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Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, which commonly used to treat some diseases, caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ciprofloxacin should be consumed under a medical prescription, but it can be found in open market. Previous studies have shown that Ciprofloxacin may cause chondrotoxic effect, inhibit chondrocytes proliferation, and bone-forming failure. Bone formation involves many processes, including chondrogenesis with Wnt5a gene as one of its regulators. Wnt5a plays a role in regulating chondrocytes proliferation and differentiation, also osteoblast differentiation. Ciprofloxacin undergoes metabolism into free radical compounds that induce the production of other compounds that oxidize lipids and DNA. Damage of DNA may interfere with the expression of genes involved in bone development and in turn causing leg bud defects. This study aimed to determine the effect of Ciprofloxacin on Wnt5a gene expression in leg bud of the chick embryo. Chick embryo was treated with Ciprofloxacin at a dose of 10 mg/kg bw for 5 d, starting at day 3rd until day 7th incubation. Total RNA isolation from leg bud was carried out at day 8th, continued with synthesizing cDNA of Wnt5a and qPCR. The result of analysis using REST 2009 software shown that Wnt5a gene expression in treated group is lower compared to control group. Based on this result we conclude that Ciprofloxacin downregulates the expression of the Wnt5a gene in leg bud of the chick embryo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the ground reaction force (GRF) and rate of force development (RFD) of the back squat at 3 different loads. Twelve subjects performed the back squat with 80%, 100%, and 120% of their 1 repetition maximum (RM) on a force platform. A two way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects for GRF for both the eccentric (p ≤ 0.001) and concentric (p ≤ 0.001) phases but no interaction between phase and GRF or RFD (p < 0.05). No significant main effects were found for RFD for the eccentric (p = 0.09) and concentric phases (p = 0.38). Post hoc analyses demonstrated that back squats at 120% produced the highest GRF in the eccentric and concentric conditions. Mean RFD was highest, and trending toward significance, during the eccentric phase at 100% of 1 RM condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]