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The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of fertilizer of bokashi cocoa pod husks and babadotan weed by adding cow manure and various doses of PGPR. The research method was to compare between treatments by collecting quantitative statistical data. The mixed treatment of bokashi ingredients consisted of four kinds, namely: S1 (cocoa pod husk + babadotan weed + 20 mL PGPR), S2 (cocoa pod husk + babadotan weed + 30 mL PGPR), S3 (cocoa pod husk + babadotan weed + cow manure + 20 mL PGPR) and S4 (cocoa pod husk + babadotan weed + cow manure + 30 mL PGPR). The results showed that the bokashi treatment made from cocoa pod husk, babadotan and cow manure with a 30 mL PGPR dose showed the highest C-Organic, pH and N content compared to other treatments. The treatment without cow manure with a dose of 20 mL PGPR showed that the content of element P was the best, while the treatment without cow manure with a dose of PGPR 30 mL was superior in terms of water content and element K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon product sales increases recently and thus various raw materials are required to be converted into active carbon. The aim of this research was to produce active carbon from chocoa skin which fulfilled SNI 06-3730-1995 and to study its kinetical adsorption in methy orange solution. Initially chocoa skin was dried, carbonized, grinded and sifted in a siever with 60 mesh. The charcoal was then activated in nitric acid solution with concentration of 0.6N for 24 hours, filtered out the particles, neutralized with aquadest and finally dried in the oven. The active carbon products were analyzed for water content, ash content, flying substance, carbon content and adsorptivity in iod solution. Active carbon from chocoa skin was also tested its adsorptivity in methyl orange solution with various times reaction. The optimum times reaction found was applied to adsorp methyl orange solution, kinetical isotherm adsorption and its capacity were finally determined. This research showed that activated carbon from chocoa skin fulfilled SNI 06-3730-1995 with 0.92% water content, 5.82% ash content, 25.4% flying substance, 68.76% carbon content and 752.18 mg/g adsorptivity in iod solution. The kinetical reaction of chocoa skin active carbon for adsorbing methyl orange solution followed both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations with maximum capacity of 0.3 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the paper is to investigate the continual elimination of Methylene Blue from aqueous solutions through adsorption on a fixed bed column containing Cocoa seeds shell Powder. The properties of Cocoa seeds shell Powder are analyzed with FTIR/SEM/XRD studies. The study considered various parameters, including flow rate (ranging from 1 to 3 ml/min), bed height (1 to 3 cm), & incipient concentration (10 to 50 mg/l). Among the different conditions tested, the highest uptake of Methylene Blue was observed at a flow rate of 3 ml/min, a bed height of 3 cm, and an incipient concentration of 50 mg/l. The breakthrough time decreased from 180 to 80 minutes as the flow rate increased from 1 to 3 ml/min, and the breakthrough curve (BTC) decreased from 245 to 35 minutes with an increase in the incipient concentration from 10 to 50 mg/l. On the other hand, with an increment in bed height from 1 to 3 cm, the breakthrough time improved from 80 to 125 minutes. Experimental data from the column under different conditions were analyzed using various models and the results were found to be satisfactory. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that Cocoa seeds shell Powder can serve as an effective, low-cost adsorbent with a high capacity for dye uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut shell (CS) is a plantation biomass residue containing lignocellulosic components that can be converted into chemicals by pyrolysis. The pyrolysis process produces bio-oil and bio-char as eco-friendly chemicals that can be used as antifungal agents. This study aims to produce an antifungal material using bio-oil and bio-char to overcome fungal problems in cocoa seed preparation. Pyrolysis process of dry CS with a size of ± 3 x 3 cm as much as 1000 g at temperatures ranging from 200 to 600 °C for 2-3 hours. Then, bio-oil was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and bio-char was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The antifungal efficacy of 20% bio-oil with and without bio-char on cocoa beans was tested. Later, the characteristics of cocoa seeds by observing the water content, pH value, and the total number of fungal colonies using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil revealed that the major compounds were phenols; 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione; 2-methoxyphenol; 3,6-dimethyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; 3,4-dimethoxyphenol and methoxy(4-methoxyphenyl)dimethylsilane. On the other hand, FTIR analysis of bio-char revealed the presence of functional groups such as O−H, −CH3, C≡C, C=C, C−C, and C−H. The efficacy of a 20% bio-oil concentration combined with bio-char as an antifungal agent on cocoa seeds during storage revealed that no fungal colonies were found on day 10 of observation. In contrast, on the 15th day, the TPC was 5.5 x 102 CFU g-1. According to these results, CS biomass can be a potential source of antifungal and valuable chemical products in cocoa seed preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was done to study effects of feeding bioconverted cocoa pod husk supplemented with Moringa oleifera on the fermentation characteristics in the rumen of Kacang goats. Twenty animals were used and they were arranged with a randomized block design into four groups of five animals to receive one of the following dietary treatments: MF70C30CPM0, MF70C22.5CPM7.5, MF70C15CPM15, MF70C7.5CPM22.5, MF70C0CPM30, where MF = maize forage, C = a concentrate diet, and CPM = bioconverted cocoa pod husk added with Moringa oleifera leave meal, while the superscipt values denote the proportion of each ingredient in the diet. The concentrate diet was composed (dry matter basis) of tofu byproduct (30%), rice bran (34%), copra meal (25%) and dried cassava (11%), with a final crude protein content of about 18% dry matter. Rumen fluid samples were taken 2 h post feeding after allowing the animals to be accustomed to the feeding regimes, and processed accordingly for determination of VFA and NH3 concentrations. Results indicated that both rumen VFA and NH3 concentrations were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the treatments. The highest total VFA concentration (mM) was found for treatment MF70C30CPM0 (85.9±1.67) and the lowest one for MF70C0CPM30 (82.2±1.74). However, the MF70C0CPM30 had the highest acetate (62.9±1.26 mM) and lowest propionate (15.6±0.43) concentrations compared to other treatments. Lower concentrate and higher Moringa oleifera combinations (i.e MF70C7.5CPM22.5, MF70C0CPM30) significantly reduced (P<0.05) NH3 concentration in the rumen. It can be concluded that higher replacement rates of bioconverted cocoa pod husk+M. oleifera to a concentrate diet may result in lower rumen NH3 concentration after feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high demand of cocoa-based products urges the development of cocoa and chocolate agro-industry in Indonesia. Moreover, the trend of functional food is an opportunity to explore the products, for example by adding flavonoid-rich herbs and spices such as ginger to chocolate. In product development, customer satisfaction is the key to success. This study attempts to characterize the sensory profile of milk chocolate bars with the addition of using the RATA based on consumer perceptions. The developed product (ginger milk chocolate) and four commercial products were used as the samples. There were, respectively, 22 sensory attributes of ginger milk chocolate evaluated by 142 consumers. The PCA and radar chart revealed that the sensory profile of the samples is quite various. Sample A (the developed product) had the most intense ginger, spicy and after taste flavor as well as the sandiness texture. Meanwhile, sample B were dominated by sour and bitter taste, sample C had more intense color and ginger aroma and sample D had dominant smoothness, fatty and melting behavior. Based on the preference mapping, sensory characteristic of ginger chocolate preferred by 60-80% consumers were flavor (ginger, spicy, milky, aftertaste, chocolate), aroma (ginger) and texture (smoothness, fatty, melting behavior, hardness, stickiness). From the findings, the direction of product development is focused on specific attributes that represent consumer preferences as the strategy to reach the target market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental stresses provide the biggest challenges to cocoa sustainability. The potential benefit of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to support the cocoa seedlings growth subjected to environmental stresses was evaluated. To do so, three months greenhouse study was conducted to examine the response of morphological performances, such as the quantity of leaves, stem diameter, plant height, and chlorophyll content. A glass box, with 100 x 60 x 80 cm3 dimension, equipped with an artificial heater was installed to modify the ambient microclimate provide different environmental conditions, i.e. inside and outside the glass box. Three levels of AMF dosages, i.e. 0, 5, and 10 g/pot, were evaluated. Data record suggest the higher stress condition of inside box environment, with air temperature of 35 - 40°C and relative humidity from 52 – 60%, than outside the box. The two-way analysis of variance revealed a negligible difference in the impact of AMF applications to number of leaves, and plant height. Yet, the stem diameter, with average value of ca. 6 mm, was significantly higher for cocoa seedlings growing outside the box implying the lower stress condition. Its improvement was observed inside the box with highest AMF dosage. However, the chlorophyll content was not significantly different among treatments, but with slight increase at the highest AMF level inside the box. This may suggest an improvement in terms of crop performance, subjected to environmental stress, resulting from AMF application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa drink is an attractive medium for delivering vitamin and mineral to meet the needs of micronutrients. Cocoa drinks fortified with nano-encapsulated micronutrients have been formulated to provide wider choices of functional food products. This research was aimed at evaluating the physicochemical characteristics of cocoa drinks produced with the addition of nano-encapsulated vitamin and mineral. The cocoa drink was formulated from cocoa powder with the addition of sugar (coarse and fine granulated sugar), vegetable oil (0-3.5%), and carboxymethyl cellulose/CMC (0-0.5%). Characterization was done on the product solubility, flowability, bulk density, moisture content, water activity, colour, and microstructure. Further formulation was carried out by incorporating nano-encapsulated vitamin A and iron, and the characteristics of the products were evaluated. The physical properties of cocoa drinks varied with the changes in the product compositions. The best product was found in the formulation with coarse sugar and CMC of 0.5% with a solubility of 78.74%, flowability of 23.99%, bulk density of 0,78 g/ml, moisture content of 1.79, water activity of 0.34 and colour of 48.09, 10.23 and 52.05 (L, a, b, respectively). The presence of nano-encapsulated micronutrient, in addition to enhancing the micronutrient content, modified the properties of cocoa drinks, i.e. increase the moisture content, water activity, solubility and colour lightness. This work provides information on cocoa drink properties as influenced by product composition useful for development of product formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People's plantations rarely undergo fermentation since the selling price of fermented cocoa beans is uncompetitive and over lengthy fermentation periods. Investments in cocoa bean processing factories require large amounts of money and skilled management, and if they are given over to groups of farmers, they may not be adequately managed. This study intends to assess the development strategy of the cocoa-based agroindustry in tourist areas, considering the right approach to fermentation technology, selling prices, added value, and the relationships between the concerned parties. From January to August 2022, the research was done through a literature review and expert interviews utilizing open-ended questionnaires. The Hayami value-added methodology and the Ministry of Trade's computation of the cost of cocoa beans to the factory were utilized, as well as a systems approach for the parties' relationships. The results indicated that the fermentation technique involving the addition of additional heat and a capacity of less than 20kg was suitable for use by farmers; the difference in the selling price of cocoa beans at the processing plant was IDR 5000-7000/kg, and the added value with that price is quite significant in comparison to the price of unfermented cocoa. Assigning farmers as marketing agents for factory-processed products suggests a form of connection between the parties. The transaction is carried out by exchanging a percentage of the profits from selling fermented cocoa beans for cocoa fat and chocolate paste, which are subsequently sold to food processors near tourist attractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The egg is a common source of protein. The high nutrient content makes eggs classified as perishable foods. Technology and innovation are necessary to maintain the quality of fresh eggs during storage to ensure safe food from farm to table. This study aimed to determine the effect of cocoa pulp as a coating for fresh eggs in terms of physical quality and functional properties during storage. The research method used a completely randomized design experiment with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments tested were, without cocoa pulp (P0), with cocoa pulp in different concentrations of 97.5% (P1); 95% (P2); 92.5% (P3); and 90% (P4). The variables studied were egg white index, egg yolk index, Haugh unit, foaming power, and foam stability. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with Tukey's test. The results showed that different levels of cocoa pulp concentration gave significant differences (P<0.05) in the egg white index, egg yolk index, Haugh unit, foaming power, and foam stability. The average egg white index in treatment P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4 were 0.049224; 0.0687652; 0.068491; 0.07210425 and 0.087341. Egg yolk index 0.0856485; 0.19002575; 0.1842479; 0.2244395 and 0.3314155. Haugh units 50.50475; 80.793; 79.65225; 79.0965 and 81.6795. Foaming power (%) 239.86115; 314.72985; 359.9085; 349.06495 and 364.724775. Foam stability (%) 314.23445; 404.635025; 446.551225; 416.9867 and 448.313125. The conclusion is that different concentrations of cocoa pulp have an effect on the white egg index, egg yolk index, Haugh unit, foaming power, and foam stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snack bar as a variant of today's processed food has various types of constituent components. This study aims to determine the sensory characteristics and the feasibility of a snack bar made with cocoa cake and banana chips Tanduk as raw materials. The snack bars were made in three comparison formulas for cocoa cake and banana chips Tanduk, namely Formula 1 (30:70), Formula 2 (40:60), Formula 3 (50:50) and 3 replicates. The sensory testing method used 30 untrained panelists with five parameters (color, texture, taste, aroma, and overall) which were calculated on a hedonic scale. The feasibility of production of snack bar was measured according to the parameters of Break Event Point (BEP), Net Present Value (NPV), Gross Benefit Cost Ratio (Gross B/C Ratio), Payback Period (PP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). We found that the three snack bar formulas made from cocoa cake and banana chips Tanduk were not significantly different (p<0.05) for the sensory parameters of color, aroma and taste, while the most preferred sensory test by panelists for texture, taste and overall was Formula 3. The results of the business feasibility calculation show that the product is feasible to run with a BEP value of Rp. 246,525, NPV at an interest rate of 10% is Rp. 118,359, Gross B/C Ratio>1, PP for 2 years and 9 months, and an IRR of 10.94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the effect of additional bioactivators and dosage of goat manure on organic fertilizer made from the waste of cocoa pod husk in Malang District. The experimental design of this study is a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 2 factors (variation of bioactivators and dosage of goat manure) with 4 replications. For the statistical evaluation of a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of 0.05. If the significance of F was less than 0.05, pairwise comparisons were made using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a significance on level of 0.05 (α=5%). The results showed that the waste of cocoa pod husk could be used as an organic fertilizer after composting for 32 days, where the application of bioactivator and dosage goat manure did not show a significant effect on parameters of pH, temperature, moisture content, N-total content, and C/N ratio, but for the parameter of C-organic, it showed that the addition of bioactivator and goat manure has very significant interaction. The best treatment of this research on the treatment of bioactivator Decoprima types and dosage of goat manure 1.0 kg (B3K2) with the resulting pH 7.31, temperature 32.53°C, the water content of 32.51%, C-organic 25.62%, N-total 1.95, C/N ratio 13.16 with shrinkage 31.8%. Processing of organic fertilizer from waste cocoa pod husk can increase the value and meet the quality standards of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia with number 261/KPTS/SR.310/M/4/2019 and Indonesian National Standard 19-7030 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa is one of the agricultural export commodities that contributes to the main income of small farmers in Indonesia. The production was 720,661 tons in 2020, the third largest cocoa production after Ivory Coast and Ghana. One of the key successes of cocoa production is the availability of good-quality seedlings. Saddle or slot grafting is considered one of the best methods for seedling propagation of cocoa. Traditional manual cocoa grafting using a grafting knife and scissors is commonly practiced in Indonesia, although it is labor-intensive and low in production efficiency. Research on vegetable grafting machines has been carried out in developed countries, however, very view of research conducted on grafting machines for cocoa. A simple semi-automatic cocoa grafting machine has been designed and developed in ICAERD in 2020. The machine consists of a cutting and binding device and a control system. The cutting device cut rootstock and scion with V shape knife made from hardened stainless steel of 59 HRC, 7° sharpness angle, and 50° cutting angle to maximize the contact surface area of the cut. The binding device binds the joint using ultra film to make the best fit of the surface area of cuts and the bond slot graft becomes more rigid. The machine has been tested for grafting seedlings. The test result showed that the capacity of the machine was 120 grafted seeds per hour, resulting in a clean cut of rootstock and scion, and 90% of the cocoa grafted seed grows well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of the cocoa production stages could increase the opportunity to reach higher production capacity and revenue. Based on this recommendation, the shortcut method has been introduced by eliminating the pressing and powdering process, the production line is shortened until the cocoa liquor production. This intermediate product can be directly processed into various downstream products. This study aimed to optimize the production capacity using a shortcut to increase SMEs' income. The methods used in this study were a technology review, audit, and techno-economic analysis that includes data collection by interviews, interactive discussions, and field surveys for making inventory types of equipment, observing, measuring, and testing the technical aspects. Analysis of data and evaluation were carried out using quantitative and qualitative methods. The techno-economic analysis was also performed to evaluate the feasibility of the business by determining the NPV and BC ratio. The study was conducted in a cocoa SME in the Luwu Regency of South Sulawesi. The results showed without implementing a shortcut method, SMEs could produce 80 kg of powder and 40 kg of cocoa butter per month, equivalent to 160 dried beans per month. The shortcut method could increase the capacity to 5,000 kg of dried beans or 4,000 kg of liquor per month. The processing costs were reduced 30 times lower, so the income increased significantly. This condition conveys the SME with a BC ratio of 1.44 and an NPV of IDR 309,176,269, indicating that the business is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is one of the largest cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) producing countries in the world. The production of cocoa produced a waste such as cocoa pod husk that increasing every year and it can be used for producing another valuable product such as sugars. Cocoa pod husk waste contain pectin which has the potential to be used as a substrate for pectinolytic microorganisms to be hydrolyzed into reducing sugar or glucose monomers. In the biotechnological industry, pectin and pectinase are essential macromolecules. They are widely used in the food industry for wine and juice production, clarifying agent and plant tissue maceration. This study was conducted to obtain optimal conditions for the production of pectinase enzyme by Kitasatospora sp. using cocoa pod husk in 1.5 L bioreactor tank. Testing is carried out in several parameters: agitation and aeration. From two parameters used, the one that produces the highest pectinase activity value is selected by using OFAT (One Factor at A Time) method. Beginning of the experiment Agitation was set to 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 rpm and the variation of Aeration ranged from 1 to 3 lpm. Testing the activity of the pectinase enzyme was carried out using the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. As the result, the production of pectinase enzyme by the variations of agitation gives the highest pectinase activity value of 3.92 U/mL at 200 rpm, 2 lpm for 144 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytosterols are consumed in many pharmacological products. Cocoa shell is an interesting source as its oil extract has high phytosterol content and potential of valorization. This paper reports application of microwave to control rapid heating assisting hydrodistillation (MAE-HD) of cocoa shell waste (CSW) powder. The objectives were to optimize factors to maximize extraction yield and time. Water to CSW ratio, microwave power and extraction time were varied in One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) manner from 2:1 to 10:1, from 180 to 280 W and from 30 to 150 min, respectively using optimum, predetermined factors. Selected range of the factors was further tested in central composite design. The extract was analyzed by using the Liebermann-Burchard method to measure phytosterol amount. From the response surface of CCD, oil extraction was optimal at 225W for 90 minutes with the water-CSW ratio of 7.94:1 with the yield of 2.46 mass% under significant model of surface functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the potential co-product of the second generation of bioethanol made from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are yeasts, which have antioxidant activity. The bioconversion of OPEFB to bioethanol was done based on enzymatic saccharification and fermentation using strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae, at 32°C for 48 h. The aim of this study to evaluate antioxidant activity of the body's scrub contains 4.5%, 6% and 7.5% crude glutathione obtained from the extraction of yeast in the post-fermentation of OPEFB bioethanol. The body scrub was formulated with coffee and cocoa-scented and were stored at (4-5oC) for 12 months. The scrub formulated products were tested for polyphenol content and antioxidant activity against the stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free-radical and ABTS method. The results showed that the highest total polyphenol was 12.97% and the highest antioxidant activity 94.10% was found in a scrub with 7.5% glutathione formulated with cocoa flour which was tested using the ABTS method. While the anti-oxidant activity with the DPPH method test showed a lower result of 69.84% [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the economy has evolved from being driven by physical capital to knowledge and entrepreneurship, the role of the university has also evolved over time; besides its responsibility to generate technology transfer and knowledge-based startups, universities have broadened to focus on enhancing entrepreneurship capital and facilitating behavior to prosper in an entrepreneurial society (Audretsch, 2014). This article talks about Nextcoa, an academic spin-off initiative which wants to revolutionize the cocoa industry by modernizing the production and transformation of the fruit to obtain the traditional chocolate, but also using the current waste to produce new goods and services. The research question is focus on how challenging is for a Colombian entrepreneurial university to contribute to circularity, trying to produce sweeteners and biopolymers obtained from cocoa mucilage that can be used to produce and package chocolates, replacing sugar cane and plastic bags, while gives use to a residue that is currently wasted. First, it is explained the development process of new products from Nextcoa since its conception. Then, an analysis of external conditions for the cocoa sweetener and biopolymer is done, using the Porter diamond model. In third place, it is presented an internal capabilities profile of Nextcoa. Finally, the challenges for the new products to be successful in the market are synthesized, thus contributing to the circularity of the cocoa industry. As main results, it is obtained that there is an important technological limitation in obtaining the cocoa mucilage to produce the sweetener and biopolymer as well as in the little knowledge and management of biotechnological processes of those involved in the cocoa value chain. On the other hand, there is a significant demand for plastics and sweeteners for chocolate production and packaging, and a prevailing need to reduce related contamination and consumption of sugar cane for health issues. Also, being produced by an academic spin-off gives good-will to Nextcoa products but, given the bureaucracy typical of a public university in Colombia, it can mean complications for doing business. Finally, cocoa biopolymer and sweetener would have an interesting market, especially if they can be produced at a competitive cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa pod husk is one of the most waste of cocoa, which not utilizes properly. As well as parts of the cocoa, cocoa pod husk also contains several active compounds like flavonoids and polyphenols. This research aims to analyze the content of phenolic compounds from cocoa pod husk extract. The Design Expert vs11 program with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken Design modeling was used to select process conditions from a combination of factors producing the optimal responses. Phenolic compounds were extracted using the Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) method. Extraction parameters that were varied included extraction duration, ultrasound power, and material:solvent ratio. Analysis of total phenol content was carried out using the Follin-Ciocalteu method and observed using visible light spectroscopy. Relationship between variables and the response of total phenol was modeled by y=145,50659 – 17,7693A+1,29148B+5563,3941C – 0,030108AB+343,34234AC+59, 54583BC+0,282160A2 - 0,008468 B2-1,10175 E+05C2 (A is duration extraction; B is the ultrasound power; C is material:solvent ratio). The optimum value of total phenol is 804.83 mg GAE/g with the condition extraction time of 25 min, power extraction of 180 watt, and the material:solvent ratio of 0.06 g/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora palmivora is an organism that causes fruit rot disease which greatly affects the productivity of cocoa pods (Theobroma cacao L.). The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological and physiological characteristics of cocoa pods that were healthy and infected with Phytopthora palmivora on cocoa plantations in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The morphological characterization included the surface of the fruit skin, the thickness of the fruit skin, the size and the color of the fruit. Physiological characterization includes anthocyanin levels, chlorophyll levels and beta-carotene levels using spectrophotometric methods. Based on the results of morphological characterization, it was shown that the thicker the skin of the fruit, the lower the attack of Phythopthora palmivora infection. The rough surface of the cocoa pods will be susceptible to attack by Phythopthora palmivora, while the size and color of the fruit have no impact on Phythopthora palmivora attack. The results of the physiological characterization of cocoa pods showed that anthocyanin levels increased in fruit infected with Phythopthora palmivora than healthy cocoa pods at each fruit age. Chlorophyll and beta-carotene levels in cocoa pods infected with Phythopthora palmivora decreased with each fruit age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A zeolite-activated charcoal-based filter has been made from the cocoa rind. Zeolite as matrix and activated charcoal of cocoa husk as filler were made with 75 (200 mesh) size powder. The zeolite matrix was chemically activated using 1 M NaCl solution and dried at 100℃ for 24 hours, while the activated charcoal filler of cocoa shell was carbonized at 150℃ for 1 hour. The filter was printed using a hydraulic press with a given mass of 5 tons for 10 minutes, with variations in zeolite composition: activated charcoal cocoa shell, namely 75%: 25%, 80%:20%, 85%:15%, 90%:10%, 95%:5%, 100%:0%. Then it was activated by physics with temperature variations of 700℃, 800℃, and 900℃ for 4 hours. Finally, the filter is characterized by its physical properties to determine the porosity and water absorption. The best filter for the physical test is the composition of 75%: 25%. The filter is sintered at a temperature of 700℃ with a porosity value of 53.01% and a water absorption capacity of 53.10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A zeolite-activated charcoal-based filter has been made from cocoa rind. Zeolite as matrix and activated charcoal of cocoa husk as filler were made with 75 m (200 mesh) size powder. The zeolite matrix was chemically activated using 1 M NaCl solution and dried at 100℃ for 24 hours, while the activated charcoal filler of cocoa shell was carbonized at 150℃ for 1 hour. The filter was printed using a hydraulic press with a given mass of 5 tons for 10 minutes, with variations in the composition of zeolite:activated charcoal cocoa shell, namely 75%: 25%, 80%:20%, 85%:15%, 90%:10%, 95%:5%, 100%:0%. Then it was activated by physics with temperature variations of 700℃, 800℃, and 900℃, for 4 hours. The filter is characterized by its physical properties to determine the porosity and water absorption. The best filter for the physical test is the composition of 75%: 25% which is sintered at a temperature of 700℃ with a porosity value of 53.01%, water absorption capacity of 53.10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of endophytic bacteria is one of the solutions to control the cocoa black pod rot disease (Phytophthora palmivora Bult) which is environmentally friendly without toxic residues. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness and synergism of several endophytic bacteria from healthy cocoa plants toward inhibit the development of cocoa black pod rot disease. The study used a Randomized Block Design consisting of 11 treatments with a single and mixed application of endophytic bacterial suspension on cocoa pods on trees. Two weeks after application, the cocoa pod was picked from the tree and inoculated with P. palmivora PPKT01 in the laboratory. The inoculated pods were incubated in a plastic box lined with wet tissues to keep the box moist. Disease severity was observed at 3, 5 and 7 days after inoculation. To calculate the AUDPC value, disease suppression index, and synergism between isolates used the results of disease severity observation. The endophytic bacteria inhibited the development of the disease, with effectiveness between 27.31%-55.04%. The mixed treatment of endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5BRB3 and Bacillus subtilis 3BAE strains had the lowest disease severity and AUDPC values, making it the most effective and synergistic in inhibiting pod rot disease with a disease suppression index of 55.04%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boom and bust cycle in cocoa commodity experiences to many countries, particularly in Indonesia. As the third-largest cocoa bean producer country, emerging local semi-finished chocolate producers respond to the markets as the primary government objective to boost rural, regional, and national economies. However, the factory established surrounded by enormous cocoa trees should resist competitors; the unsustainability issue ironically has become a primary factor in declining bean supply from the farmers to the factory. This paper is based on a literature review and interviewing local chocolate processor managers to elicit root issues behind unsustainability experienced by the company. We underlined that the role of internal (management) and external (farmer, government, and competitor) factors is the primary key. The findings suggest that the need for risk management, farmer encouragement, eating chocolate habit program, and fair trade apply will probably help solve unsustainability issues of emerging local chocolate processors in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa pulp is a by-product of the cocoa fermentation process. The cocoa pulp contains 7% of crude protein and 14.8% of metabolic energy to be classified as a concentrated source of protein and energy for feed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dry lot fattening periods for adult Bali cattle by concentrate feeding containing cocoa pulp on their performance. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, consisting of three treatments and four replications so it required 12 heads of male Bali cattle. The treatments were the period of dry lot fattening during 30-days as P1; 45-days as P2; and 60-days as P3, respectively. The results revealed that the treatment was not significantly different (P>0.05) to the performance parameter i.e. dry matter intake, daily body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. However, dry lot fattening during 60-days showed better performance compared to 30- and 45-days of dry lot fattening. Therefore, it was recommended that Bali cattle be conducted dry lot fattening during 60-days by concentrated cocoa pulp for better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa pulp is a membrane that covers cocoa beans, and it is a by-product of the cocoa fermentation process. The cocoa pulp contains high enough protein (7%) to meet the livestock needs and is better for body metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of rearing management period for adult Bali cattle fed concentrate containing cocoa pulp on hematological levels, i.e., red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht). The study was conducted using a completely randomized design consisting of three treatments and four replications, requiring 12 heads of male Bali cattle. The treatments have consisted of 30-days of rearing management periods as P1, 45-days as P2, and 60-days as P3, respectively. The result revealed that although the concentrates containing cocoa pulp fed for Bali cattle with different periods of rearing management did not affect hematological levels. WBC increased along with the increasing periods of rearing management above the threshold. Therefore, it can suggest that the concentrate containing cocoa pulp was not feeding to the Bali cattle for more than 60-days. It could be interfered with the livestock's metabolism and then disrupt their health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa pulp is a by-product of cocoa plantations. The cocoa pulp contains crude protein (7%) and metabolic energy (14.8%) so it can be classified as a concentrated source of protein and energy. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the dry lot fattening period for adult Bali cattle fed concentrate containing cocoa pulp on blood glucose, cholesterol, and urea profiles. This study was conducted using a completely randomized design consisting of 3 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment consisted of 30-days of dry lot fattening as P1, 45-days as P2, and 60-days as P3, respectively. The results showed that the concentrated containing cocoa pulp under the period of dry lot fattening had a significant effect (P>0.05) neither on blood glucose, cholesterol, nor urea levels. Thus, the concentrate containing cocoa pulp under a dry lot fattening period of 60-days did not have a negative impact on the health of the Bali cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa pulp is by-product from fermentation process of cocoa beans which contains glucose, thus it has potential to be used as an energy source for livestock. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in serum transaminase levels i.e., Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) in Bali cattle supplemented with cocoa pulp under different rearing periods. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 4 replications with a total of 12 male Bali cattle. The treatments were different rearing periods, i.e., P1=30 days of rearing periods; P2=45 days of rearing periods; and P3=60 days of rearing periods. The results revealed that there was no difference neither in the levels of SGPT nor in the SGOT between treatments. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the rearing periods for up to 60 days by fed concentrate containing of cocoa pulp does not affect the physiological function of livestock, especially liver function so that this ration is safe as a feed for cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin binds to cellulose in cocoa pods. Therefore cellulose cannot be utilized by livestock, so technology is needed that can decompose polysaccharide components in cocoa pods. Fermentation technology can degrade fiber assisted by microbial activity. This study aims to determine the effect of fermenting cocoa pods using rot fungi isolated from wood on the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This study was a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and five replications: A: unfermented cocoa pod (control); B: fermented cocoa pods isolates Trametes versicolor C: Cocoa pods fermented by Ganoderma applanatum and D: fermented pods from the fungus Ganoderma lucidium. Fermentation treatment using fungi isolated from wood had a significant effect (P>0.01) on the lignin content and had no significant effect on cocoa pods' cellulose and hemicellulose content. The lignin content produced is A (57.08%); B (33.51%); C (42.18%) and D (40.08%). Cellulose Content 15.28% (A); 18.43% (B); 18.06% (C) and 17.56% (D). Hemicellulose A content (13.39%); B (13.37%); C (13.68%) and D (10.49%). Conclusions Ganoderma applanatum isolates have a high degradability oflignin and a low ability to degrade cellulose and hemicellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research cacao pod husks (CPH) waste for feed and feed additives turmeric for goats has been much published, especially for the performance and carcass. The use of CPH and turmeric in feed for performance and goat carcass responded differently according to the level of addition in the ratio. The use of CPH and turmeric in feed is considered a strategy to utilize waste feed and improve the ration quality. The nutritional content of CPH is sufficient for livestock, namely 8.69% crude protein, 42.55% crude fiber, 2.74% fat, 31.41% non-nitrogen free extract (NNFE), and turmeric contains curcumin which can stimulate appetite. CPH also contains anti-nutritional substances to interfere when given directly as feed. To maximize the potential of CPH, it is necessary to carry out physical, chemical, and biological processing to increase the nutritional content and eliminate anti-nutritional substances. Processing and adding turmeric will maximize performance and carcass response. It was concluded that the use of CPH and turmeric in feed was able to meet the need for feed throughout the year and improve the performance and carcass of goats which were expected to increase goat production in cocoa plantation centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylosandrus compactus (Coloeptera: Curculionidae) is known as one of the important pests on coffee plants, but currently, X. compactus has been found to attack cocoa plants in East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, which can be damaged to sudden plant death. This study aims to determine the distribution and attack intensity of X. compactus pest on cocoa in Wotu District, East Luwu Regency. The research was conducted in the cocoa plantation area of farmers from June to December 2020. The observed variables in this study were attack symptoms of X. compactus; insect stadia found, the number of boreholes, and attack intensity of X. compactus. The results showed that most of the cocoa plantation area had been attacked by X. compactus, with the symptoms mostly occurring on the cocoa stem that caused damage and death of the plant. The highest attack intensity was found in Tarengge Village, Wotu District, East Luwu Regency at 77.50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the world's third-largest cocoa producer and exporter after Ghana and Pantai Gading. Cocoa is in great demand by people in various parts of the world because Cocoa can be processed into chocolate in food and drinks that benefit the community. One approach that is often used to evaluate cocoa land suitability is a parametric approach with a square root. The square root is part of the parametric approach in evaluating land suitability by assigning a value at a different limiting level to the nature of the land. On a standard scale, it is given a maximum weight of 100 to a minimum value of 0 then the land suitability class calculation is based on the square root. The stages of this research are: 1) Collecting secondary data and basic maps such as climate data, administrative maps, geological maps, soil type maps, and land use maps, 2) Making maps of land units 3) Preliminary surveys, 4) Sampling and analysis of soil samples in the laboratory, 5) analysis of the land and climate suitability, 5) Determination of actual and potential land suitability. The method used in this research is a parametric approach (Square root by Khiddir). The results showed that the parametric method's land suitability class (square root) was N1 (not suitable at present) at the observation points of profiles 1, 3, and 5. In contrast, the S3 land suitability class was found in profile 4. Limiting factors such as annual temperature, slope, soil depth, and coarse fragments are limiting factors that are difficult to repair. Base saturation and pH H2O with liming, or addition of organics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages because of the enjoyment of taste sensations, psychostimulant effects, and benefits in healthy. In this study, the coffee powder was mixed with different ratios of cocoa and red ginger powder. Then, a hedonistic analysis was performed to determine the best ratio of a blend based on panelists' preferences on color, aroma, taste. The comparison of coffee powder, red ginger powder, and cocoa powder has a very significant impact on the quality of coffee (P <0.05). The mixing of coffee with cacao and red ginger powder is affected by the hedonic values in the aroma and flavor test. The type of Arabica coffee powder is the favorite color, aroma, and flavor test of the group members with the mixing composition of 7 g coffee powder, 2 g ginger powder, and 1 g cocoa powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of preparing cocoa pods activated carbon which will be used as supercapacitor electrodes has been successfully made with Potassium hydroxide (KOH) 0.3 and 0.4 mol/L activators at 700oC. Electrodes of activated carbon are made by a combination of chemical and activation methods. Physical properties were analyzed by measuring the density and dimensional, diffraction of X-Ray (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The technique of preparing carbon electrodes started from pre-carbonization, milling, chemical activation, pellet making, carbonization, and physical activation. Analysis of dimensions, and density in the manufacture of carbon electrodes showed the diameter (d), mass (m), density (ρ), and thickness (t) of the electrodes decreased along with the addition of Potassium hydroxide concentration from 0.3 to 0.4 mol/L. XRD measurement data obtaining the values of 2θ in the range of 23.569o-24.747o for the reflection plane 002, and 44.634o-44.781o for the reflection plane 100. Diffraction X-ray curve analysis indicate that the sample 0.4 mol/L 700oC has a smaller microcrystalline dimension height (Lc) measure and distance of lattice than the 0.3 mol/L 700oC sample, so it can be showed that the area of surface of the 0.4 mol/L700oC is bigger sample than the 0.3 mol/L 700oC. With an increase in the sample surface area, there is an indication that the activated carbon of cocoa pods can be used as a supercapacitor electrode as a renewable energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Dimensional Printed (3DP) chocolate is one of the potential products in Indonesia, especially Yogyakarta, 3DP chocolate products are expected to be one of the choices in enjoying processed chocolate products, in order to increase the annual production of the chocolate industry in Yogyakarta and maximize the production of local cocoa in Yogyakarta, this is supported by the development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology especially 3D Printing which is growing rapidly in Indonesia. And one of the development sectors is the food sector, chocolate is one of the food products that has been produced and customized using 3D printing. In terms of commodities, cocoa production and cocoa land area as chocolate raw materials continue to increase in Yogyakarta, but in recent years there has been a decline in annual production from the chocolate industry in Yogyakarta. As a new product, this product must be able to adjust the quality to the needs of consumers. This study aims to analyze consumer needs and evaluate the quality of existing 3DP chocolate products. Research that conducted on 51 respondents using Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Sensory Analysis, and Analytics Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods found that consumer needs for 3DP chocolate products are about the detailed aspects of shape, texture, size, taste, aroma, construction resistance, and product color. This study also aims to evaluate consumer preferences for the technical parameters and the position of the existing products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an intense competition situation, companies must have a great management system like total quality management (TQM) where is a technique that can maximize the company's competitiveness through consumers focus, employees involvement, and continuous improvement of quality, products, human services, processes, and organizational environment. The application of TQM in the company will also positively affect the productivity of company employees as the dominant resource in every company's activity, in both as planners, actors, and determinants of the realization of organizational goals. However, the application of TQM in each company showed different effects, and most of the previous research related to TQM has not yet focused on employee productivity. Thus, This study aims to describe and analyze the effect of TQM dimensions on employee productivity. This research was conducted at a cocoa agro-industry company in Bali from March to April 2021. Sampling was carried out using a total sampling method and collected through interviews, questionnaires, and literature studies, and then the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with partial least square (SEM-PLS). Result shows that the TQM dimension has a positive and significant effect on employee productivity, and it can increase employee productivity. It is recommended that companies implement TQM and continuously improve its implementation by implementing regular training and coordination for evaluation and improvement. For future studies, it is better to use a larger sample and focus it on one company division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa is one of Indonesia's leading export agricultural commodities. The cocoa market has great potential, which can be seen from the increase in world consumption so that Indonesia is expected to take advantage of the current opportunities. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the performance and competitiveness of Indonesia's cocoa bean trade compared to other producing countries in the International market. This research uses Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Specialization Index (TSI), Acceleration Ratio (AR), and Export Competitiveness Index (ECI). This study uses 2010 – 2019 from six cocoa-producing countries (Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Cameroon). The results showed that Indonesia has a comparative advantage as an exporter of cocoa beans in the International market. The results showed that the RCA index of Indonesian cocoa is larger than 1, meaning that the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa is above the world average, the average ECI value is more than 1, meaning that the State of Indonesia can compete competitively with its rival countries. The value of the TSI is close to 0.5 on average, indicating that Indonesia is experiencing a decline in the export growth stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of many commodities in Indonesia, cocoa is highly contributive towards Indonesia's foreign exchange is highly related to its policy. The government tax policy regarding export tariff in 2010 will affect cocoa commodities value in international trade. This research intends to analyze the competitiveness of cocoa commodities and to discover the factors that affect them. The competitiveness will be compared to other competing countries such as Ivory Cost, Ghana, Netherlands, Cameroon, Ecuador, Nigeria, and Brazil. All data used is in the form of secondary time series from of 1990 until 2019 by using Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA), Market Share Index (MSI), and Ordinary Least Square (OLS). This research found that Indonesian cocoa commodities, such as, Cocoa Paste, Cocoa Butter, and Cocoa Powder have an RCA Value of >1, which have positive competitiveness. Moreover, with the MSI Value of>0, It proves that Indonesian cocoa commodities have filled international demand, while processed chocolate products have not had competitiveness. Export tariffs, rupiah exchange rates, world prices, and the number of cocoa industries jointly have a significant effect on cocoa competitiveness, but partially have varying significance. Based on the results of the research, Indonesia should focus on exporting cocoa butter and cocoa powder, as well as fermenting cocoa beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five hamlets in Nglanggeran Village, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta are known to have the potential for cocoa and goats. Identification of potential resources is one of the success factors for establishing a farmer corporation in an agricultural area. The research objectives were 1) to identify potential resources (cocoa and goat's milk), 2) to identify the application of Good Handling Practices (GHP) in resource processing (cocoa and goat's milk), and 3) to identify the carrying capacity of resource processing facilities (cocoa and goat's milk). goat's milk) in Nglanggeran Village. The research method used was quantitative descriptive analysis to identify the potential and application of GHP in resource processing (cocoa and goat's milk) and scalogram analysis to identify the carrying capacity of the processing facilities. We used samples from all members of the cocoa farmer group and the dairy goat group in each hamlet in Nglanggeran Village (201 farmers). Quantitative descriptive analysis showed that the highest potential of cocoa and the best application of GHP came from Nglanggeran Kulon (±1435 kg/month wet cocoa beans). The highest potency of goat's milk is Gunungbutak (615L/month for May during September 201), while the best application of GHP was obtained from Nglanggeran Wetan. The scalogram analysis shows that the availability of processing facilities in Nglanggeran Kulon is categorized 1 (good) in maintaining cocoa resource potential, while Nglanggeran Wetan is categorized 1 (good) in maintaining goat livestock resource potential. The potential of resources, the application of GHP, and the availability of processing facilities in Nglanggeran Kulon and Nglanggeran Wetan strongly support the development of cocoa and goat farming centers based on farmer corporations in the Nglanggeran Village area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa production provides considerable amounts of organic wastes, for instance cocoa pod husks and pruning wastes that potentially support the long-term cocoa sustainability due to their strong connection with soil fertility improvement. Unfortunately, organic wastes degradation in the cocoa farms usually takes a bit longer time as related to the dominant of recalcitrant materials such as lignin. This study aims to evaluate the ability of lignocellulolytic fungi isolated from cocoa farms to degrade different types of organic wastes. A two way completely randomized design was implemented with six different treatment of fungi inoculants, i.e. control (Ctrl), commercial decomposer (EM4), fungi isolate 1 (Tr), fungi isolate 2 (As), fungi isolate 3 (Rt), and fungi isolate consortium (Cons), and three different types of organic residues, i.e. cocoa pruning wastes (CPr), cocoa pod husks (CPH), and the combination of pruning waste and cocoa pod husk (CPrPH), used as factor experiments. The parameters including degradation rate of organic residues, organic C and total N were observed following 60 days decomposition at room temperature. The analysis of variance was used to see any significant difference of treatment effect to parameters. Results suggest that the consortium fungi inoculants application in combination with mixture of cocoa pod husks and pruning residues (CPrPH+Cons) demonstrate the significant increase in the total N, and with corresponding to the decrease in the organic C content of the composted materials in compare to different treatments. The cocoa pod husk weight loss shows a higher value of 86%, followed by B3 of 52%, and B1 treatments with 38% from the initial condition, resulting from both single and consortium fungi inoculant applications. Our results suggest the potential effect of consortium fungi inoculants to improve the quality of composted materials and degradation rate of organic matter after 60 observation days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planting spacing affected on plant height, canopy width, VSD intensity, number of pod rot, number of pods attacked by Helopeltis sp., Pod Number/Plant at 4 years old. Meanwhile, the clone affected on VSD intensity, number of pod rot, and bean count. Cocoa tree that was planted with dense 2 × 2 × 5 m plant spacing would be higher of the plant height and thinner of canopy width. VSD intensity and Helopeltis sp. attack was found higher in 3 × 3 m (wider) plant spacing. Pod rot was higher in lined with the denser of plant spacing. At the 3 Y. A. P. (first production period), the best production was demonstrated in MCC 02 with 2 × 2 × 5 m plant spacing. At 4 Y. A. P., the plant spacing affected the production. The highest pod harvested was showed in 2 × 2 × 5 m (61.18 pods/tree/year equals to 2.96 tonnes/ha). It demonstrated that double row system with 2 × 2 × 5 m plant spacing could be an alternative of plant spacing in cocoa plantation at the young cocoa stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plagiotropic cocoa is an alternative of cocoa branching architecture that derived from clonally propagation, especially from grafting and cuttings. Propagation by cuttings and grafting have long been practiced even though in smallholders scale but the information in cocoa were limited. This study sought to observe the vegetative and production aspect of plagiotropic cocoa derived from cutting and grafting. The research was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station in East Java start from 2017 – 2020. The research was consisted of two propagation methods of plagiotropic cocoa i. e. cutting and grafting. The following parameter were measured: vegetative stage (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, branching angle), rooting performance, and generative stages (number of pods and production component). In vegetative stages, that plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves derived from cutting propagation method was higher than grafting propagation method. The production of plagiotropic cocoa derived from cutting propagation showed earlier and higher production than grafting propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa is among the main commodities in Malaysia. The industry of cocoa fruit processing discards an abundant quantity of pod husk, which is rich in cellulose. The cellulose can be modified into its derivative, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). In this study, the cellulose was prepared through the extraction process of cocoa pod husk as raw material. The cocoa pod husk has undergone alkaline treatment to extract cellulose using 12% w/v sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Then, the CMC was synthesized through the reaction of cellulose with various NaOH concentrations and monochloroacetate (NaMCA) amounts. The yield percentage and functional groups of cellulose were studied. The yield percentage of cellulose is 34.96%. The results from cellulose FTIR show peaks at wavelengths about 1056.27 and 847.39 cm−1, which are signals for the alcohol and ethers in the cellulose chain and the B-glycosidic linkages of the glucose. While the yield of CMC ranges from 82.20 to 206.80. Synthesized CMC from the cellulose of agricultural waste can be applied to produce biopolymer film, an alternative to commercial CMC and other synthetic polymers. To conclude, this study was conducted to extract CMC from cellulose of agricultural waste among Malaysia's main commodities, which is cocoa pod husk. Therefore, the findings from this study were beneficial to produce CMC derives from agricultural waste among the main commodities of Malaysia for useful applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing organic waste has environmental and financial burden on the processing industry. So solution of this problem depends on the development of new technologies for the efficient use of raw materials in the production process. Cocoa husk is rich in protein, dietary fiber and ash, and other valuable biologically active compounds, such as methylxanthines and phenols. This article shows the possibility of using cocoa husk as a feed additive for the digestibility of broiler chicken feed. Replacing 5% of wheat with an alkali-treated and extruded cocoa husk had a positive effect on the digestibility of nutrients. The experimental group III poultry in the growth period digested nitrogen-free substances and crude protein better by 4.8 and 2.7%, respectively, than the control one, which together led to an increase in the digestibility of the organic part of the diet by 3.8% (p < 0.05). Cocoa husk, due to its nutritional value and valuable biologically active compounds, can become a desirable primary produce for a wide range, as well as cheap energy for growing poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the sixth-largest producer of cocoa beans in the world. Cocoa is one of the plantation commodities that play an important role in Indonesia's economic development. A cocoa factory in central Java Indonesia is a producer of processed cocoa products and plays an important role in the distribution of cocoa beans in central Java Indonesia. However, the transportation management of cocoa bean distribution from sub-district collectors to cacao factories is not optimal. It is due to the shipments from suppliers being uncertain, the number of transportation modes of transportation is not fixed so that the allocation of transportation capacity is not fulfilled, distribution times are not appropriate, and long distances to travel which resulted in waste of transportation costs. This study proposes an agent-based simulation model for a complex cocoa distribution process. This simulation is then carried out in several scenarios to get the optimization of the number of transportation modes and transportation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identify the properties of the leachates of the cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.), in three varieties of the Tabasco region (Criollo, Forastero and Trinitario). The leachates (mucilage) of cocoa are obtained during the processing stage that takes place in the fermentation phase of the bean, where, due to natural deburring and degradation of the mucilage that covers the fresh cocoa seed is, it is lost. The thorough study of the physicochemical properties of these cocoa leachates will be the frame of reference that will guide future actions in projects to benefit from this biomass, as potential alternative sources of renewable energy and reduce the environmental impact (soils and water bodies pollution) that cause these wastes in their final disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supply chain is a process of decision-making regarding material flow, information flow, and money flow carried out jointly by supply chain actors continuously to fulfill a product into the hands of end consumers. The many actors involved in the supply chain have different interests. The Ministry of Agriculture has issued regulations governing the Marketing of Quality and Cocoa Beans in expected to increase the income of cocoa farmers. In reality, this has not lived up to expectations. So, we expected the government plays a more role in the agro-industrial supply chain system at the legal dimension, namely through a policy on supply chain management. Hence, it is expected to overcome the complexity of the structure of supply chain actors and the uncertainty in the supply chain system, especially in price uncertainty. This study aims to determine the factors that influence cocoa pricing and how significant it affects the agro-industrial supply chain in West Pasaman, West Sumatra. The research method used is descriptive and quantitative research methods using Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that product availability, product quality, and cocoa marketing system contribute to cocoa price determination at the farmer level but have no significant influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The redesign of the smart trash bin aims to make it easier for users to dispose of trash in its place and reduce environmental pollution. Most people are lazy to throw trash in its proper place because if people want to throw trash, they must first open the lid of the trash that is what causes laziness to arise because many of the trash bin covers are dirty and smelly. In smart trash products that have been designed, several advantages are obtained, namely the lid of the trash bin opens and closes automatically, and it can sort wet and dry waste according to their respective containers. In addition, several weaknesses were found, and redesign was needed to improve several components. There are 2 (two) types of trash bins that are used as benchmarking, namely smart trash bins and automatic trash bins. Existing Smart Trash bin products will be redesigned using the Reverse Engineering and VDI 2221 methods. The Reverse Engineering method serves to improve a component of a new product that has more advantages than existing products. The VDI 2221 method itself is used to pay attention to the fulfillment of various aspects of comfort, safety, practicality, ease of use, maintenance, repair and security. The final results obtained from the redesign of the smart trash bin have success in the trash bin lid that can open and close automatically, conformity in the classification of waste according to the type of wet and dry waste correctly 100% and an increase in the capacity of the trash bin tank by 28%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the third largest cocoa producer and exporter after Ghana and Ivory Coast. Indonesian cocoa variety has an advantage of not melting easily. Cocoa is processed using a chocolate dough mixer (melanger). Chocolate processing is divided into 3 (three) processes, namely the process of mixing, refining and conching. Further processing of yields into shape and taste can increase added value to cocoa and increase the amount of chocolate consumption in the country. However, in chocolate processing, there is no time limit for stirring the chocolate. And the capacity offered is not too large. The aims of this study is to modify the chocolate dough mixer machine. The modified design of the chocolate dough mixer machine uses Benchmarking, Reverse Engineering, and VDI 2221 methods. With the aim of improving the performance of the machine. There are 3 (three) machines that are used as benchmarking. The Premier Tilting Chocolate Refiner machine was chosen as the machine to be modified. Reverse Engineering serves to modify a new product that is superior to an existing product. VDI 2221 itself is used to meet the aspects of comfort, ease of use, maintenance, repair, security and safety. Components that are improved and added to the machine are the storage tube with an increase in tube capacity by 40%, the dimensions of the stone holder, the addition of a timer function, and the addition of a lever function. The engine performance after modification, namely the resulting mixture of particle textures is quite consistent. The results of testing data processing with the DOE (Design of Experiment) method are F0A>FTabel, F0B>FTabel, and F0AB>FTabel. So it can be concluded that there is an influence between temperature and time on the mixture of particle texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a primary agricultural commodity, cocoa is the essential commodity and source of income for farmers, workers, and companies in terms of its supply chain. In Indonesia, cocoa is a commodity number three after coconut palm oil and rubber. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in creating job opportunities, which focusing on agribusiness and domestic agroindustry, environmental conservation, and regional development. In conjunction with the significant contribution of cocoa as an agricultural commodity, this study seeks to investigate the cocoa commodity competitiveness dynamics in Indonesia and Ivory Coast before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study calculates the data of export using a four-digit Harmonized System (HS) on the basis of the United Nations' Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) from 2016 to 2020. In determining the country's competitiveness, this study applies the Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (BRCA). This study indicates that the competitive dynamics of cocoa commodities occurred in Indonesia and Ivory Coast before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, the chocolate industry network should promote good governance for improving sustainable agricultural resources, including fair and inclusive labour policy and green supply chains incentives. Also, creating a better policy climate for effective agricultural management and developing a downstream chocolate industry should be crucial for both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]