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At various stages of the development of human society, personal insolvency has been studied in depth and analyzed in relation to various jurisdictions. Looking at the overall picture in the European Union just ahead of the implementation date of the restructuring and insolvency Directive 2019/1023/EU, most Member States had some rules on consumer insolvency. Research and evidence from these areas indicate that recourse to personal insolvency proceedings not only makes economic sense, but is also necessary to protect the fundamental rights of human beings but also the rights of consumers. However, a fundamental problem that arises in the EU is related to the ability of the various legislative frameworks in Europe to address the problem of over-indebted citizens in a more uniform way, especially since personal debts can originate in various states and can generate cross-borders issues so that certain harmonization revisions were seen as necessary. The Covid-19 crisis has added urgency to an already delayed review of these frameworks. In their efforts to mitigate the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumers, some measures introduced by Member States, although largely uncoordinated, reflect an upward trend towards harmonization and a convergence towards common approaches. This paper questions whether the personal insolvency frameworks in different Member States provide adequate answers to the personal bankruptcies induced by the COVID-19 pandemic in different European countries. Thus, the study reveals the current inadequacy of legal procedures for determining the insolvency of the debtor in various jurisdictions of the Union to the particular situations induced by the pandemic, the limitations of the current approach to the recovery of the debtor and the lack of harmonization in personal insolvency between Member States. Finally, the paper proposes steps to follow and key recommendations for an EU consumer insolvency directive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Considering the concerns of the European Union to implement an internal market for cosmetic products which ensures, at the same time, a high level of human health protection, and that the European cosmetics sector is one of the industrial activities affected by counterfeiting, which could lead to increased risks to human health, this article examines how European horizontal legislation is applied in national legislation. This article aims to present the legal instruments available at EU level for consolidating the safety of cosmetic products and strengthening the surveillance of the cosmetic products introduced to the market, and for consumer protection, taking into account that to ensure effective control on the market is required a high degree of administrative cooperation between the competent authorities of the Member States. This article also aims to present the active role undertaken by the cosmetics industry in developing alternative testing methods within the Horizon 2020 Programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]