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The Dobšiná dam is a part of the water management system “Dobšiná” which consists of the Palcmanská Maša reservoir, the Vlčá Dolina hydroelectric power plant, and the Dobšiná afterbay reservoir. Palcmanská Maša and Vlčia dolina dams were built in the years 1956 -1958, Dobšiná dam in 1960. It is an earthfill dam, and the body of the dam is divided into the left and right part by a functional outlet block, which is situated in the valley alluvial plain. On the left side of the dam, the sealing was built of stabilized local soil with a variable thickness from 0.5 m at the crest, to 0.75 m on the downstream toe of the dam. The sealing continues by an elongated sealing blanket, embedded to the subsoil by a sheet pile wall. On the right side of the dam, the sealing element is a 0.9 mm thick PVC foil, protected on both sides by specially shaped precast concrete panels and layers of non-sandblasted felt. The sealing is also embedded in the subsoil by a sheet pile wall. After 40 years of operation, the technical condition of the PVC foil was revised. The results showed that the tightness of the sealing did not show changes, but its elasticity decreased. These changes in the form of microcracks were manifested mainly in the area of water level fluctuations in the reservoir. After local repairs of the PVC foil, the reservoir was put into operation. The reliability of the sealing function is monitored by means of observation boreholes, which are situated close to the compound appurtenant object. In recent years, anomalies in water level regime have been observed in two observation boreholes. The paper focuses on the analysis of the causes of existing anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Abstract of the Geological Congress of Turkey / Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri is the property of TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The dams along with the accumulation lakes formed behind them are man-made water reservoirs for efficient use of the planet's water resources. The dams are big hydrotechnical structures in particular represents construction with very long duration of life and achieve their financial efforts imply particularly important. Over time, changes of external environmental factors may occur, which will influence the behavior of the dam. The environmentally aggressive conditions can be changed in relation to the material from which the construction is performed, natural cataclysms, earthquakes, floods, winds or extraordinary snow can occur. All these changes can influence the strength and stability of the construction, which can lead to the destruction of the building and sometimes to catastrophes. Their monitoring during exploatation represents the guarantee of their safety and prevent accidents that could become catastrophic. One of the best method of monitoring dams is the geodethic measurements. Analysis deformation of vertical and horizontal displacement vector of the dam can give us information regarding dam behavior and it can allow owners to take action early to prevent catastrophic events. This paper analysis the in real displacements vectors during 1973-2019 of the dam of Valea de Pesti, Hunedoara, Romania because of the special characteristics they pose. Valea de Pesti Dam is located on River Valea de pesti, 500 m upstream of its confluence with the Jiul de Vest river. The dam provides a reservoir with a volume of 4 500 000 cubic meters of water supply in order to Lupeni Petrosani area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the properties of the materials and the typical cross-section of an embankment or dam, the use of structural models (i.e. finite element method) to analyze the response by calculating the set of stress-strain is straightforward. However, the use of such analysis requires accurate input information; otherwise, the results obtained may be questionable. The analysis of the effect of heavy vehicle loads on earth dams is poorly documented in past research. However, in these structures, some materials such as fine-grained core materials, can be sensitive to damage induced by stresses under moving heavy vehicles. This paper presents the formulation of empirical models associated with the mechanical response of the top part of a dam core constituted of glacial till to support the assessment of the effect of heavy loads circulating on rockfill dams. Laboratory tests and field measurements were used as a reference to develop analytical and empirical analysis models. Resilient modulus and permanent strain rates were evaluated to support the development of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monitoring of the construction behavior is one of the important activities carried out to determine the state of construction, subject to various natural and anthropogenic actions at a given time. In Romania, the activity of rockfill dams monitoring is regulated according to the importance category (A, B, C). The Râuşor Dam is located downstream of the confluence of the River Râuşor with the river Târgului, which springs from the Iezer-Păpuşa Mountains. The dam is located at 7.5 km from the village of Lereşti, 14 km by Câmpulung Muscel downstream and 7 km away of the Voina cottage upstream. The dam was built from rockfill with a slightly curved horizontal core. The construction began in 1976, was completed in 1987 and the finishing reception in 1990. The dam is 105m high and 380m long. The Râuşor reservoir has a surface of 190 ha and a volume of water of 60 million cubic meters and is 4.5 km long on the river Târgului and 2.8 km on the river Râuşor. The Râuşor accumulation supplies the Lereşti, Voineşti and Campulung Muscel municipalities with water. Being part of importance category B, this dam is also monitored by geodetic methods with an annual spring repeat rate. Because of the fact that in the area of the longitudinal axis of the dam, the annual compaction rate has reached a value of over 1 cm and in the downstream area there have been rocks drifting, the institution that manages this dam decided to monitor this area at a 3-month period (4 seasons) using geodetic methods. To this end, the geodetic network of the dam was upgraded with tracking points arranged in the rockfills in the area where displacements occurred. A number of 8 stages of geodetic measurements were carried out between April 2017 and November 2018. These measurements included distances, directions, and level differences to determine the displacements of the tracked points. As the results were the plane coordinates and the heights obtained, as well as various suggestive graphs showing the vectors of the displacements between the stages and the velocities. This paper presents the stages of geodetic measurements performed to monitor the special area, the problems encountered in keeping the horizontal and vertical datum, performing the measurements, as well as the results expressed by coordinates and velocities of the monitored points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River flash floods and floods are natural events, which are part of the normal regime of the water leakage of a fluvial organism. Depending on the generating causes, they have a different size and a certain frequency of occurrence in time. The target area of the present study is the Sireasa area in the Danube Delta. In that place, a breakage may occur any time in the defensive dam surrounding the enclosure. This is due to the phenomenon of settlement traveled over time, or due to the possibility of occurrence of the phenomenon of infiltration generated by the strong flash floods recorded on the Danube. In this context, the objective of this work is to carry out a study through which a detailed analysis of the flood conditions in the Sireasa sector from the Danube Delta will be presented. The main purpose is to highlight the water leakage in the case of the failure of the dam as a result of a strong flash flood with a significant duration. The results of this study contributed to establish the flow direction of the water during the strong floods period. The present work allows also setting some critical points in the water leakage of the target area by providing vital information for the three villages that are located inside the enclosure. These are based on the digital terrain model using GIS technologies and methods. Furthermore, flash floods can become disasters if the geodeclivity of the land is unfavorable and facilitates water leakage at a rapid rate causing serious economic effects, such as affecting the Agricultural Areas, as also serious effects on the socio-economic activities, buildings, infrastructure elements for localities exposed to floods risks. The exceptional rainfalls, in the upper and middle basins, are also likely to produce flash floods along the lower and middle course of the Danube. These phenomena mainly affect the settlements located along the Danube's main arms. To a larger extent, the scientific and engineering communities are focused on developing computer models to calibrate the hydrological and environmental processes and actions. The availability of the landscape topography in digital formats, such as the digital terrain model (DTM), offers great potential of application. Finally, it can be highlighted that by improving the quality of the new DTM objects and of the new processing methodology leads to an increased use of the DTM in water resource analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on seal defect of dam system of an impoundment with deposition of calcareous sludge. The seal defect of the impoundment dam system, consisting of a homogeneous ground dam, occurred due to its underflow by desludged water. This paper lists causes of the underflow at the dam system, based on analysis of the original engineering-geologic survey, construction method of the dam body, floating method at the impoundment and additional engineering-geologic survey. The primary cause of the defect is presence of permeable zone in the subsoil. Secondary causes were failure to follow certain recommendations of the original engineering-geologic survey and incorrect presumptions of the deposition of floated sediments at the impoundment. The analysis of causes of the seal defect in the impoundment dam system was the basis for proposed remediation measures carried out in two stages. Stage I of the remediation was construction of principal spillway of the impoundment's accumulation area and supplementing of drainage system of the dam body. For the stage II remediation measures, a sealing underground wall was constructed in order to seal the permeable layer in subsoil. After completion of both stages of remediation works, tightness of the dam system was re-established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of water storage lakes, necessary for different uses (irrigation in agriculture, water supply for population), implies sizing of the facility so that it can permit the transition of flood flows that could happen on the river where the water storage lake is positioned (built). Such a water storage lake is dimensioned, according to normative standards, for a flood which corresponds to a certain probability calculation. Taking into account the fact that frequently from the moment of finishing the construction until this day have passed more than 30-40 years, and that due to climate changes and anthropic intervention hydrological conditions changed, the question arises how such a water storage lake behaves in case of a flood whose probability exceeds the probability calculation. The case study refers to Mileanca water storage lake, Botosani county. It was constructed in 1970 and served as water supply for irrigation of a surface of 100 hectares. The water storage dam is an earthen dam. In this paper we study the performance of the facility from the point of view of flood wave attenuation in the water storage lake and the performance of the dam in case of a flood that could lead to overtopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber L.) was reintroduced in Lithuania on 1947. Population growth was quite rapid ant there were about 6000 beavers on 1970. Nowadays beavers population in Lithuania is about 40 000. Beavers have a possibility to affect the environment where they live by building dams, lodges, making burrows systems, changing water level. Because of being such an active environmental former beaver has a huge indirect impact for forest and agricultural fields - higher water level usually causes damage for forest trees or crops. There are different studies about this beaver's ability to change environment and to build dams, lodges. Explanations why it is needed for this species now is clear, but still there are question how can these animal plan, organize and improve their ability to build. The aim of this research is to find out if dams rebuilt activity intensity differs during different year seasons and is it affected by the beaver's family size in current place. According to our findings, the beginning of dam rebuilt and total dam rebuild depends on year season - on fall season it takes 4 times less time. In addition to this, family size has an effect - bigger families rebuilt dams faster. Usually beavers do this job from midnight to 2 a.m. on fall season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Abstract of the Geological Congress of Turkey / Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri is the property of TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the present work is to develop a criteria to evaluate the safety level of large dams. This is executed by comparing the discharge capability of a dam with the peak flow estimates, with respect to 100-, 200-, 500-, and 1000-year return periods. The methodology consists of estimating the intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves, starting from observational time series, collected by rain gauges. Then, through a rainfall-runoff transformation, the design hydrographs are obtained for different return periods. The results are compared to trends of peak discharges, obtained previously by the handler of the dam. It can be noted that, if the basin area is smaller than 1 km2, the peak discharges estimated are always lower than those calculated by the handler, regardless of the antecedent moisture conditions (AMC) assumed. Otherwise, the peak discharges obtained by the handler range between those we obtained for AMCII and AMCIII. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dams belong to the dominant object in the interest of monitoring deformations in terms of geomechanic processes. Deformation survey of dams and their subsequent analysis of results must never be underestimated in terms of safety of human lives and protection of their proprieties as well as the environment protection. The paper gives the results of the deformation survey and subsequent deformation analytical and graphical analyses of the earth-fill dam Pod Bukovcom nearby the city of Kosice in the East Slovakia Region. The results and analysis of the geodetic terrestrial and satellite measurements on the body of the earth-fill dam are assumed by the test statistic and mathematical model of stability and eventually further movements of the earth-fill dam body with time prediction. Terrestrial laser scanning the earth-fill dam Pod Bukovcom is an appropriate support to the deformation survey. The outputs of deformation surveys of the earth-fill dam Pod Bukovcom are incorporated into GIS of the metallurgical enterprise U.S. Steel Kosice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate changes is increasing the odds of more extreme weather events taking place. Thus, on the one hand, they produce longer periods of drought and on the other hand, they increase frequency of heavy rains. In the eastern part of Romania there are plenty of small dams with reservoirs aimed mainly for fish farms or irrigation for agriculture. The question arises in evaluating transit capacity of flood wave, created after the massive rainfall, in the water catchment area for the reservoir of such a small dam, in the event of floods that can exceed those for which it was designed. The "Breach" program provides a simulation of the behaviour of an earth dam supposing the flood wave which was created as a result of heavy rainfall, leads to the dam discharge. The simulation is based on hydraulic, geotechnical and transportation of sediments calculations, which can provide a forecast of the behavior of earth dams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the purpose of stress assessment in concrete, the authors consider various implementation charts of methods of parallel hole drilling, partial unloading and slot destressing. The paper presents the data of testing the methods in terms of a concrete dam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity generation and supply of electricity customers is one of the biggest problems that the world today. One of the best ways of producing electricity is through hydropower system, a system which in Kosovo is likely much larger. Jury is one of the best opportunities of building a dam engineering works such as through which electricity would be produced. In engineering aspects here are various researches concerning the construction of a dam, the area who meets all the conditions for the construction of such works, there are many rock formations suitable for the construction of this work, geo-morphological system of this terrain is very convenient and therefore are doing extensive research on this area. For elaboration of this problem in detail are also made numerous drilling and analysis is the geologic, geotechnical and geological-engineering and that through this study will be presented to all elements of this project for the production of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of diplomacy in the manufacture of Chinese hydropower dams on the downstream states of the Mekong River. This article mobilizes the political economy literature to see how China influenced countries in the Mekong River to agree with the Chinese hydropower dam projects. The article shows that hydropower dams are not only part of China's soft power but are instruments to support China's economic and political ambitions. Therefore, the success or failure of dam construction depends on the agreement and the level of bilateral political relations and the countries that establish cooperative relations for hydropower dams. Despite the benefit it can give, this development also negatively impacts countries like Laos and Cambodia. The impact can be seen in erosion, flooding, destruction of breeding fish habitats and population movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings on Maintenance is the property of University of Zenica, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper responds the WFD 2000/60 provisions related to the rivers longitudinal connectivity and to increasing public interest regarding the sustainable development of river systems, especially for the heavy modified water bodies. The aim of this work was to propose technical solutions for ensuring fish migration upstream and downstream the CET1 Oradea weir dam, placed on the River Crisul Repede. The aim of this work is to present a solution to facilitate fish migration, by proposing technical solutions that intend creation of fish pass in order to help the migratory species present in study area, to migrate upstream and downstream the CET1 Oradea dam. All components of the proposed fish pass system (mobile basins, flexible plastic tubes, transportation systems, etc.) are designed to transport fish up- and downstream the dam, being placed on the second and third dam's piles. Taking into account the local specific conditions and technical characteristics of the placement, the proposed system can be successfully used at other dams of this type, that offers to the proposed solution a practical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds the provisions of WFD 2000/60 related to river longitudinal connectivity and increased public interest in sustainable development of river systems in order to maintain and increase their biodiversity. The objective of this paper is based on the need to ensure longitudinal connectivity of the inland rivers of Romania, in order to solving present problems of fish migration caused by dam construction on the water courses. Therefore, the main purpose is to proposed a solution to restore the longitudinal connectivity of the Jiu River and ensure the fish migration upstream the Işalniţa Dam, which was selected as a case study taking into account the context of problems specific of studied area. Studied area is part of the basin of one of the major river systems in Romania - Jiu River (3867 km of length and about 10,080 km2 of surface area) and includes the "I&3351;alniţa reservoir" water body, classified as heavily modified water body, in the Management Plan of Jiu River Basin, due to the Işalniţa dam presence. This situation led to the need to find solutions to restore longitudinal connectivity and to ensure fish migration towards the breeding areas upstream the Işalniţa dam. The proposed technical solution consists in developing a frontal migration system, whose implementation will provide the longitudinal connectivity restoration of Jiu River, helping to restore natural ecosystems and to maintain habitat diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is about the Mintia TPP accomplishments and objects in relation to the special works specific to a TPP, for providing the maintenance of own hydro-energetic system. There are presented some topics specific to the maintenance and repairing works caused by drainage of the service water barrier lake, operation that takes place every 15÷ 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication is focused on surveying and evaluating vertical shifts in dam blocks of the Kružberk water structure. To a certain extent, the publication addresses the process of surveying works and of becoming acquainted with the levelling ground materials used, including stabilization of the levelling marks used inside and outside the dam. Subsequently, altitudes of points are calculated, they are compared to previous stage measurements and original surveys in 1955 performed under technical and safety supervision. The paper also includes time and spatial evaluation of the shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industry has always focused to devise engineering methodologies for establishment and modification of relatively easier Controlling and Automation methods for any scrupulous process. This paper presents the design and implementation of a control system by means of microcomputers and data transmission networks. To verify the principle operation of the Controlling design to be presented a miniature Automated Dam model is experimentally tested using a PC-based system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the strategic aims in the energy sector is the provision of a durable and safe operation of the hydro power plants (HPP). An important element of the safe operation is the assessment of the vibration effect on the plant's structure. The purpose is to identify the zones having excessive levels of vibration and to outline measures for their reduction to acceptable rates. After an expert review and inspection of a particular project, regimes for investigation of vibrations have been selected under two criteria: /1/ to conform to the regular modes of operation, and /2/ to be compatible with previous measurements in order for comparative analysis to be made. After the vibration study outcomes have been analyzed, specific recommendations for increasing the vibration stability of the plant building have been drawn up. These recommendations are a useful experience for the practice, for the reliable adaptation of HPP to high-performance operational modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important procedures which must be done in the dam's monitoring process, from the dam behavior point of view, is the analysis of the data acquired from the sensors mounted inside or in the proximity of the dam. The analysis can be done in two ways: real-time — using a direct dedicated interfacing algorithm with one or more sensors, respectively a so called historical analysis — using large data packets acquired during long time periods. The first acquisition procedure shows the behavior of a sensor at an exact moment, while the second reveals — in the end — the dam behavior and suggests the proper actions that must be taken to secure the dam infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

When devices are mobile, they potentially move within range of several different wireless networks, which are not utilized due to security, inactive radios or it is just plain cumbersome for the user to exploit them. This paper proposes a vertical handover algorithm to utilize these networks, which selects the best available network at a given time, factoring in prediction of user movement, energy consumption, QoS of connections and application demand for the end-to-end connection in a (multiple) client/server setting. The algorithm allows support for different mechanisms of interaction, where we in this paper focus on 1) peer-to-peer in a WLAN setting, 2) p2p behind NAT and 3) what we call a server bounce mechanism. The algorithm is supported by a User-specific Virtual Network to obtain required network state information. Experimental tests are conducted, using both simulations and actual implementation on Android based tablets. The simulations cover a wide range of scenarios for two mobile users in an urban area with ubiquitous cellular coverage, and shows our algorithm leads to increased throughput, with fewer handovers, when considering the end-to-end connection than to other handover schemes. The implementation utilizing real world networks, shows the feasibility of the algorithm due to its low complexity compared to other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For using GPR as a non-destructive testing to the hidden weak points in dam or seawall, how to reasonably analysis the GPR image and obtain the exact interpretations is still an unsolved problem. Combined with the dam engineering features and detection experiences, geophysical models of typical hidden weak points, such as horizontal non-homogeneous layer, slope non-homogeneous zones bearing coarse-grained or fine-grained material mezzanine and cavities filled with different materials in cohesive soil dam, were set up for numerical simulation. Numerical simulations of radar wave performance in these typical hidden weak point models were conducted by using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) solution over a 2D space, with a perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions. Simulated results illustrated that spatial distribution of hidden weak points can be interpreted from the GPR image. On the condition of complicated environment, interpretation of local hidden weak point character relies upon careful analysis on dynamic characteristics including phase and frequency features of reflected wave, and diffracted wave character. Based on the wave field characteristics of the typical hidden weak points, some GPR images collected at a reservoir dam and seawall had been interpreted. Engineering applications indicated that appropriate numerical model construction and simulation interpretation could be a helpful guide to real GPR test for hidden weak points. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Based on the software LS-DYNA-970, Centered finite difference finite element method, this paper is focus on analyse the physical processes of an explosion blast in water and the response of the arch dam. As the processes are complicated, a dynamic finite element model was developed. The calculation gives out the displacement and the acceleration time-history curves of important points. The results show that: Under the shock waves of underwater explosion, the response of arch dam in horizontal way is much larger than the way in vertical way; The degree of response depended on the distance of the point and the center point of explosion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Complex water resources systems aimed for full utilization of the available water potential are capital infrastructure systems in particular region. The development and progress of the region in high degree depends on the successful planning, construction and use of the complex water resources systems. Key subsystem of these systems is the hydraulic scheme - dam and appurtenant structures from aspect of technical and functional safety as well as due to the high investment. Therefore, composition of the hydraulic scheme as one of the first stages in the water resources systems planning bears enormous strategic burden in the water resources systems planning. The composition of hydraulic schemes depends from numerous factors that can be classified in three basic groups: (?) natural factor (topographic, geologic, hydrologic conditions), (b) hydraulic scheme type (according to the water resources type and pressure) and (c) construction and exploitation conditions (according to the possibilities for multipurpose and double use of water). Above mentioned factors are conditioning water resources systems to be treated as unique problems and therefore in the process of planning should be applied the experience based knowledge but it is also necessary exclusion of the template approach. The aim of the paper is to classify the basic assumptions at composition of hydraulic schemes during the choice of most favourable solution for dam Rechani with appurtenant structures on river Orizarska, in vicinity of Kochani, Republic of Macedonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forces acting on the thin cores of earth dams could be reduced by the effect of contact with the refills. Thus the effective stress could be reduced and in turn will induce cracks at the base of the dams. This phenomenon is called hydraulic fracturing. The modeling of this phenomenon, using ANSYS program, by taking into account the effect of contact will make possible the prediction of global behavior of the dam and in the meantime will allow the assessment of the thickness of the core under which the effect of contact will have an influence. A parametric study has been performed to understand the relationship between the effect of contact and the variation of the effective stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical solution to get a reliable estimation of the earthquake-induced hydrodynamic pressure on gravity dams by proposing closed-form formulas for the eigenvalues involved when solving the fluid and dam interaction problem. A new analytical technique is presented for calculation of earthquake-induced hydrodynamic pressure on rigid gravity dams allowing for water compressibility and wave absorption at the reservoir bottom. This new analytical solution can take into account the effect of bottom material on seismic response of gravity dams. The obtained results are in good agreement with other classical solutions. The main capability of proposed analytical solution is direct calculation of eigenvalues, without any need for numerical solution. In addition the method can be easily incorporated in dynamic analysis of a dam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arundhati Roy?s essay, Greater Common Good, decries the construction of the Narmada Dam in India in scathingly ironic and emotive rhetoric. The project she argued benefited a few at the expense of the poor and illiterate and the anti-dam protest was more than a fight to save the river valley, it was a question of justice in Indian democracy. However, the pro-dam lobby, whose views were represented in a formal reply by civil society activist BG Verghese, dismissed her careful scholarship and powerful prose as mere Poetic Licence - an anti-development diatribe not based on evidence. Ironic tropes, critics argue, render the text open to polysemic readings. However, the Narmada dam debate reveals that there is preferred reading of the text and a deliberate misreading of the author?s intent that is hard to explain as mere effect of the textual characteristics of irony as a rhetorical trope. The paper argues that the current theories of irony only clarify why ironic texts are open to multiple interpretations. They are unable to explain the misreading or preferred readings of text as they do not take into account the evidence of reception of the text or pay adequate heed to the surrounding context. This paper calls for a more reader-centered approach to interpretation of ironic text which takes into consideration a formal evidence of reception and the context of communication. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a 10-channel digital array module(DAM) based on software radio theory model is designed for VHF-wave digital array radar. Up to now, DAM has fulfilled all project design requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]