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Composites have become an essential aspect of the restorative procedure due to patient desire for aesthetic restorations and a requirement for restorations that have maximum conservative requirement. The Bonding has a serious influence on the composite restoration's intraoral performance. So that forty-eight-sound extracted premolar teeth were collected followed by cutting 1.5mm of the occlusal surface. After that, three major groupings were created from the samples (Palfique Universal Bond & Futura U Universal Bond, Adhese Universal Bond). Each group was split up into two subgroups (total etch and self-etch modes). following the bonding guidelines provided by the manufacturer, beautiful bulk composite 2x4 mm was applied to each tooth, and the samples were subsequently put through a shear bond test using the universal testing machine. The One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis once all of the readings were obtained and the Least Significant Differences Test (LSD test). There had been a significant difference among the groups in both techniques that was used, the higher reading of shear bond strength was to Palfique Universal Bond with total etch mode. It may be determined that using an etching step before using Universal Adhesives increases their dentine penetration pattern greatly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic odontology plays a significant role in human identification. Forensic odontology through dental identification will be crucial when fingerprinting is invalid due to the disintegrated body as teeth usually are the last part of the body that remains when the body is decomposed or burned. One of the ways for human identification is through age estimation. There are various methods to estimate age through the dental aspect. However, the radiological method has received attention for its non-destructive method. Age estimation in children can be done by seeing its dentition period. However, adult age estimation has been a challenge. Secondary dentin deposition and pulp reduction throughout age were stated to have the ability to estimate adult age. This review compares the Kvaal method and Cameriere method in adult age estimation, which assess the pulp reduction due to the secondary dentin deposition through the dental radiological method. Data searches were conducted through four databases, including PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, and Scielo, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Differences between Kvaal and Cameriere original method include the radiograph used, tooth used, measurement tools, and measurement variables used. Most studies showed that the periapical radiograph gave more accurate results compared to the panoramic in both methods. Moreover, most studies showed no significant difference between gender and diverse results between age groups in both methods. The population used in the study, methodology, observers' reliability in the measurement, and the secondary dentin pattern affect the result and reliability of both methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teeth have been known as the most durable body parts even after the soft tissues and other skeletons are destroyed. Therefore, it has been used to estimate age when several changes after death and traumatic tissue injury occur, or fingerprints can no longer be used due to a particular condition. One of the frequently used methods is histologic methods, including root dentin translucency and tooth cementum annulation. Counting the total of cementum annulation in human teeth and adding it to the average age of tooth eruption will result in estimated age at death. Compared with other morphological methods with higher errors, tooth cementum annulation produces a more accurate method to estimate the age at death. Another dental physiological process often used in estimating adult age is root dentin translucency (RDT). RDT increases with age, starting from the apex and progressing to the coronal of the teeth. Many studies have been conducted to estimate the age at death for adults using tooth cementum annulation and root dentine translucency separately, with conflicting results. However, there were only a few comparisons of these methods available. This review aimed to compare the accuracy of both methods in estimating age for different age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the in vitro cytotoxicity of nano-hydroxyapatite composite resin by dentine barrier method and evaluate its biocompatibility, so as to provide theoretical basis for its application in oral clinic. Methods: A in vitro test device for the cytotoxicity of dentin barrier was made, and the cytotoxicity of nano hydroxyapatite composite resin, 3M Z350 composite resin, negative control material and positive control material were determined by this device. Results: The cell relative activity (%) of nano-hydroxyapatite composite resin and 3M Z350 composite resin determined by dentine barrier method were 92.5±3.63 and 89.1±1.63 respectively. Conclusion: Nano-hydroxyapatite composite resin is less cytotoxic than 3M Z350 composite resin, and can be safely applied in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early childhood caries, which is a public health problem, is quite large in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to care for early childhood caries. The Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) is one choice for inhibiting caries activity in primary teeth. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the SDF in inhibiting caries activity on primary teeth and the relationship between intraoral factors and the effectiveness of SDF. Method: The subjects were 115 children between 2.5 to 6 years old who were applied SDF, further evaluating oral examination after 3 and 10 months. Results: The results showed that evaluation after 10 months was 69.7% of the surface had active caries to be arrested significantly, 6.4 times to be arrested, and 9.9 times after 3 months. Conclusion: It can be concluded that SDF is effective in inhibiting dentine caries activity on primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the surface substructure, inorganic and organic components present in partially demineralized tooth bone graft material in young and old, male and female subjects, which may vary due to formation of secondary dentin suggesting decrease in calcium content as we age. A total of 34 extracted teeth were collected, 15 belonging to young patients and, the remaining 15 belonging to old patients, and, divided into 4 subgroups and a 4 control group. All the samples were cleaned, washed, air dried and powdered and demineralized. However the control group having 4 samples each was not demineralized. The samples were subjected to Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for surface substructure and inorganic component analysis, and Bradford Assay to assess the protein content. The SEM analysis revealed the presence of dentinal tubules, collagen and, dense crystals of hydroxyapatite in young subject samples, however in old subjects' collagen fibers were not visible, and hydroxyapatite crystals randomly scattered in clusters. The EDS results showed statistical significance in the Calcium Phosphorus ratio between the groups. Bradford Assay, showed higher concentration of proteins in female subject samples irrespective of age. It can be concluded that inorganic analysis showed young subjects had more densely packed hydroxyapatite crystals and slightly higher Calcium Phosphorus ratio and, high protein concentration was seen in female subjects' samples irrespective of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A force applied during the orthodontic treatment induces inflammation which is essential for tooth movement, can lead to root resorption. Previous research works have proved a protein biomarker which can monitor the root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. Dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is one of most abundant non-collagenous protein in dentine. DSPP is released into Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during external root resorption. In this work, we investigate and analysis the absorbance spectrum of human DSPP by using spectroscopy and a qualitative model using Soft Independent Modelling Class Analogies (SIMCA). The absorption spectrum data will be used as an indicator for clinical examination of root resorption in orthodontic treatment. The subjects for this study consisted of non-orthodontic and orthodontic patients based on different clinical treatment period. GCF samples collected from both non-orthodontic and orthodontic groups showed ultra-violet spectrum range from 244.11 to 259.86 nm. The spectrum data model accuracy for non-orthodontic and orthodontic patient obtained at 0.91. The result indicates that GCF absorption spectrums obtained correlated with the duration of orthodontic treatment after the occurrence of Orthodontic-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). The qualitative spectrum data model developed is capable to classify samples into non-orthodontic and orthodontic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first aim of this paper is to survey some mathematical models including human root dentin and the other applications. It is well-known that formation, evolution, diseases and treatments of the tooth, jaws, mouth and surrounding tissues are directly related to mathematical models and their applications. In order to improve and investigate mathematical models with their algorithms, we need to understand the complex and challenging root canal system, which is an important factor for instrumentation, preparation and obturation of the tooth root canals. Therefore, root canal length, curvature, conicity, shape, and ramifications need to be evaluated in advance to enhance the success of the treatment. Therefore, to design and realize a method for analyzing the geometric characteristics of human root canals is come forward and mathematical models appear to be a suitable way to examine the geometric properties of root canals. The second aim of this paper is to provide a good reference for manufacturers of root canal instruments and for dentists to better understand the geometry of root canals as well as the limits they might have with the root canal treatment. Moreover, we give further remarks and observations on new and old mathematical models and related mathematical subjects such as the Laplace transform, the Mittag-Leffler function and the other derivative and integral formulas. Finally, we give some open questions with observations on our models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Indonesia Basic Health Research, among the 28.9% of children aged 5–9 years with dental problems in 2013, only 35.1% received treatment. Dental caries had the highest prevalence among these problems, leading to the recognition that easy to apply and affordable treatment options were needed. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of propolis fluoride in arresting dentine caries in the primary teeth of first- and second-grade students in an elementary school in South Tangerang over a three-month period. The study design was quasi-experimental and we used purposive sampling. In total, 105 subjects with active surface dentine caries had their teeth smeared with propolis fluoride. The Friedman test and post-hoc analysis (Wilcoxon test) were then used to identify any significant differences between evaluations at baseline and those after one and three months. Evaluations at one and three months showed that 70% and 66.5% of surface dentine caries were arrested, respectively. In conclusion, propolis fluoride can arrest the progression of dentine caries for three months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orientation dependence of the Poisson’s ratio of teeth dentin and enamel of tooth on the basis of matrices of elastic constants and the compliance coefficients of hexagonal crystals, such as crystals of dentine hydroxyapatite, was obtained. The results of calculating the Poisson’s ratios of dentin and enamel as a crystalline system with a hexagonal structure are presented in the form of tables and diagrams in the polar and Cartesian coordinate systems. It was shown that the maximum value of the Poisson’s ratio of dentin (0.54) is greater than the upper limit for the Poisson’s ratio of isotropic materials, including known restoration materials, which in some cases may reduce the quality of restorations. The effective elastic characteristics of dentine and enamel, including Poisson’s ratio using different averaging methods, were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today almost all manufacturers of dental materials in their certificates of quality of material give its chemical composition, mechanical properties, process ability in aesthetic characteristics while informations about thermal properties are not available. Within the work measurements of the thermal properties of five selected, in daily dental practice used, dental materials which were produced in the laboratories of Slovenian firms and high education institutions have been carried out. Measurements were carried out at room temperature, and in a temperature range between 0 °C and 50 °C in accordance with standard ISO 22007-2. The specific engineering methods for determination of the thermal properties of materials and standards from group ISO 22007 will be presented. A complex study was preformed and evaluation of functioning of the Hot Disk TPS 2200 device, modern and high-quality instrument for the thermal properties determination, was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatites (HAp) are calcium phosphate salts similar in composition to that of mammalian bone and the dentin mineral compartment. The current study focussed on the synthesis of HAp and chitosan functionalized HAp (CHAp) nanoparticles (NPs), as potential carriers of DNA into two mammalian cell lines. HAp/CHAp NPs (Ca/P ratio = 1.67), prepared by a co-precipitation method, were characterized for morphology, particle size distribution, ζ-potential, structure, and DNA association. DNA loaded HAp/CHAp NPs were assessed for their antiproliferative effect on a normal human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) and the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) in vitro, as well as, their ability to transfect. DNA-NPs displayed short rods at 80.81 ± 6.04 nm (HAp) and 141.22 ± 9.01 nm (CHAp), ζ-potential (-7.04 ± 0.84 mV HAp) and +ve ζ-potential (+5.78 ± 0.45 mV CHAp). Good complex formation and compaction of DNA was evidenced by electrophoretic profiles, DCF adsorption, thermal stability, EtBr dye displacement, and digestion assays. HAp and CHAp NPs were well tolerated by the cells with toxicity being minimal (<50%), thus proving their biocompatibility in vitro. Both HAp and CHAp NPs produced the highest transfection at 100:1 WWratios in both cell lines. The current study shows that these chitosan-based bioceramic NPs may serve as promising, safe, and effective delivery vehicles in cancer therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the spatial variations in mechanical behavior of the dentin hybrid layer formed by a single step (one bottle) dentin adhesive system. Objective. The objectives were to: (1) evaluate the mechanical behavior of the hybrid zone formed by a single sep dentin adhesive system using nanoindentation technique, (2) compare the indentation moduli (EIT) and indentation hardness (HIT) of human dentin and the hybrid zone, and (3) assess the importance of specimen hydration on the nanoindentation response. Methods. Specimens of human dentin, treated with commercial single step resin adhesive and restored with composite material were evaluated using a nanoindenter in a loaddisplacement control mode. The load and displacement responses were used to perform nanoindentation characterization of dentin and the hybrid layer and estimate EIT and HIT, using Oliver & Pharr approximation method. Results. In hydrated state, EIT for dentin and hybrid layer were 18.214 ± 1.30 GPa and 12.535 ± 0.19 GPa respectively. For HIT, also in hydrated state, the values in dentin and hybrid layer were 0.56 ± 0.06 GPa and 0.36 ± 0.005 GPa respectively. Viscoelastic deformation of the dentin hybrid zone exceeded that occuring in regions of uniform dentin tissue. The load displacement curves of the two zones were also estimated and analyzed. They generally follow the same pattern without any noticeable pop-ins or irregularities. Significance. The microstructure and hydration play critical roles on the mechanical behavior of the hybrid layer and nanoindentation provides a potent measurment tool for identifying the spatial variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentin hypersensitivity is described clinically as an exaggerated response to non-noxious sensory stimuli. Current treatment is concentrating on two approaches; to occlude the dentinal tubules or to block neural transmission. This is achieved through using dentin desensitizers and low power lasers. Forty eight freshly extracted human molar teeth were used in this study and divided equally into three groups. Group 1) control group, group 2) laser treated dentin surface group, and group 3) desensitizing agent dentin surface group. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of laser treated group showed melted globules, no carbonization, recrystalization and crystal growth of the apatite in some areas. In diode laser dentin surface treated group showed the highest shear bond strength mean value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of our work is to adapt pulse-echo ultrasound into a high resolution imaging modality for early detection of oral diseases and for monitoring treatment outcome. In this talk we discuss our preliminary results in the detection of: demineralization of the enamel and dentin, demineralization or caries under and around existing restorations, caries on occlusal and interproximal surfaces, cracks of enamel and dentin, calculus, and periapical lesions. In vitro immersion tank experiments are compared to results from a handpiece which uses a compliant delay line to couple the ultrasound to the tooth surface. Because the waveform echoes are complex, and in order to make clinical interpretation of ultrasonic waveform data in real time, it is necessary to automatically interpret the signals. We apply the dynamic wavelet fingerprint algorithms to identify and delineate echographic features that correspond to the flaws of interest in teeth. The resulting features show a clear distinction between flawed and unflawed waveforms collected with an ultrasonic handpiece on both phantom and human cadaver teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the findings a study regarding the effects of water in dentin interface using confocal Raman microscopy (CRM). It describes the method of the study in which dentin surfaces were selected and wet bonding techniques were used and states that the water contents in adhesives were related to their hydropholicity. It mentions that CRM can be used to provide in situ detection of interfacial structure and components of the adhesives.