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The rapid development of artificial intelligence in predicting the three-dimensional structure of proteins has broken down several important problems that have been faced by experimental structural biologics for decades. Structural biology has assisted in the discovery and development of many new drugs based on structural design. X-ray crystallography and Cryo-EM which have been the gold standard for determining the structure have many challenges in the cost of obtaining large quantities of pure protein samples, the emergence of AI has helped these problems. However, the current artificial intelligence technology actually still requires a database submitted by an experimental biologist for further machine learning material. In the future, stronger collaboration between AI and experimental structural biology is needed in the development of AI for structural biology. This collaboration bridge will provide many advances in the structure-based drug design and become an interesting technique that needs to be understood for integrative structural biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document provides information about the organizing committee and various other committees involved in the 7th Biomedical Engineering's Recent Progress in Biomaterials, Drugs Development, and Medical Devices conference. The conference is organized by the Research Center for Biomedical Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. The committees include advisory boards, steering committee, secretariat and registration, finance, event and protocol, IT and website, design, publication, and documentation, logistic and venue, funding and sponsorship, food and beverage, parallel session, scientific committee, reviewer team, and editorial team. The document also includes contact information for the organizers. [Extracted from the article]

The scientific novelty of the publication lies in the complexity of the ongoing re-view of existing information in the development of new methods for assessing the toxic properties of various pharmacological substances on the functionality of the hepatobiliary system in the context of the ecopharmacology development, as well as the proposal of a unique evidence-based methodology, which in the process of execution by the author of the grant project will be fully finalized. The main au-thor's hypothesis of this study is the possibility of identifying the most promising approaches in terms of veterinary pharmacology for their further possible imple-mentation into industry practice. The proposed development of a clearance method for assessing the activity of caffeine metabolism will provide information on the activity of CYP1A2, which is an integral indicator of the biotransformation of xenobiotics in healthy and sick animals, which will expand our knowledge about the pathogenesis of liver diseas-es, about the features of pharmacokinetics in cattle with different clinical condi-tions, which optimizes the choice and the use of pharmaceuticals, will reduce the risk of complications, the toxicity of food (meat, milk) and excrement (feces, urine). The use of the planned test in the drug development algorithm will expand the provisions on pharmacokinetics, side effects, combination with other drugs and features of use in concomitant diseases, which is important not only for new drugs, but also for updating existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods of developing drugs provide a vast source material for new drug development. Nowadays, natural plant products have been considered as a significant source of pharmacotherapeutics. From plants, a variety of chemical compounds can be isolated and can further be sorted according to their biosynthetic origin, chemical class, and functionality (primary and secondary metabolites). Considering this we have selected Pterospermum acerifolium plant to check for its metal binding properties and antioxidant values. Very less amount of work has been reported on this plant so the reason for selecting this plant for the exploration of medicinal aspects. The present study emphasizes on the preliminary phytochemical studies, antioxidant potential and metal binding activities of Pterospermum acerifolium roots. Binding potential and analysis of the extract of roots of Pterospermum acerifloium with various metal chlorides was carried by UV-Vis. spectrum. For this work, a comparative analysis was carried by calculating the absorption intensities of this plant root extract, metal chlorides and then the mixture of metal chloride with metal chloride at a suitable wavelength that ranged from 200 to 800 nm. Root extract of P. acerifolium showed the good potential for detecting Lead chlorides. This study can give future direction for detecting the various metal chlorides in water bodies and signifies that Pterospermum acerifolium has great potentials as biosensors. Antioxidant studies were carried on the roots of this plant at various concentrations ranging from 50, 100, 250, 500 µg/ mL and showed 94.32%, 95.6%, 97.37% and 98.69% radical scavenging which directed towards the medicinal potential of this plant. Further antioxidant property of Pterospermum acerifolium extract has been analysed with respect to Vitamin C, resulting a promising direction towards development of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a disease that leads to cellular changes, resulting in the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. Cancer cells extend to former parts of the body through the lymphatic systems and blood. Cancer is a second major burden of death globally. Every year, tens of millions of people are identified with cancer worldwide, and more than half of the patients ultimately die from it. Indole-based various compounds show diverse medicinal properties including anticancer. This indole scaffold plays a vital role in the progression of anticancer drugs as a core nucleus. Enzyme binding pockets inside the body have more affinity to interact and bind with indole rings. This indole scaffold is of good choice when designing molecules that will coordinate with target sites and interrupt the biological pathways linked with cancer progression. There is about 65% of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic anti-cancer drugs allowed market approval by the FDA between 2010 and 2015 that form the basis for new anti-cancer agents in drug discovery and development. A large amount of work is going on, as well researchers are focusing on the N-heterocyclic indole skeleton in drug development for cancer treatment. The advantages of indole nucleus containing drugs in the medicinal field include easy preparation, low toxicity, less adverse effects, high bioavailability, lower drug resistance, and good biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical analysis and need of drug Analysis pharmaceutical analysis is an important part of pharmaceutical chemistry which involves the science of extraction. Analytical research and development is a process that assures identity, safety, efficacy, purity, and quality control of a product. A simple precise, accurate and sensitive RP-HPLC method for determination of drug residues (Clonazepam) was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines, Clonazepam was eluted on EC (250mm X 4.6 mm); Nucleosil 100-5, C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water in the ratio (60:40) delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The retention time of Clonazepam was 5.5±0.2 minutes with a runtime of 10 minutes. The regression equations for clonazepam were found to be y=3E+06x – 397495. The calibration curves were found to be linear within the concentration range of 0.1-30 µg/ml for the drug with correlation coefficient R²=0.9999. The limits of detection, quantitation were established at 0.308 and 0.910 µg/ml for clonazepam. Texwipe Swabs were used to remove any residues of drugs from stainless steel surfaces and give the recoveries of 90.6% to 96%, method passed all the system suitability parameters having asymmetry factor of 1.1 and theoretical plates 15073, the method was found specific as no interference was observed due to diluent, placebo. The developed method was found rugged and robust over different parameters like benchtop stability of spiked plates, swab, variation in flow rate, column temperature. Therefore, it is suitable for the routine analysis of Clonazepam in pharmaceutical dosage forms from the surfaces of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment and floor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forced degradation studies to be conducted to confirm the withstanding strength of drug under various stress conditions. Forced degradation studies conducted to establish the possibility for the stability of drug substances and drug products. Forced degradation studies include the degradation of drug substance and drug product at conditions more severe than the accelerated conditions. ICH guidelines dictates some conditions to study the degradation of drug substance viz. exposure to light, oxidation, exposure to heat, acidic and basic hydrolysis of drug substance. ICH Q1A, Q1B and Q2B dictated about forced degradation studies. Under Q1A stability of new drug substances and drug products can be evaluated, under Q1B photostability testing of new drug substances and drug products can be evaluated and under Q2B implemented procedures are validated. Generally forced degradation studies illustrate the chemical stability of the molecule which facilitates the development of stable drug product with stable storage conditions. Drug was subjected to various stress conditions and parameter was evaluated for % drug recovered. Drug was lost during forced degradation studies. 62.15% drug was recovered during acid-base degradation study, 96.98% drug was recovered during dry heat study, 24.19% drug was recovered during oxidative hydrolysis and 81.07% drug was recovered during fluorescent light exposure study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the major disorders in an autoimmune category and it is caused due to body's own defense system with respect to self-recognizing as foreign entities. Cytokines play an important role in starting any particular immune response against foreign bodies which further leads to inflammation. Messengers involved in these disorders have opened a window for the development of new therapies and drug molecules. In this current study, we have explored, specifically the role of IL-6 in RA and interaction of novel drug molecules on the basis of few features namely interaction energies, similarity index of drugs and different poses. The ligands such as CF-101, HCV-086, Raltitrexed were shown to be exhibited more potent inhibitory role against IL-6 protein. The docked poses of these ligands corresponds perfectly at the active site with the maximum possibilities of H-bonds interactions, for instance the energy values of H-bonds of Adenosine, OPC-6535, Calanolide, Aleglitazor and (2R)-N-hydroxy-3-naphthalen-2-yl-2-[(naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)amino] propanamide is -100.107 kJ mol−1, -129.06 kJ mol−1, -93.454 kJ mol−1, -122.039 kJ mol−1 and -90.139 kJ mol−1, respectively. Thus, this study highlights the use of ligands as a potential inhibitor of IL-6 protein and acts as effective multi-targeting drugs against RA and diseases associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved diagnostic system that uses artificial intelligence has been developed to treat diseases. For instance, cancer can be detected at an early stage, which is currently not yet in molecular stages. An extremely popular drug can cure a critical illness for millions of patients. A successful drug development program can generate enormous profits for a pharmaceutical company as it can bring new drugs to the market. However, just bringing a new drug to the market without knowing where its efficacy will be is very risky. The biomedical research landscape is constantly changing and evolving. To keep up with the latest developments, writers need to paste in at least 100 words per paragraph. The increasing number of companies and institutions investing in the development of drugs and related technologies has raised the bar for the scientific community. Research companies like IBM, NVidia, and other organizations are also attracting high financial investment to build exascale supercomputers to develop better automated diagnostic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confidence in the successful use of a business's technical assets by technology transfer has increased in today's market environment. Transfer of technology is the mechanism by which a technology developer makes his or her technology available to a business partner who will use it. The word "technology transfer" consists of steps that proceed to a smooth transition from pharmaceutical research to drug development, drug testing, and massive corporatization in the healthcare industry. This review article aims to examine the technology transfer process, regulatory aspects, global significance of technology transfer, objectives, facets, and various issues that come up in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study strategical choices of internal and external sources of innovation and their impact on innovation success in the pharmaceutical industry. Design/methodology/approach: 51 product innovations from six firms were investigated in a collective case study to reveal different factors impacting innovation, the approaches for sourcing innovation and their links to corporate success. Findings: The effectiveness of identifying promising external innovations is closely linked to internal R&D capabilities. The firms with the highest R&D strength pursued the technologically most challenging strategies starting from early development candidates with comparatively good success. Firms with comparatively weak R&D targeted either new indications for existing drugs or late-stage drug candidates, both with moderate success. Furthermore, in several cases financial corporate success is closely linked to the exploitation of the own market position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important aspect in herbal studies involved the understanding and evaluation on the quality and safety assessment of the raw materials before proceeding to herbal drug development process. In herbal standardization, the quality and safety assessment of herbal drugs offer an insight on the condition and handling of the raw material during the pre-and post-harvesting process. Thenceforth, a study was conducted to evaluate and construe the quality and safety assessment of four different varieties of Ficus deltoidea which were the Ficus deltoidea var. kunstleri, var. delotidea, var. terengganuensis and var. angustifolia. A series of quality control test and safety assessment were conducted on the leaf of Ficus deltoidea consist of total ash, moisture content, aflatoxins, total microbial content and heavy metal analysis. Overall, the analysis elucidated acceptable quality control results, with no aflatoxins and food pathogens were detected from all the samples, providing an insight on how the raw materials were handled, priorly. To summarized, the findings obtained from these studies showed that all the Ficus deltoidea varieties complied to proper pre-and post-harvesting handling process and are suitable for further herbal drug development study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforcement learning has been giving new strategies to ad-lib in the fields of medication and the drug industry. It is probably the best strategy among all the AI strategies. Reinforcement learning has been compelling to discover strategies that could treat the immense number of deadly infections. In this paper, a detailed new methodology about what Reinforcement Leaning and what is drug revelation and what are various techniques utilized in Reinforcement learning, how Reinforcement learning could be utilized in different utilization of medication plan such as target identification, hit discovery, hit to lead, lead optimization. The consequence of the paper illustrates the summarized data of different approaches for the development and discovery of drugs. A clear illustration of various work done in the field of drug discovery, discuss different pros and cons of Reinforcement learning as well emphasize primary challenges need to handle and how to defeat them in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to improve health status cannot be separated from the role of digital technology. The design of the electronic Drug Status Card (e-DSC) is included in the scope of card-based pharmaceutical work in which there is a barcode that displays information on the patient's treatment status through barcode scans and is displayed on website. This study aims to present a flowchart and design of the electronic Drug Status Card (e-DSC) user interface in clinical pharmacy services. The development of an electronic Drug Status Card (e-DSC) is based on the results of a literature review related to the medical record information system. Flowcharts are prepared using draw.io online diagram software. Electronic Drug Status Card (e-DSC) design interface was developed with Microsoft PowerPoint. The development of e-DSC is expected to increase the effectiveness of patient therapy. E-DSC can shorten drug service time, making it easier for patients to access their therapy status. From a pharmacy technician's perspective, pharmaceuticals are faster in accessing medical history data and patient therapy. Meanwhile, in terms of pharmacists can be faster in making decisions related to patient therapy. In addition, it helps pharmacists in preventing drug-related problems (DRPs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was shown that to obtain reverse microemulsions in lecithin–oleic acid–vaseline oil–vegetable oil–essential oil–water systems, oil from the tropical plant gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) and turmeric essential oil (Curcuma longa) can be used. At least 6.5 wt.% of water can be introduced into the microemulsion at a lecithin concentration of 20 wt.% in the organic phase, with a vaseline oil and gac oil ratio of 1:1 by weight, and an oleic acid and lecithin molar ratio 0.2–0.8. The hydrodynamic diameter of the microemulsion droplets, depending on the content of water and lecithin, was from 3 to 21 nm. Using the dialysis method on the model of the water-soluble dye Rhodamine C, it was shown that the rate of its transfer from the microemulsion to the physiological solution was 15.4 × 10−3 g/(m2∙h); approximately 3.2% of the dye was released in 6 h, which allows for the development of drugs with a sustained release of medicinal substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isatin is a privileged framework in the drug development and drug design area. Trisindoline, an isatin derivative, acts as a lead compound for the development of α-glucosidase inhibitors. The presence of the bromo group at C5 position of isatin and halogens at the ortho-position of N-benzyl of indole have been reported to be pivotal for the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase. This paper reports the synthesis of 5′-bromo-1,1″-bis(2-chlorobenzyl)-[3,3′:3′,3″- terindolin]-2′-one (1) by indole N-benzylation and electrophilic addition. Reaction of indole and 2-chlorobenzyl bromide in DMF afforded 2-chlorobenzyl indole. The subsequent reaction of this product with 5-bromoisatin in THF in presence of sulfuric acid yielded the title compound 1. The spectroscopic methods (FTIR, HRMS-ESI, 1H and 13C NMR) were utilized for structure identification of all compounds. The synthesis of compound 1 was successful and it was obtained in 75% yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wnt signaling pathway is known as a highly-conserved signaling event and plays pivotal role in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration as well as stem cell maintenance. It has been well-established that aberrant activation or hyperactivation of Wnt signaling pathway has observed in and positively correlated with various cancer and tumor types. Wnt signaling pathway was shown to participate in different cancer and tumor development through metabolic reprogramming, which means the normal metabolism process has been altered to support the abnormally increased energy consumption from cancer cells feeding their rapid growth and proliferation. In this review, we've summarized the most critical and recent advances research of Wnt signaling in tumor and cancer metabolic reprogramming as well as provide guidance for future drug development and targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious disease and a potent killer. It infects around one-third of the world's population. TB is curable and preventable but extensive and unsupervised use of antibiotics is resulting in the case of drug resistance TB. Therapeutics for tuberculosis take a long time to combat TB and have side effects. Thus, the need for new drugs persists. From ancient times plant-derived chemotherapeutic agents have been used in the treatment of several diseases. Modern biological research depends on access to the biological information encoded in expert-curated databases. It is a difficult task for the biologist to manually curate all the knowledge of the rapidly growing biological literature. The computer-assisted curation helps the efficiency of the literature search through the text mining approach. The present study aims at the text mining of the Indian plants, showing Antitubercular properties, and investigate the pharmacokinetics of compounds present in these plants. PubTator, a web-based system was used for text mining. Total 66 works of literature were found carrying the search terms. Plants having anti-tubercular properties were identified from India by curating PubMed abstracts. The information of phytocompounds was extracted for developing a local library and ADMET analysis. The result of this study could be further used for the development of drugs against tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly, Diabetes mellitus is one of the alarming health challenge to the society. From the past decade, prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus has increased dramatically. Diabetes mellitus was 8.3% prevalent in 2012, with 371 million people living with the disease.he number of carriers is expected to reach 552 million by 2020. According to data available in literature shows that oxidative stress plays crucial role in diabetic pathogenesis that leads to the generation of various other health associated complications. Scientists are now focussing their attention upon discovering new and innovative ways to lower the danger of oxidative damage. For the past three decades, Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been the primary source of major global economic burden. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), diabetes would affect 642 million people aged 20 to 79 years old by 2050. For the past three decades, Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been the primary source of major global economic burden. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), diabetes would affect 642 million people aged 20 to 79 years old by 2050.To avoid chronic non-communicable illness, the prevalence and fatalities associated with diabetes continue to rise globally; properly planned surveillance and prevention actions must be estimated globally. The speed and cost-effectiveness of innovative drug development is aided by computational research approaches. The characteristics of pharmaceutical chemicals have been improved in recent years based on predictions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET). EGCG and Bacoside A were analysed in silico in this study. OSIRIS and MoLSoFT are used to analyse a variety of molecular descriptors such as physicochemical qualities, solubility, drug score, and toxicity predictions. Using drug docking approach, powerful drug interactions have also been discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global healthcare has faced tremendous focus on the drug development process during the pandemic. During the pandemic, efforts were made to develop drug in couple of months, but every drug development process is bounded by risks. The drug development process tends to be lengthy and exhaustive process. Viewpoint of project management can assist in making the process rational with key milestones. Project risk management is one of the key areas of project, which focuses on quality and risk of project or process. This paper focuses on identifying and mitigating the risks encountered in the drug development process using the quality risk management framework and House of Risk (HOR) Analysis/Method. The study investigates the mitigation of the risks using the appropriate mitigation strategy. The House of Risk (HOR) model involves risk identification and risk mitigation. It enables to identify the risk at each step and mitigate them. The house of risk method ranks the risks and sets the appropriate priority for each of the risks encountered in the drug development process. After identifying the risk, the second phase of the house of risk method is to find the alternatives which can assist in mitigating the risks and consequently ranking them priority-wise. The results show that mitigation strategies determined in the study will enhance the drug development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation and maintenance of oxygen homeostasis is one of the most basic and indispensable life activities, in which hypoxia-inducible factor HIF activates the expression of a series of hypoxia-related genes at transcriptional level according to changes in oxygen concentration, thus plays a central role in oxygen sensation and hypoxic adaptation [1]. By tracing the history of HIF research, this article firstly reveals its physicochemical characteristics and physiological functions, then illustrates molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional and post-translational mediations, so as to further explore cross-connections among HIF, cancer, ischemia and inflammation on this basis. Aiming at current problems in HIF-based drug development, this article proposes potentially viable solutions and personal ideas, thereby finally look forward to the prospect of transforming theoretical achievements of HIF into clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,3-Dicarbonyl scaffolds have shown immense number applications in healthcare and polymer industries with their unique molecular scaffolds present in a myriad number of natural products. Although their presence is broad in different categorical molecules, researchers are still struggling to get the regioselective product when it comes to the C-alkylation and O-alkylation. Regiospecific C-alkylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl scaffolds is challenging in the presence of electronegative oxygen atom. Herein, we studied the base and solvent-mediated C-alkylation of the dicarbonyl system using iodomethylsilanes. Organosilanes are generally very fragile when it comes to the use of a strong base. By carefully tuning the solvent and amount of appropriate base, the alkylation could be achieved in high yields. These silylated moieties could be potential targets for polymer industries and could serve as potential antiviral leads for the development of novel drug molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learners of Biomedical Engineering (BME) programs report difficulties finding relevant jobs post-graduation and also express a disconnect between their training and future professional roles. In addition, because of the interdisciplinary nature of BME, there is a lack of shared understanding of the field between learners, departments, and employers. This lack of understanding further contributes to the disconnect between instruction and practice. To bridge the gap between curricular experiences and learners' understanding of career opportunities in BME, we developed a series of 1-credit (4-week) BME-In-Practice Modules that exposed biomedical learners to biomedical engineering practice. Each 1-credit module in the series was designed to run for four weeks and focused on different areas in BME such as Tissue engineering, Computational Modeling, Medical Device Development, Drug Development, Regulations, and Neural Engineering. Learners' enrolled in one or multiple modules and engaged in experiential learning for 4-weeks to gain knowledge and skills relevant to the BME area of focus in the module(s). Following the conclusion of the BME-In-Practice series, we collected survey data from learners who participated in the modules to address the following research questions: 1) What are learners' goals and motivations for enrolling in the BME-In-Practice Module(s)? and 2) How did learners' experiences with the module(s) align with their goals and influence their graduation plans? The survey was administered using Qualtrics and consisted of multiple open-ended questions examining learners' goals and motivations for participating in the BME-in-Practice Module(s) and questions assessing their experiences with the series. Responses to the open-ended survey questions were analyzed using a qualitative interpretive approach. Our results identify different goals related to learners' professional interests and competencies when enrolling in the module. Learners' reported gaining practical experiences as well as clarity and direction about their professional futures. We also discuss the graduation plans and outcomes reported by the learners' who participated in the modules, followed by implications for practice and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug development has become increasingly challenging and expensive over the last decades, requiring more and more financial resources for bringing new drugs to market readiness. However, more recently a slight reverse of this trend could be observed with an increased number of drugs launched per billion of dollars spent on research and development. On further investigation it was found that this reversed trend was complemented by several strategic changes regarding means and direction of innovation. Internally corporate- driven innovation was combined with acquisition of smaller companies with the required knowledge and intellectual property. Furthermore, a shift in technology focus from small molecules to biologicals increased probability of success in drug development. In addition to that, drug manufacturers concentrated on better understood diseases or employed new technologies like biomarkers, thereby making drug development much easier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a preface to the 7th Biomedical Engineering's Recent Progress in Biomaterials, Drugs Development, and Medical Devices conference. The Research Center for Biomedical Engineering at Universitas Indonesia partnered with the Asian Federation of Biotechnology to organize the event, which took place in Bali, Indonesia in October 2023. The conference covered a wide range of topics in biotechnology and biomedical engineering, with a focus on "Biotech for Stronger Recovery." The preface expresses gratitude to the contributors and looks forward to future collaboration. [Extracted from the article]

Generic drugs represent significant part of the Brazilian pharmaceutical market, playing a major role in its health system. Recent studies show that a significant portion of applications for registration of new generic drugs is denied. These results gave rise to the question of this research, which sought to identify which factors contributed to the failure of the generic drug development projects (GDDP) in Brazil. The data collected through an electronic questionnaire were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method with partial least squares estimation (PLS-SEM). The results validate 5 indicators for the performance of the GDDP and 44 indicators for the contributing factors classified into three dimensions: Managerial, Structural and Technical. The results also indicated that management difficulties contributed directly to the performance of the GDDP. However, the contributions of technical difficulties and structural difficulties had only confirmed their indirect effects through mediation by managerial difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional drug development are an expensive and difficult process that is time consuming, in the light of improve the traditional drug development process, drug repurposing appears as an alternative solution for this difficult process by utilizing the existing marketed drug for new drug targets. As the result of implementing this new process, by 2009 there are 30% of the newly marketed drug in U.S are the effort of repurposed drug. With the constantly growing genomic, chemical, and pathological database, computational drug repurposing are more capable of engaging into more difficult areas such as aging and outbreak. This review gives an overview of the general approaches of computational drug repurposing, showcasing works that demonstrated the realistic application of this innovative process. Lastly, it concludes the limitations that still needs to be improved up on this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin is an inorganic complex and a widely used anticancer drug in clinic. Its anticancer mechanism is generally believed to be that cisplatin destroys tumors by binding to the DNA of cancer cells and interfering with DNA replication and transcription. Cisplatin plays a milestone role in the anticancer process of human beings. But the complex resistance and toxicity of cisplatin greatly limits its clinical application. It's essential that the mechanism of cisplatin pharmacology are well-understood. Herein, we discuss the discovery process of cisplatin, the development of the platinum drugs, toxicology on mechanism of cisplatin and the current challenges in anticancer therapy. We conclude this review with the solution to the limited clinical practice of cisplatin and its future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - dr. Radiana Dhewayani Antarianto, M.Biomed, Ph.D (Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia) - Dr. Ir. Retno Wigajatri Purnamaningsih, M.T. (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Rizal, S.Si., M.Biotech., M.Sc. (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Dr. dr. Robiatul Adawiyah, M.Biomed. Ir. Misri Gozan, M.Tech.IPM (Director of RCBE, Faculty of Engineering Universitas) - Dr. Yudan Whulanza, S.T., M.Sc (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Dr. Basari, S.T., M.Eng (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Dr. Ir. Tomy Abuzairi, S.T., M.Sc., M.T., Ph.D (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Prof. Dr. dr. Budi Wiweko, Sp.OG(K), MPH (Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia) - Prof. Dr. dr. Ismail HD, SpOT (K) (Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia) - drg. (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Fairuz Nawfal Hamid, S.T., M.T. (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) Layout Editors: - Nurul Intan, S.Si (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Siti Hanafiah (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) 010002-5 AIP Conference Proceedings is copyrighted by AIP Publishing LLC (AIP). [Extracted from the article]

At present cancer claims lives of millions of people worldwide annually. Therefore in past few years focus of researchers to develop cancer therapeutics from natural products increasing significantly. In the present paper we are reporting our studies on the synthesis of phytofunctionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their anti cancer activity against the human breast cancer (MCF-7) and mammary cancer (EVSA-7) cell lines by using MTT assay. In past few years green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts has gained wide interest owing to its advantages such as ecofriendliness, cost effective, less time consuming and simple. For the very first time, silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Phaseolus vulgaris seeds extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were then characterized by Uv-Vis. Absorption spectroscopy and the characteristic surface Plasmon resonance peak was obtained at 450 nm. X-ray diffraction study was used to ascertain the crystalline nature and purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The powder XRD pattern confirms cubic structure with the average particle size 15.75 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to key out the specific functional groups responsible for the reduction of silver nitrate to form silver nanoparticles and the capping agent present in the seed extract. The antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus Aureus and Klebsiela pneumonia were studied which would find applications in the development of new antibacterial drugs. The synthesized nanoparticles were further examined for their anticancer and antiulcer activity. The green synthesized nanoparticles were found to be effective in cyto-toxic activity against the human breast cancer (MCF-7) and mammary cancer (EVSA-7) cell lines. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were showed very promising results for anti cancer Activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the phytochemical, physicochemical, and microscopic investigation of preferred true mangrove leaves, i.e., Acrostichum aureum, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Nypa fruticans, and Rhizophora mucronata. Phytochemical screening was carried out on mangrove leaves to the established procedure. Physicochemical characteristics of photosynthetic mangrove tissues were detected by simplicized grain consisting of moisture content, water-soluble, ethanol-soluble, ash content and essay extract performed using the WHO technique. Microscopic measurement was performed based on the WHO procedure. Simplicity powder phytochemical screening shows a discrepancy between species, only saponin, and triterpenoid/phytosterol have been found in entire species. In disparity, phytochemical determination in hexane extract did not show any alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and tannins, but only triterpenoids/phytosterols were detected in whole species. Physicochemical characteristics also show mixtures between the species and a significant result was less than 10 % water content as a drug development requirement. The microscopic investigation detected diverse kind of stomata in mangrove leaves, for example, B. gymnorhhiza and R. mucronata have an anomocytic type, A. aureum, and C. tagal contained anisocytic, only N. fruticans was distinguishable type due to monocotyledon. The existing work may afford prospective pharmacological characteristics from mangrove leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to examine and to evaluate factors that are influencing specific strategic decision-making in R&D of pharmaceutical companies. In the paper, we discuss an approach how pharmaceutical companies can access and determine their R&D strategies. In the literature review, we analyse the pharmaceutical industry from strategic perspective and discuss possible influences and key strategic factors that should be part of strategic decision-making process connected to development and launch of a new drug. Then, we analyse market situation by focusing on various key decision-making factors and deduct opportunities and threats within New Molecular Entity (NME) investments. The article provides new summarized way for pharmaceutical companies on how to access decision-making for new drug R&D initiatives with application of scorecard. We also evaluated three selected cases applying evaluation based on suggested scorecard. In the end of the paper, we suggest how a complex scorecard can provide evaluation of success potential of new drug to guide pharmaceutical companies in decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetically guided liposomes (158±32 nm diameter) loaded with cytostatic drug rubomycin were produced using optimized procedure of hydration of thin phospholipid film. Magnetite nanoparticles (7.3±1.2 nm diameter) serving as the magnetic phase of the liposomes were produced using the polyol method. The liposomes were stable, with a shelf life of several weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development microcarriers of biologically active substances for creation of new drugs should also give the required physicochemical properties to the dosage form. The effect of liquid plant extract of chamomile flowers, calendula flowers and yarrow herbs on microparticles vaterite and microparticles microcrystalline cellulose was studied. When grinding microcrystalline cellulose, (first mechanically and then by ultrasound), microparticles with fractional composition were obtained (from 1 to 100 nm - 0%, from 100 to 1000 nm - 88% and from 1000 to 10000nm - 12%). Comparative analysis the technological characteristics these microparticles by SeDeM method shown that microcrystalline cellulose particles are promising for development of solid dosage form based thereon with liquid plant extract by direct compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study was a qualitative exploration on the influencing characteristics of creative climate, within IS innovation teams at a top tier "Big Pharma" company. Using Template Analysis, a 14-dimension theoretical model was tested against qualitative data from 35 IS innovation stakeholders. A good fit was found in the qualitative codes derived from the field data. Further, the theoretical model was expanded to produce a rich set of sub-classifications. This study contributes to literature as Conceptual Research and adds to the extant literature by providing additional perspectives and extending the model within a new context; IS teams supporting drug development. The method and output of this research can be used by innovation and knowledge management practitioners in IS environments as a template model as they try to gain deeper understandings, mitigate barriers, and support enabling opportunities to create new knowledge, solve problems, and improve innovative output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organs-on-chip allow for establishment of physiologically relevant models of human tissues and organs, and specifically of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit (NVU) in their normal or pathological state. BBB/NVU integrity and functions are compromised in course of different diseases or injuries, like traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, arteriovenous malformations, vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, brain cancer, inflammation, genetic disorders, and many more. In this review we discuss main BBB/NVU properties, and latest achievements in healthy and pathological human BBB microfluidic models development. The growing evidence indicates that for human in vitro BBB models (and especially when recreating pathology) it is beneficial to use human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Besides the right choice of cells, it is obvious that static in vitro models are far from physiology, that’s why microfluidic human iPSC-based BBB models are of particular interest. Such models are potentially useful for development and testing of new neuropharmaceuticals, and development of strategies to prevent the breakdown of BBB/NVU in the course of certain disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how artificial intelligence (AI) can influence the drug development process in the global pharmaceutical industry. Despite considerable effort made in developing drugs, pharmaceutical firms experience declines in novelty for drugs they produced. As AI becomes an important general purpose technology (GPT), it could be used to address some known challenges in the drug development process. Using two large-scale datasets that contain detailed historical records of global drug development and patents, we identify AI-related patents to approximate firms' AI capabilities and construct a relatively new similarity-based metric to measure drug novelty based on their chemical structure. We find that AI can primarily affect the earliest stage in drug discovery when tasks are heavily dependent on automatic data processing and reasoning. However, it may not necessarily help with the more expensive and risky clinical trial stages that require substantial human engagements and interventions. Additionally, AI can facilitate the development for drugs at the medium level of chemical novelty more than at the extreme ends of the spectrum. Our study sheds light on the understanding of the roles and limitations modern technology can have on drug development, one of the most complex innovation processes in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the death prevalence from heart disease accounts for 9.4 million deaths a year and will have predicted by 2030 increased to 23.6 million people suffering from heart disease. To solving this problem not only focus on treatment the disease but we should also think how to preventing it. Cardiac diagnosis has been recognized since 1989 using technetium-99m-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) radiopharmaceutical. Since 2012, Indonesia has been producing about 500 vials MIBI kits (precursor of 99mTc-MIBI) per year. Since radiolabeling of MIBI kit with 99mTc is performed in hospital, therefore the quality control (QC) of the resulted product (99mTc-MIBI) should be performed at the hospital as well. The extraction method is a simple, fast, and friendly used method for determining radiochemical purity (RCP) of 99mTc-MIBI. However, this method still has some weaknesses as the sample volume and type of measurement tools greatly influence the results. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the results of RCP measurements of 99mTc-MIBI used by extraction method which is then measured with a dose calibrator (DC) and a gamma counter (GC), as well as thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. The research involved radiolabeling MIBI kit with 99mTc, testing RCP with TLC standard, DC and GC methods, and then comparing RCP 99mTc-MIBI results in those three methods with statistical calculation. The chromatogram resulted from TLC method showed 99mTc-MIBI (Rf 1.0) nicely separate from its impurities 99mTcO2 (Rf 0.0) and 99mTcO4- free (Rf 0.4 – 0.6). Minimum sample volume that can be well measured on DC and GC tools on extraction method is 250µL. The percentages of RCP of 99mTc-MIBI measured using TLC, DC, and GC methodsare 97.84 ± 0.49%, 97.45 ± 0.53%, and 97.95 ± 0.64% respectively. Comparison of extraction method with two different measurement tools, dose calibrator and gamma counter, was found not significantly different based on statistical calculation with t-value of 1.98. In addition, comparison between thin layer chromatography and gamma counter was found not also significantly different either with t-value of 0.46. Based on the above-mentioned results it can be concluded that the extraction method using two type tools, dose calibrator and gamma counter, do not differsignificantly with the standard method TLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Pharmaceutical industry is one of the most R&D intensive industries in the world - based on innovation and generates a high added value, while at the same time is subject to strict regulation. Bulgarian pharmaceutical companies have one distinct feature – they are producing mostly generic drugs, thus missing the opportunity to take part in creating brand-name drugs with higher profit margins. We build a model measuring risks and opportunities that follow development of new drugs. It is then calibrated against actual financial data of Bulgarian pharma companies and used to check their ability to finance and develop new products. We have used publicly available data with in-depth financial research and real options analysis (ROA) to create a five-step genuine model for brand-drug development, able to capture scale of operation and R&D potential of the pharma companies in the country. Numerical results, including Monte Carlo simulations are used to assess the expected gains and optimal development path as well as risks and to decide what would be the optimal sources for financing the innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA microarray technology is used to analyze thousands of gene expression data simultaneously and a very important task for drug development and test, function annotation, and cancer diagnosis. Various clustering methods have been used for analyzing gene expression data. However, when analyzing very large and heterogeneous collections of gene expression data, conventional clustering methods often cannot produce a satisfactory solution. Clustering algorithm has been used as an alternative approach to identify structures from gene expression data. In this paper, we introduce a transform technique based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to identify normalized matrix of gene expression data followed by Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) to cluster and then displaying the best cluster according to Davis Bouldin Index (DBI) based on Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). Experimental study on standard dataset demonstrated the effectiveness of the algorithm in gene expression data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have been discovered as a powerful method for the synthesis of organic molecules, since the products are formed in a single step and the building blocks with diverse range of complexity can be obtained from easily available precursors. This strategy has become important in drug designing and discovery in the context of synthesis of biologically active compounds. In the today’s scenario, MCRs are influenced by greener conditions as a powerful alternative over the conventional synthesis. In the last few years, a number of scientific publications have been appeared in the literature depicting the synthesis of pyrimidobenzothiazoles via greener routes which clearly states its importance in pharmaceutical chemistry for the drug development. Our article describes the synthesis of substituted pyrimidobenzothiazoles via one pot multicomponent reaction with structural diversity through conventional and greener pathways using different catalysts, ionic liquids, agar, resins etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose that Artificially Intelligent (AI) systems in medicine are the new drugs. Through study and comparison of the existing corporate pharmaceutical models, we advocate a new approach in how the performance of AI solutions (both for diagnostic and prognostic aims) is measured and promoted, on how the impact of these solutions is assessed and evaluated in terms of both outcome and safety (about which the new term technovigilance has been introduced), and how education and a better awareness of the impact of these systems on heath care by multiple stakeholders should be promoted. Any drug must be evaluated in terms of efficacy and safety, but also in terms of real-world effectiveness, efficiency and cost-effectiveness, that is in terms of its role as a component of a wider and more complex socio-technical system where it must fit a broader process of inquiry and care, which involves patients, care givers and many other stakeholders. For this reason, we also propose, as a priority, changes in the current wide-spread attitudes that evaluate machine performance against humans, and instead to adopt a collective knowledge approach. In this light, the leading metaphor informing the public debate on the role of AI in medicine should not be that of cognitive augmentation, with its risks of feeding unrealistic expectations and restoring the harmful image of the medical hero, but rather of a collaboration-oriented adjunct in more redundant and tighter teams of competent decision makers. Not only could this lead to a more efficient and automated health care, but we argue to a better collective endeavour aimed at the well-being of patients as well as at the satisfaction of physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin cancer is a disease with an increasing incidence due to its complex etiology and various forms of manifestation. The topical treatment can be a successful therapeutic approach in early diagnosed cutaneous neoplasm. The main drawback of the drugs currently in use is the low bioavailability caused by many pathophysiological and pharmaceutical factors. The aim of the present study was to develop new modifiedrelease topical products by encapsulating bexarotene into biocompatible silica matrices and by formulating these systems as semisolid excipients. Bexarotene is a third generation retinoid highly selective to the retinoid X receptor and it is topically administered in the therapeutic management of skin lesions caused by T-cell lymphoma. Two semisolid bases were selected and a physical, chemical, sensory and pharmacotechnical characterization of the preparation was performed. The in vitro availability and kinetic release profile of bexarotene in the formulated products was measured. The results obtained showed a prolonged release of bexarotene from the formulations studied over a period of time longer than 8 hours. These results may be used as a basis for further in vivo studies, which are required for the assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of new topical agents with antineoplastic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroleptic drugs (gr. neuro lepsis + mounting tranquilizer synonyms staff, antipsychotic, neuroplegic) are a class of medicines from pharmacology, used in the treatment of the various forms of psychoses, for example schizophrenia, the paranoia or other behavioral deviations. The effect of the neuroplegics itself through the 3 types of actions: 1 psycho-physiological actions, 2 antipsychotic actions, 3 neurological actions. Development of an analytical methods for quantitative analysis of risperidon of feed for the hang up pants and validation of this method. Validation is a process for the evaluation of the products or of the analytical methods to ensure in the agreement with the requirements of the process or of the method. Validation objective consists in the fact proven that the operations seccesive/combined involved in the method will give suitable results for the purpose intended - fit for purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous studies on screening of antioxidant activities from various endophytic fungi isolated from marine bioata showed that A. elegans PTF9 isolated from sea weed is one of the fungus that has good antioxidant activity. In current study we reported the effect of medium salinity (0, 3 and 10% salt in PDB medium) on antioxidant and antidiabetes activity of mycelium and filtrate ethyl acetate extracts of A. elegans Ptf 9. The antioxidant assay was conducted using DPPH free radical scavenging activity method. The antidiabetes assay was conducted using a-glucosidase inhibitory activity method. The results showed that the best antioxidant activity was obtained from filtrate extract of fungus cultures with 0% salt (IC50=1.56 ppm), whereas the best antidiabetes activity was obtained from filtrate extract of fungus culture with 10% salt (IC50= 3.64 ppm). Addition of salt reduced the antioxidant activity, but not the antidiabetes activity. The results suggest that A. elegans PTF9 showed potential for further studies on isolation of antioxidant and antidiabetes lead compounds that could be use for further development of new drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologics are therapeutic proteins or peptides that are produced by means of biological processes within living organisms and cells. They are highly specific molecules and play a crucial role as therapeutics for the treatment of severe and chronic diseases (e.g. cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, autoimmune disorders). The development of new biologics and biologics-based drugs gains more and more importance in the fight against various diseases. A short overview on biotherapeutical drug development is given. Cone snails are a large group of poisonous, predatory sea snails with more than 700 species. They use a very powerful venom which rapidly inactivates and paralyzes their prey. Most bioactive venom components are small peptides (conotoxins, conopeptides) which are precisely directed towards a specific target (e.g. ion channel, receptors). Due to their small size, their precision and speed of action, naturally occurring cone snail venom peptides represent an attractive source for the identification and design of novel biological drug entities. The Jagna cone snail project is an encouraging initiative to map the ecological variety of cone snails around the island of Bohol (Philippines) and to conserve the biological information for potential future application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of targeted delivery systems releasing pharmaceutical agents directly at the desired site of action may improve their therapeutic efficiency while minimizing damage to healthy tissues, toxicity to the patient and drug waste. In this context, we have developed a bio-inspired microdevice mimicking the tumour microvasculature which represents a valuable tool for assessing the enhancement of blood vessel permeability due to cavitation. This novel system allows us to investigate the effects of ultrasound-driven microbubbles that temporarily open the endothelial intercellular junctions allowing drug to extravasate blood vessels into tumour tissues. The blood vessel on a chip consists of a tissue chamber and two independent vascular channels (width 200 µm, height 100 µm, length 2762 µm) cultured with endothelial cells placed side-by-side and separated by a series of 3 µm pores. Its geometry and dimensions mimic the three-dimensional morphology, size and flow characteristics of microvessels in vivo. The early stage of this project had a twofold objective: 1. To define the protocol for culturing of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) within the vascular channel; 2. To develop a fluorescence based microscopy technique for measuring permeability. We have developed a reliable and reproducible protocol to culture endothelial cells within the artificial vessels in a realistic manner: HUVECs show the typical elongated shape in the direction of flow, exhibit tight junction formation and form a continuous layer with a central lumen that completely covers the channels wall. As expected, the permeability of cell-free device is higher than the one cultured with HUVECs in the vascular channels. The proposed blood vessel on a chip and the permeability measurement protocol have a significant potential to allow for the study of cavitation-enhanced permeability of the endothelium and improve efficiency in screening drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of hypertrophic scars has variable success and require multiple therapeutic sessions. The use of several therapies at the same time can increase efficacy of scars treatment and reduce the therapeutic sessions. The possibilities of non-invasive complex hypertrophic scars treatment, including compression textile covered with silicone and medical plants extracts composition layer, are discussed. The presumable mechanisms of compression silicone sheeting and medical plants are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]