set the highest temperature of hot water for winter to 65 degrees Celsius, and in summer, it does not exceed 40 degrees Celsius. To improve the thermal performance of the heater. Two proposals were made and then compared. The first is to sheathe the inner walls and the base of the solar collector with aluminum foil; the second option is to paint the base of the collector and its inner walls with a selective dye of chromium trioxide. According to the results, the highest efficiency obtained for the first proposal is 90%, while the highest efficiency obtained from the second proposal is 81%. From an economic point of view, aluminum foil is very cheap compared to Chromium trioxide dye. In addition, in the complex coated with aluminum foil, the water in it heats up much faster than in the complex dyed with chromium trioxide dye. However, the Chromium trioxide dye does not deteriorate quickly compared to aluminum foil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the excess use of air conditioning systems led to significantly increase the demand for electric power in the household sector. Therefore, to decrease energy consumption, it can use an Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE); it has been demonstrated to be promising method for heating and cooling applications. In this paper, simulation study was performed using ANSYS FLUENT 19.0 (CFD) program as a numerical analysis on the impact of different pipe shape and air velocity on the performance according to the climatic conditions of Baghdad-Iraq in the summer and winter seasons. The pipes shapes in EAHE system that were used are spiral, wave and straight at the same length and diameter, and it has been studied their impact on performance at different speeds (5, 10 and 15 m / s). The results of numerical analysis showed that the shape of pipes and velocity of inlet air have an effect for the temperature of outlet air and performance of EAHE. Through the results obtained, it was found that the shape of straight tube presents the best performance compared to the other two shapes of spiral and wave. Therefore, the better performance for EAHE can be achieved on operating the system at low air velocity together with straight shape for the exchanger pipe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication aims to provide the most significant knowledge for advancing power quality using an electricity treatment system. The voltage between neutral and ground (NEV) has been confirmed to be zero volts for safety reasons. The NEV must be zero volts, especially concerning modern computer hardware or the time of 4-O. Regulator Sed device regulators will receive inaccurate data if the NEV is more significant than zero volts or higher than the value set in NEC 2020, which differs from what the industrial factory wants. Additionally, a human exposed to high NEV may risk an electric shock. The Electricity Treatment System was developed to improve the electrical power quality, including NEV and other electrical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of populations worldwide, including Indonesia, increases annually, the need for electrical energy also increases. With fossil-based energy starting to decrease in some places, and the global need to achieve net zero-emission, renewable energy is gaining popularity as the source of electrical power generation, for example, wind energy. Electrical power generated from wind turbines is one of the popular choices in many countries; among them is the Sidrap wind turbine plant in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Electrical power generated by a wind turbine relies on the wind speed, which varies from time to time and season to season. Therefore, building wind turbines plant should not be based on a deterministic wind speed but should bring the wind speed uncertainty into account. Taking the Sidrap wind turbine plant in Sulawesi, Indonesia, as the case study, this work aims to predict the plant's average power and uncertainty. This calculation is done by implementing the Monte-Carlo simulation to calculate the production uncertainty. The data used for simulation is public data set between 2004 and 2015, obtained from the EMD International website. The simulation result is then compared to the actual production in 2018 and 2019 for analysis. The result indicates that the product is still in the range estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation. This method can also estimate other electrical power potential and uncertainty in an area before a wind turbine plant is built, given enough data sets containing wind speed variation for years. It is expected that by correctly understanding the uncertainty in electrical power production, the decision-making process to build the plant can be accurately determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world with the enhancement of technologies and mobile phones & smart gadgets being easily accessible to all, people find it hard to charge their smartphones/electronic gadgets while travelling. Relying on diesel powered chargers is inefficient and highly polluting, also with the use of power banks we can only charge laptops which fall under a certain range of watts. Well, we hereby put an end to this problem by proposing a green energy system which useswind power and solar power to charge laptops, mobiles and other electronic gadgets. The obtained DC electrical power is directly used for some applications and also convert it into AC power for certain applications. This hybrid technology can be monitored using a control system. This system is easy to use and it can be stored outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is to find renewable energy solutions that can be used. Because non-renewable energy will be decrease one solution for harvesting renewable energy is to use PVDF. However, so far researchers have only used thickness polarized PVDF. Therefore, it is necessary to study the potential of PVDF with surface polarization as an energy harvester. To make PVDF with surface polarization, several steps are needed, including stretching and polarization with high voltage. The strain ratio in this study is 5.5 and the voltage for polarization is 4 KV. Polarized PVDF assembled with iron frame. This PVDF is tested with waves in the sea. The result is the average voltage produced is 1.95, electric current 0.85, and electric power 1.64. The results of this study show that PVDF with surface polarization can work well when hit by sea waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PT. Chandra Asri is the largest petrochemical company in Indonesia. Operations and production require a reliable electrical power supply to ensure smooth operation and safety. The electric power system is supplied by PT. PLN through a 150 kV system in parallel with the gas turbine as a captive generation. The electrical system is integrated with the Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) to protect equipment and people from various disturbances that can cause damage and work accidents. ESD should only work if something happens according to a logic diagram that has been designed as needed. One time, the factory experienced a disturbance that came from the AC power signal being off, thus activating the Emergency Shutdown System (ESD). The power outage caused production to stop, causing huge losses. The incident report on the Distributed Control System (DCS) stated that there was no interruption of the electrical power supply from either PLN or captive generation. This condition cannot occur based on the logic diagram in the ESD system. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly analyze and investigate the main causes of total power outages in the company. Investigating the root cause of the active ESD of the ethylene plant using brainstorming techniques and focus group discussions involving operators, technicians, engineers, and outside experts. Analysis of the main causes of failure using fishbone diagram techniques related to the problem, phenomenon, principle, and parameter (4P), men, machines, materials, methods, and the environment (4M+1E). The results of the investigation stated that there was DC power supply activity that caused the DC charger to turn off. This de-energizes the interposing relay which is used as the ESD signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is an abundant source of clean and renewable energy. Pico or nano hydro turbines produce electrical energy sources by utilizing the flow of water that rotates the shaft of the electric generator. This study aims to analyze the effect of differences in the number of blades on the rotor of a hydro Pico scale water turbine applied to the flow of water in a vertical pipe. The water level is kept constant at 2 meters. Horizontal axes drag-type Savonius turbine rotors with variations in the number of blades 4, 8, and 12 were used in the study. The main parameters used as a benchmark for the performance of a water turbine are rotor rotation, voltage, current and electrical power generated. The results showed that drag-type water turbines with 4 blades number produced the best performance. The maximum power generated is 7.4 Watts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper conductor has been extensively used in several application due to its high conductivity and hardness. However, copper corrosion which occurs in electrical power equipment results in corrosion-related failures. The demand for increased corrosion resistance of the impregnated electrical equipment is increasingly emerging from manufacturers. This paper presents corrosion protection for electrical power equipment using Cocos Nucifera leaf powder. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is computed to observe chemical properties of inhibitor and the inhibitor efficiency was calculated using electrochemical measurement. The abilities of carbonyl compound in to adsorb on the surface of metal was the main reason Cocos Nucifera leaves powder to be good corrosion inhibitor. Electrochemical measurement shows that the presence of Cocos Nucifera leaves powder has ability to decreases the corrosion rates as the concentration of Cocos Nucifera leaf powder increases. Furthermore, inhibitor able to provide the best protective ability of copper from corrosion process due to the increments of polarization resistance. The results show that the efficiency of inhibitor was directly dependent on the concentration of inhibitor proved that Cocos Nucifera Leave is a good corrosion inhibitor. By further research, in future work, coating element of Cocos Nucifera leave to electrical equipment and the application of Cocos Nucifera leaves powder as green inhibitor to other metal can be accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar panels can convert solar energy into electrical energy under direct current conditions. Changes in solar radiation cause the MPP characteristics of solar panels to be unstable so the electrical power generated by a solar panel is not optimal. Therefore, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system with the Perturb and Observe method is used to maximize the power received by the solar panels. The Perturb and Observe algorithm is implemented through a boost converter circuit by changing the duty cycle value on the Atmega328 Arduino Uno microcontroller as a frequency source. MOSFET inductors, capacitors, diodes, and resistors as obstacles to adjusting the input to regulate the DC-DC voltage by adjusting the pulses on the PWM generated from the microcontroller. The INA219 sensor is used to read the data of each system. The single-axis solar panel system uses a DC motor to move the panel supported by an LDR sensor to detect the highest light intensity. The test results of solar panels with a single-axis MPPT with Perturb and Observe methods and a single-axis tracking system produce 45,23W of power with an efficiency of 90.46%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many regions of world, wind energy has great potential as a renewable energy source. The average wind speed in area has a significant impact on how much energy wind turbines can harvest. Strength of electrical power to consumer strategy is determined by quality of power. Electrical systems can operate as intended without suffering a significant reduction in performance or lifespan when voltage frequency and phase are synchronized. The generator's power and frequency fluctuate continuously because Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generation (AFMSG) turbine is permitted to operate at variable speed. Consequently, the generator needs to be engineered not just for a single functioning point but for the entire working range that wind speed distribution dictates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's power scenario, the increasing power demand is a prevailing concern. The electrical power generated by non-renewable energy sources falls short in meeting this escalating demand. Utilizing renewable sources in conjunction with non-renewable energy becomes imperative. Among various renewable energy sources like wind, tidal, biomass, and solar, the latter is especially advantageous due to its widespread availability and environmentally friendly nature. However, the power generated by solar cells is influenced by atmospheric conditions, and its delivery hinges on connected loads. Achieving maximum solar cell power output is challenging due to atmospheric variations, necessitating the use of various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods. This paper introduces the application of the Incremental Conductance (INC) method for MPPT, which, in comparison to the Perturb and Observe (P & O) method, is better suited for tackling oscillations arising from diverse atmospheric conditions. The selection of a DC-DC CUK converter holds significance for maximizing power, offering low ripple levels at both input and output stages. The paper comprehensively covers converter design, simulation outcomes for a battery-connected standalone PV system employing the INC MPPT method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in solar cell (SC) temperature due to high levels of solar radiation can affect photovoltaic module (PY) efficiency and lifetime. In this study, an experimental analysis was conducted to study the reduction of the operating temperature of SCs with a Thermoelectric (TE) system. A new experimental device was developed and a TE was attached to the back of the SC. In order to cool SCs of different sizes using TE, the temperature at different points of the SC surface at different values of the current and voltage applied to it was measured using a thermal imager. The results showed that the operating temperature of the SC with sizes from 1 cm2 to 27 cm2 attached to the TE with a size of 16 cm2 decreased significantly, while its electrical capacity increased. In the experiment, the temperature of SCs was reduced to 15 °C on average. When the surface area of SC is larger by 27 cm2, its temperature is reduced by 10 °C, but at the same time, the external electric power supplied to TE is increased by 25%. It can be concluded that the size of SCs should not exceed 27 cm2 in order to cool SCs with the help of TE; otherwise, such a cooling method is economically ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) during energy audits of electrical networks of 0.4 - 10 kV consumers. The NILM method allows you to remotely determine the individual parameters of electrical networks and installations of consumers (industrial, municipal, agricultural, etc.). Measurements do not require access to individual installations, which provides a convenient way to collect parameter data compared to placing meters or sensors on each installation. Everything happens similarly to the "black box" method, and the subject of analysis is the total parameters of electricity at the input of the enterprise. Unlike the classic "black box", the structure and internal electrical circuit of the enterprise, passport data and possible operating modes of equipment and electrical networks are known here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The layout of a lead-cooled fast reactor with an electrical power of 1.5 GW is considered. The design of the BREST-OD-300 reactor is taken as the basis. It is proposed to use cermets based on micrograins of mononitride and nanopowder of metallic uranium as fuel. Lead extracted from thorium ores is considered as a coolant. Fuel rod coatings (claddings) are hermetically sealed capsules made of tungsten. The compactness of the reactor layout is ensured by approximately the same diameter D (2.816) and height H (2.601) of the core. In this case, the ratio D/H = 1.0826 corresponds to minimal neutron leakage from the reactor, which is not typical for fast reactors with liquid metal coolant. An increase in the height of the core to an anomalous value is possible by excluding the implementation of the positive void reactivity effect, which is provided, for example, in BREST-type reactors. In all possible emergency modes (including ATWS - anticipated transient without scram), large temperature reserves are maintained before the onset of intensive decomposition of mononitride, boiling of lead, melting or depressurization of fuel element cladding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of soiling reduces the transformation of light radiation from the sun into electrical power, thus reducing the PV efficiency. Hence, so as to keep the performance steady, PV panels should be cleaned frequently. So, the self-cleaning procedure is the best technology and the coating method is one of these methods for PV panel surface cleaning. Novel superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic nanocoating were prepared with change the coupling agent by using a hybrid technique (sol-gel/ spray coating) with increased stability, optical transmittance, anti-soiling, anti-reflective, and minimize the corrosion effect. This nanocoating applies to the Photovoltaic solar panel to increase the electrical and optical performance of PV panels. The two coating settlements have been synthesized by using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), Ethanol absolute, (APTES), and 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate. These two solutions are coated on glass substrate by the air spray coating method. The chemical measurements of the nanocoating were tested by an (FE-SEM) field-emission scanning electron microscope. The results of the cross-section to SiO2 nanocoating about (1.8 µm) and the particle size were about (30 nm). The surface wettability was tested to identify the superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic by water contact angle (WCA) test, the degree values are 155˚ and 6.82˚ of superhydrophobic and hydrophilic coatings, respectively. The maximum value of transmittance was 94.949% at wavelength 884 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, some renewable energy researchers have their attention directed toward the possibilities of harnessing the tornado energy concept by creating an artificial vortex utilizing solar energy for electrical power generation. Given this concept trend, a new Solar Vortex Engine (SVE) was proposed, designed, and simulate at the University of Technology – Iraq (UOT). In this paper, a computational simulation was used in the ANSYS 2020 R1 program to simulate the influence of solar intensity on the vortex updraft velocity generated. Initial boundary parameters have been included for SVE geometry, intake velocity, and different solar radiation (400, 700, and 1000) W/m2, while the outlet parameter is listed as a vortex updraft velocity. The CFD results and validation showed the direct effects of radiation concentration on the air velocity of the ascending vortex, which increased by 37% when the solar intensity went from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and implementation of automatic cooling and cleaning system (ACCS) for PV modules to optimize the performance of the PV module based on electrical efficiency drop resulting from increased cell temperature at loading and dust accumulation on PV module s surfaces. An increase in PV module temperature causes a linear reduction in its performance, affecting electrical power generation. Pressurized water jets by nozzles are used to cool and clean the front surface of the PV module. The theoretical model of the PV module is verified by MATLAB/Simulink software. The operational performance of ACCS was recorded and analyzed. The experimental results showed before cooling, the maximum power produced by the PV module was 65.31W, while after cooling increased by 73.24W. Also, electrical efficiency yield of before cooling the rate of decreasing efficiency 0.052% per 1℃ while after cooling the efficiency increased by 0.13% for each decrease 1℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to contribute to ending the electricity crisis in Iraq, as it is country rich in solar energy due to its location close to the equator. Electric power stations, which use traditional fuels, are unable to provide the population's electricity needs throughout the day. Moreover, electricity distribution lines sometimes malfunction due to high temperatures. This paper recommends solar energy as an optimal solution to the electricity problem in Iraq. Because it is renewable and environmentally friendly. The paper also focused on techniques that would improve the efficiency of the solar power system. This was achieved by designing and building a solar tracking system to absorb the largest possible amount of solar energy and increase electrical energy production, in addition to building a cooling system consisting of a small pump and nozzles that pump water in the form of a volatile mist to get rid of excess heat from the solar panels at the temperature It rises to extreme levels. The system is also equipped with a cleaning mechanism to rinse the solar panel once, which is harmful to getting dirt and dust because dust is the negative factor that affects the generation capacity of the solar panels. The solar tracking system and the cleaning system are operated by a control unit made in the local markets that work with the Internet of Things (LOT) system and is programmed in the Python language and depends on data completely on the Internet. As for the cooling system, it supplies energy during the day directly from the solar panel, depending on the temperature sensor. The results reveal that the solar tracking, cooling, and cleaning system has significantly improved the production capacity of the solar system and can achieve an energy gain of 39.68%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fried food, this snack has limitations, namely a consumption life that is considered less long because of the oil contained in it. efforts to extend the life of consumption can be done by reducing or maybe even eliminating the oil content in it. Based on this background, a process of designing a control system on a simple slicing machine is carried out that is suitable for use in home industries with small electrical power and a small engine capacity as well. It is hoped that with this slicing machine, the process of making snacks will be lighter in work and can increase work productivity with quality results to increase quality and quantity in the production system. A.positioning of the system on the slicing machine B. How the system works on the slicing machine The circuit in the system there is a program where the contents are to apply the slicing machine. C. Final design of the system on the slicing machine. Therefore, from the design and literacy above, the design of the ardiuno system on the spinner machine can be made and run, It is designed so that when conducting each practicum experiment according to the module, components that are not used, will not have any effect that can cause failure of the results. to be able to connect between components from one another using a jumper cable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For researchers working for electric utilities, using renewable energy sources to lessen the impact of various uncertainties on electric power networks is a hot topic. The usage of Photovoltaic (PV) systems for electricity generation would become widely accessible in the future due to a number of anticipated cost savings. Enhancing Power Quality (PQ) becomes imperative for utility-grid connected systems. In this study, the Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) architecture, which is based on solar photovoltaic (SPV) as a DC (Direct Current) source, is used to examine the performance of a grid-connected system. Simulink/MATLAB software is used for the imitation model. Imitation models are carried out for SPV connected to CHB multilevel inverter (MLI) system. The paper analyzes various parameters including solar, grid and MLI output such voltage, current and power. In this study, a comparison of 7-level, 9-level and 11-level CHB MLI is presented. Different results are analyzed and based on a comparative analysis; the imitation model results are shown to be accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small hydropower is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally benign energy technologies for production of electrical power worldwide. In India, the available potential of small hydro is at about 15,000MW and small hydro can provide electricity to 120,000 unelectrified rural villages. Hence, this paper focuses the status of small hydro development in India and discusses the barriers/obstacles to the development of small hydro in India by taking government policy, economical aspects and environmental benefits of few countries into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, shallots slices were dried using a photovoltaic ventilated solar dryer, and temperature analyzes and bioactive compounds were carried out to assess the system's performance in terms of energy efficiency compared to open sun drying. Photovoltaic ventilation solar drying consists of five main components: a solar panel to capture solar energy, a battery to supply electrical power to other features, temperature control to regulate the temperature during drying, ventilation fans, and drying chambers. Drying lasts for 8 hours. The results obtained that the higher the intensity value, namely the temperature profile of the dryer, it is known that the drying chamber absorbs sunlight, the higher the temperature required for the drying process. The fastest drying rate occurs in photovoltaic ventilation solar drying at a temperature variable of 50°C, which is 12.15 g/hour. The average efficiency of drying sliced shallots traditionally for 8 hours is 18.73%. The mathematical model of thin-layer drying that is suitable is the Page model because it has the highest R2 value of 0.9871 and the lowest RMSE and x2 values are 0.03247 and 0.00141. In addition, due to excessive heat, the decrease in bioactive compounds on drying at higher temperatures was caused by damage to bioactive components such as polyphenol compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is one option that can be used to reduce the use of fossil energy sources whose supplies are dwindling, resulting in global warming caused by their use. A solar power plant is a power generating equipment that converts sunlight into electrical energy. Sunlight has been widely used to supply electrical power in communication satellites through solar cells. Some of the uses of solar power plants include PV rooftops and solar water pumps. There are drawbacks to the solar water pump, including requiring a large area to produce energy from solar panels. Meanwhile, rooftop PV does not need a large area to generate energy from solar panels. Rooftop PV only utilises existing rooftops, so rooftop PV has the advantage of using land for solar power plants. However, there are several drawbacks to rooftop PV, including difficulties when performing maintenance and affecting the circulation of the solar panels, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the solar panels. When the temperature in the PV reaches 70°C, it can result in a decrease in the power generated. The steps needed in this research are the design of a monitoring system with data warehouse features to see the performance of the rooftop PV and a cooling system to help heat circulation on the rooftop PV, to make it easier to access and maintain rooftop PV, when performing solar panel maintenance and maintain a stable temperature on the solar panel. This study is beneficial for understanding the optimization of rooftop PV in urban areas and can be a guide for local governments to develop renewable energy in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past few years, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have played a significant role. Solar power is the most feasible source in comparison with other RES. Solar power is clean, noiseless and eco-friendly, while extracting electric power, DC-DC Converters are mostly preferred because of its use in various applications. The disadvantages of photovoltaic systems (PV) include insufficient energy conversion efficiency, poor stability, and intermittent characteristics. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used to ensure maximum power utilization from solar PV. In this work, the performance parameters of DC-DC converters are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to create and evaluate new PMOS-based double tail comparators. We want to see how well they perform in comparison to a CMOS comparator, using VLSI technology. The comparator is created using a special computer program called the tanner tool. This software helps to mimic and test if the comparator is functioning properly. The power values we found came from altering the size of transistors. This research involved conducting 20 tests with various sizes. Both the control and experimental groups were tested with the same samples. The test's ability to detect differences was determined to be 80% using a software called G-power. The study found that the PMOS logic double tail comparator didn't use any units. The CMOS comparator didn't use any power. The number we got was zero. The number 0001 is important because it is too small to be considered statistically significant. In simple terms, the CMOS logic double tail comparator uses less electrical power than the PMOS double tail comparator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was based on the development of a 3D numerical model to investigate the efficiency of solar energy harvesting using photovoltaic panels combined with thermoelectric generator modules (PV-TEG). The effects of different numbers and distributions of thermoelectric modules when using a passive cooling unit on the performance of PV-TEG system were thus investigated. Seven models of a hybrid system (M1-M7) with different numbers and distributions of TEG items were tested and simulated numerically, and the optimum model performance of the PV-TEG was compared with that of both photovoltaic only and photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems. Based on the results obtained, the optimum model for the hybrid system was determined to be M1. The electrical power of the PV-TE system was also found to be higher than that of the PV only and PV/T systems, by 16.3% and 1.79%, respectively, when exposed to solar radiation of 1,000 W/m2 at an ambient temperature of 25 °C. The average temperature of the PV upper surface for the M1 model PV-TEG was about 47.95 °C, whereas, the average temperature of the PV upper surface for the PV and PV/T systems were 73.3 °C and 46.76 °C, respectively. The theoretical results indicated thus suggest that the effect of passive cooling on the PV-TEG system causes performance to decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents an application of virtual prototyping techniques to improve functionality of a product with minimal changes. Examined problem is related to an electric power tool switch design that is functionally tested and certain issues with its performance are found. The manufactured production tool does not allow a significant change that increases complexity of the problem solving process. Available options for design improvement are limited and any possible intervention should be assessed preliminary. This is a typical illustration of application of virtual prototyping techniques for complex problems solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is a very promising option for an alternative source of renewable energy. Indonesia as an equatorial country has great potential for the use of solar energy. Photovoltaic is a device that is useful for converting solar radiation into electrical power. One of the common application of photovoltaic in building are solar rooftop installment. In this study, a performance analysis of the solar rooftop system in the city of Medan is carried out during May 2021. The solar rooftop system with a total capacity of 10 kWp consists of 25 photovoltaic panels, each of which has rated power and voltage are 400 Wp and 38.7 V, respectively. The solar irradiation, power, voltage and current are measured and recorded. The total generated electrical energy output are 1011.8 kWh monthly, and the average daily electrical energy output are 32.639 kWh. The maximum performance ratio are 99.97% and has an average of 89.41%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission towers are vital channels for distributing high-voltage electrical power from power plants to substations. This infrastructure is the backbone of a productive modern society. However, a number of these towers may fail due to earthquakes. This failure may disrupt the electrical network, yield a substantial amount of replacement cost, and, more importantly, interrupt recovery efforts and business operations. This paper presents attempts to analyze the seismic risk of the transmission tower by developing its fragility curve. Fragility is defined as the probability of damage exceeding a certain level, given an extensive range of seismic intensity. A finite element computational model was analyzed under a nonlinear static procedure (pushover) to obtain a nonlinear response, specifically a capacity curve. Then the fragility analysis was performed by determining certain damage states in the capacity curve. The inter-segment drift ratio (ISDR) was employed for the damage states. The result is expressed as a fragility curve that provides fundamental and rational insights into the mechanical and probabilistic performance of transmission towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power quality, an essential issue in electricity, needs to be considered. One of the power quality problems is the power factor's wrong value. When a system has a wrong power factor value that can cause a voltage drop and increase power losses, because of that power factor value must be controlled. This research aims to raise and maintain the power factor value of an electrical power system. This research uses a static var compensator (SVC) to raise and maintain the power factor value to stay on the threshold. SVC is an electrical device that can compensate for reactive power in a system. Hence, SVC is needed so that it can keep the balance of the reactive power in a system. SVC can inject reactive power into the system by controlling thyristor gate firing time. SVC, used in this research, is a fixed capacitor and thyristor-controlled reactor (FC-TCR) based on fuzzy logic control (FLC). In the simulation, the system on load without SVC FC-TCR shows a power factor value of 0.79. Meanwhile, SVC FC-TCR is connected with the system, and the power factor value increases to 0.977. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has many water resources that can gain micro-hydropower plants. In this new era, energy resources are needed to be sustainable, new, and renewable. This study will discuss the survey and development of a micro hydro power plant in Sumber Jenon. Sumber Jenon water resources have a head fall above 4 m and discharge up to 0.4 m3/s that can be turned into electrical energy using a micro-hydro system. It can generate a turbine that produces electrical power of 9 kWatt. The power can ignite two pumps for water supply for 15 Ha dryland agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smart grid is a power grid that integrates user-generated renewable electricity sources such as solar panels and wind turbines with the company's main grid. This small generator is called a microgrid. A smart meter is needed in the 4.0 revolution era to control and determine the use of voltage, current, power, and electrical energy used and integrate two energy sources at once from renewable energy (microgrid) with PLN (main grid). The working principle of smart meters uses Kirchhoff's current law; a series of 3 branches, namely two inputs and one output branch, is used as the basis for developing smart meters. Using PZEM004T as an AC power sensor module that captures current, voltage, power, frequency, and power factor data, it is sampled and compared in each input branch using the Nodemcu 8266 microcontroller. For data acquisition of voltage, current, power, and electrical energy stored through the Mysql database using IoT facilities without having to be where the tool is located. This smart meter can detect the direction of the electric power flow the customer is buying (importing), selling (exporting) or both. With its ability to perform two-way detection, apart from opening up various innovations in electricity services, this research can also contribute to accelerating the adoption of renewable energy in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities today are very dependent on the use of electricity ranging from simple activities to large activities. It has an impact on increasing electricity demand. At PLT EBT Baron Technopark Yogyakarta, electricity needs are generated by themselves. However, PLT EBT itself has a fluctuating level of electricity production depending on the natural phenomena around it. Therefore, it is necessary to plan for the supply of electricity to balance the electrical power generated, prevent blackouts, and better energy sources management to deal with fluctuating electrical energy production. One way to balance electric power with power demand in conditions of fluctuating electricity production is to perform accurate load forecasting in the future. This study uses the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method using data on the electricity load of PLT EBT Baron Technopark Yogyakarta from October to November 2021. In the training process, the best network model was obtained with input_width = 48, Train_size = 0.8, and build model = 64, 32, 32 where the MSE value is 0.001 and MAPE is 8.03%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the most important energy resources used for human comfort. Its generation is very expensive, so it must be carefully managed. Energy management is a key to well-used electrical grid, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, which face significant challenges such as frequent outages. The grid's main feature is good management with integration of renewable energies. Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are widely used in variety of applications. It provides an alternative solution for energy self-sufficiency, and it is also possible to share the surplus with the grid. However, the PV system is temperature and solar radiation dependent, which is regarded as a disadvantage due to weather changes. At demand response (DR), the energy produced by the PV system may have a surplus or a shortfall of electric power resulting in either loss or no energy use or service interruptions. This problem of intermittency is overcome by hybridization. Thus, if the primary source is unable to meet the entire DR, the secondary source will take over the re-possibility of supporting. In this paper, a PV-Battery-Grid system is designed, tested and modelled by MATLAB program to integrate solar energy, bank of batteries, loads and grid. The proposed system pro-vides and manages generated energy by sharing it to loads and grid. Furthermore, the total harmonics distortion values of output inverter current, ac load current, and grid current were 2.16%, 0.18%, and 0.89% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to have a reliable and efficient system for detecting and classifying multiple faults in the electrical power system in order to ensure continuity of power supply and reduce losses and consumer complaints. The paper presents an approach that uses current and voltage measurement method and MATLAB programming to detect and classify multiple faults in transmission lines or BusBar. The results of the study showed that the current and voltage measurement method is successful in detecting and classifying multiple faults. This approach can be useful in improving the reliability of power systems and ensuring continuity of power supply. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of the approach may depend on the specific characteristics of the power system being analyzed. Therefore, further testing and validation may be necessary before implementing this approach in real-world power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most significant methods for turning solar energy directly into electrical power is the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The operation of solar panels is influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. It is unable to manage external variables including the amount of incoming radiation, the air's temperature, and the amount of dust buildup about the PV. The inside variables, such the temperature of the PV surface, are controllable. While the majority of incident radiation is immersed within the photovoltaic cell and some of energy that hits PV cell's outside surface is converted to electricity. Unfortunately, this results in a greater panel temperature, poorer conversion performance, and shorter long-term reliability. To efficiently prevent the extreme heat increasing and improve their performance, numerous cooling systems have been created and researched. Solar cells are cooled using a variety of techniques, including passive cooling, active cooling, Technologies like heat pipes, phase change material cooling, and others that do not need electrical power are classified as passive approaches. While active methods, like the operation of a water pump or an air flow, require electrical power. On the other hand, the methods for cleaning solar photovoltaic panels can significantly improve the effectiveness of power generation and also rise the toughness of solar panels. The methods of cleaning can also be split into active or passive categories. Active techniques include mechanical ones like air flow brushes and others. While passive techniques include manual cleaning and coating methods. There is a thorough analysis of the automatic cleaning systems. The characteristics of each system are described, and the benefits and drawbacks are carefully contrasted. When selecting the best cleaning system, factors such as cost, water usage, efficiency, cleaning time, and human intervention are taken into account. Although being economical devices, brushing cleaning systems still need a man worker. As opposed to that, areas with a limited supply of water are advised to use electrostatic cleaning methods. Robotic cleaning solutions are also not advised for areas with a lot of wind because of their expensive and slow operation. This research aims to study, investigate and review of the various cooling and cleaning techniques. Experiments and researches showed that when compared to a system without the cooling and cleaning components, a solar system equipped with a cooling and cleaning system may yield an energy increase of (34.55%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for water for plant growth requires the provision of water by utilizing alternative energy. The cost of implementing solar energy is still quite high, but the operational costs are lower than the use of fossil energy. This research was conducted in 2 stages, namely the design of the solar panel system-battery-water pump, functional test, and water pump performance test. Measurement of voltage and electric current on a 100 wp solar panel, 70A 12V battery and a 5-watt DC water pump, then proceed with the calculation of the electrical power of the solar panel and battery. Pump performance testing includes water discharge and pump power. The results showed that the magnitude of the voltage, current and power produced by the 70 A 12 V battery was very good in sunny weather with an average value of 13.89 v with a current of 4.25 amperes while the DC pump at a voltage of 13.7v and a current of 4.59 amperage. The DC water pump used is capable of producing 0.167 l/s or the equivalent of 9.6 l/min. For its development, research on the durability of DC water pumps can be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of renewable energy sources in each region would be different; hence, it requires multi-regional analysis in energy management, including inter-regional energy distribution. Biomass resources such as agricultural waste are one of the strategic energy sources in many countries. This study aims to map the biomass potential based on agricultural waste converted into bio-pellets and its utilization for electricity generation. Calculating and mapping biomass potential was carried out through the primary and secondary agricultural residues. Biomass conversion into bio-pellet refers to Austrian standards (ONORM M 7135). The agricultural waste is divided into primary and secondary agricultural residues. The amount of primary agricultural residues is estimated based on crop cultivation area, production, the ratio of crop residue product, and availability of plant residues. Meanwhile, secondary agricultural residues are estimated using the Residue Production Ratio (RPR). The results showed that the total energy potential of agricultural waste for bio-pellets in Indonesia was 2,708 million GJ/year, equivalent to an electrical power potential of 23,693 MW. Because of multi-regional, the biomass resource locations are distributed in Sumatra (6,755 MW), Java-Bali (11,406 MW), Kalimantan (1,647 MW), Sulawesi (1,471 MW) and Eastern Indonesia (1,279 MW). If this potential can be realized, it can support the energy transition for power generation to replace coal-based power plants in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerning the broadband internet access, the 5th generation technology provides the customers of electronic communication services with an excellent media content exchange, very useful applications, new services, that can be needed by any customer. The main requirement to 5G technology is to supply the customer with all desired services (internet access, TV, telephony etc.) despite the time and location. Every Operator of Electronic Communication Network must have and install telecommunication networks with excellent quality, because of the fact that the broadband 5G requires very fast connections that can provide transfer of every content and services to the customers. The 5th generation technology ensure much faster access to the net services, very reliable and very effective data exchange compared to the older stages of the same technology. This paper presents some measurements and evaluation of the parameters of the base station for transmitting 5G signals in the network of Makedonski telekom AD Skopje at one location in the center of the city Skopje with analysis of the results, and the electricity supply with solution of photo voltaic electrical power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active Filtering concept is playing a vital role in the electrical power system to balance harmonics and reactive power in transmission and distribution systems. These filters are utilizing various configurations, different control strategies, different types of components along with economic and technical considerations. To control the operation of active filters, various control strategies are adopted among which pq theory, dq theory, pwm techniques, hysteresis band control etc., are used. In this paper, how the power quality enhancement is achieved by reducing harmonics has been discussed. By using PQ-based current reference generator, shunt active power filter operation is analyzed by simulation circuit using MATLAB software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative and renewable sustainable energy sources must be developed. This research focuses on the design, construction, and estimation of a level flow, double chambered microbial fuel cell) MFC) fed by synthetic wastewater, with started sludge and anaerobic aged sludge used to inoculate the bacteria, as well as the impact of major design and operational parameters such as flow rate of the MFC. The effectiveness of MFCs was primarily assessed in terms of Chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and electrical power output. a microbial fuel cell (MFC; two chambers) was tested as a bio-electrochemical handling device for wastewater. MFC was run in a continuous mode using anaerobic consortia as anodic biocatalyst. The flow rates (10 ml/min and 20 ml/min) were employed as the study's parameters. Our research found that wastewater with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 300 mg/L (ppm) could be employed as a substrate for vigor generation in the MFC reactor. The removal efficiency of COD from synthetic wastewater was 86 percent at a flow rate of 10 ml/min, according to the findings. After 7 days, the maximum current remained constant at over 3.55 mA (flow rate 10 ml/min). For a flow rate of 20 ml/min, COD removal efficiency from synthetic wastewater was 81 percent. After 9 days, the maximum current remained constant at over 9 mA (flow rate 10 ml/min). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the issue of rising electricity demand in the building sector is one of the major challenges. Therefore, the Building Management System (BMS) inside the building. Since the PV, national grid, and diesel generators supplies building electrical power, so the Energy Management System (EMS) technologies are necessary to study the priority of PV to supply building power to save energy. This paper proposes a Smart Building Management System (SBMS) used with Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) in addition lighting systems. HVAC is controlled with occupancy sensors, temperature control, and load control. Lighting systems are controlled through occupancy sensors and daylight sensors to make them operate to minimize electricity consumption. Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) control of the EMS in this work, SBMS and EMS are created and simulated using two case studies to supply public buildings. The first situation is SBMS without EMS and the second situation is SBMS with EMS. Finally, the results showed the impact of SBMS on the reduction of energy consumption for HVAC systems and lighting (20% on summer day and 11% on winter day), as the energy consumption was reduced for both HVAC and lighting by about (54% on a summer day and 44% on a winter day) because we added the scenario of case two to the one scenario case in a public building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compact, power-efficient, and highly controllable micropropulsion is required for nanosatellite proximity opera-tions, including space rendezvous and docking, characterization of resident space objectives, or space debris removal. The Film-Evaporation MEMS Tunable Array (FEMTA) microthruster is a technology addressing these applications. FEMTA operates by controlled vacuum boiling of ultra-pure deionized water in µ m-scale Si capillaries using a nanoscale thermal-electric heating element. Each FEMTA chip is 1 cm2 x 1 mm and can produce 300 – 350 µ N of thrust per 1 Watt of electrical power at an Isp of 70 – 90 sec. FEMTA thrust is directly proportional to electrical power input and is highly tunable with a lower thrust bound in the nN range. The FEMTA micro thruster development began in 2014 under the NASA SSTP program. In 2017 controlled single-axis rotation of a 1U CubeSat using FEMTA was demonstrated in an ultrahigh vacuum. A suborbital flight test of FEMTA 0-g propel-lant feed system is scheduled to launch in 2023. To effectively solve the tasks set for nanosatellites in space, it is essential to study the complex plume flow and possible adverse phenomena, such as leaking and ice generation in the nozzle. Previous experiments showed that the nozzle dimensions had a critical influence on the flow pattern, particularly the icing. The experiment alone cannot provide complete knowledge of device physics, and the microscale nature makes it difficult to obtain detailed flow measurements. DSMC simulations coupled with experiments allow a more accurate representation of the rarefied flow, better understand the pro-cesses inside the nozzle, and make a more accurate prediction of the plume contamination depending on the different radius of water curvature inside microcapillaries and widths of the nozzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical energy is a vital resource and most commonly used type of energy in the world. It is an responsible for development of country's economy and it became a basic need for human life. To meet the growing demand many new developments and technologies in power generation plants are being installed, even then a space between demand and supply is continuously increasing due to depletion in conventional fuels and natural resources. Most of energy in today's world generated through conventional energy sources. Conventional energy sources are polluting and are responsible for global warming. Due to diminishing of conventional energy sources, many new methods of renewable electric power generation are evolving. to provide clean, environment friendly and sustainable energy, a novel methodology for electrical power generation is proposed by introduction of reciproscillator. This machine helps in conversion of oscillating motion of pendulums into rotational motion by intervention of reciprocating force. The couple of forces (restoring forces) drive the wheel providing constant angular speed. the obtained constant mechanical power serves as input to electrical generator. This paper describes the simulated characteristics of reciproscillator alone and combination of both reciproscillator and generator for power generation. Generation control during the dynamically varying electrical loads is described. Mathematical modeling and theoretical analysis of system are performed in order to prove the concept as usable form of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to implement a security model in a maintenance company to reduce accidents. The main problem is the high number of accidents recorded in the maintenance area, specifically 28 accidents in a 6-month period. Root causes are determined through a problem tree, and subsequently, tools such as the risk matrix, continuous IPERC, and safety procedures are assigned. The model was implemented in medium and low voltage electrical work, where a higher level of risk was identified through the risk matrix, specifically in the maintenance activities of medium and low voltage electrical panels, as well as in illuminated signs. Regarding the continuous IPERC matrix, it was developed for the identification and description of hazards and their sources in activities classified as more hazardous found in the risk matrix evaluation. Next, safety procedures were developed, with one for each more hazardous electrical job, detailing objectives, scopes, normative references, definitions, responsibilities, preventive measures, main procedure, PPE, and tools. By creating procedures for each hazardous activity, they were unified to form the main safety model. When implementing the model in the study company, results over two weeks showed a reduction in the number of accidents, thus achieving the main objective. The number of weekly accidents in the most hazardous electrical maintenance area decreased from 2 to 0. The uniqueness of this model lies in its specific focus on occupational safety in electrical work, particularly in medium and low voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the matter of clean energy, wind power is considered one of the most reliable and sustainable alternatives. Thanks to the progressed technology and diminishing expenses, its adoption has multiplied in the latest years. However, before the wind can become the most viable form of alternative energy, there are specific barriers we need to overcome. Conventional turbines have been known for their complex manufacture, expensive transportation, intermittence, and high maintenance cost. The vortex bladeless wind turbine (VBWT) is considered an advanced design that harvests energy from oscillation. This study focuses on optimizing VBWT design parameters using the Taguchi method to enhance electrical power production. Through meticulous analysis and mathematical modelling, we examine factors such as mast and rod lengths, diameters, and thicknesses. Numerical results show that the produced power of the 20 meters long turbine is around three times greater in comparison to the initial VBWT output. The increase rate is 176% at a wind speed of 7 m/s. The power produced by the optimal turbine reached 3.44 KW, while the production of the initial VBWT was only 1.25 KW. The output power can be further maximized at an optimum external load. In the future, this study will be continued to enhance the overall performance of the bladeless wind turbine through the integration of the offshore wind turbine with tidal power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite water covering 71% of the Earth's surface, only 1% is suitable for drinking, and this limited precious resource is dwindling each year. It is a collective responsibility to conserve water and guarantee a steady supply of clean drinking water. Household overhead tanks are typically filled by centralized pump units, a situation that often leads to overflow if left unattended. This is a widespread problem encountered by numerous homeowners. When a water tank runs empty, someone needs to manually regulate the motor. In this paper, a prototype Internet of Things (IOT) & GSM-integrated automated system has been developed for monitoring and controlling water pumps. A water level sensor is employed to monitor water levels. Users can turn ON the motor pump and check the water level using an Android application via IoT whenever water surpasses or falls below a specific level. This way, users, specifically farmers from remote areas, can oversee and control all operations conveniently through their mobile devices. The system under consideration operates without requiring user intervention unless the water tank is empty. The system facilitated by an Arduino Nano enables notifications about the tank's water level and active status to be sent to a designated mobile number. This system allows users to decide whether water is required in the tank by responding accordingly. The developed system not only conserves electrical power but also prevents artificial flooding, promoting a cleaner environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]