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A low-cost activated carbon derived from lignin-based black liquor was prepared and has been applied as an adsorbent for tripolyphosphate ion. Lignin-based black liquor was coagulated using polyaluminum chloride (PAC), producing black liquor sludge that was used as the precursor for preparing the activated carbon. Black liquor sludge-based activated carbon (BLS-AC) was treated by calcination at 725 °C with inert N2 gas flow and then continued by chemical treatment using 0.5 N hydrochloric acid in order to remove the impurities and to increase its surface area. BLS-AC was characterized physically and its ability to adsorb tripolyphosphate ion was evaluated using batch system with varied contact time. The characterization using FTIR reveals that BLS-AC has some functional groups that were typical with commercial activated carbon, such as C-H, C=C and C-O. The BET method analysis indicates that the BLS-AC is a mesoporous material with pore size of 19.74 nm and surface area of 302.498 m²/g. Based on the EDX analysis, it is known that BLSAC dominantly contains 34.22 % carbon, 18.35 % aluminium, and 45.67 % oxygen. The XRD analysis exhibits that BLSAC has amorphous phase. The experimental results demonstrate that BLS-AC was quite effective to adsorb tripolyphosphate ion with adsorption efficiency of 90.79 % and adsorption capacity of 0.39 mg/g within 60 minutes. This study emphasizes the byproduct resulted from black liquor sludge which can be utilized to reduce phosphate concentration in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were many old oil wells in Indonesia, besides that, it was relatively difficult to get new oil reserves, so that oil production decreases. If no new reserves were found or additional new supplies were available, slow or fast oil production would run out. One alternative that was being developed to increase petroleum production was through Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology using surfactant injection. Surfactant Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS) was a surface active agent that could reduce the interface tension between oil and water. The aim of this study was to increase the usefulness of SLS surfactants from biomass waste which was abundant in production in Indonesia, especially to assess the best injection pressure and sodium lignosulfonate characterization. This research was carried out by varying the pressure (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 kg / cm², with surfactant concentrations in 5,000 ppm 0.5% synthetic brine of NaCl. There were 3 stages of research, namely making black liquor sodium lignosulfonate surfactant, surfactant characterization stage and core flooding test. The results achieved from this study that the pressure variations in the core flooding test could affect the yield of oil obtained. The pressure that produced the best oil yield was a pressure of 0.5 kg / cm². The pressure on the injection of SLS surfactant to the core flooding affected the rate oil flow at yield, this was the initial hydrodynamic study of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black liquor is one of the main by-products of the pretreatment process in bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Black liquor wastewater releases black coloured effluent with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and low dissolved oxygen (DO). It had a distinctive dark coloration, high alkalinity (pH=13), high organic content (COD > 50,000 ppm) and a high solid content (TSS > 5,000 ppm). Lignin destruction can be done by using high oxidation from OH radical system such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Thereafter, the high concentration of COD, color, and TSS can be removed. The general aim of the present investigation was to determine degradation of black liquor wastewater by using a combined coagulation and Fenton-like methods. In this research, we use Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) as a coagulant and FeCl3.6H2O and H2O2 for Fenton-like's reagent. The process was conducted in jar test at 200 rpm for 30 minutes and after that slowly mixed for 2 hours and left for sedimentation 24 hours. 50 ml black liquor was added with variation dose of 1-5% PAC, and 10 % Fenton-like reagent. Hydroxyl radical was generated by the Fentonlike's reagent (ratio FeCl3.6H2O: H2O2 was varied). The highest decolorization of black liquor 70 % was obtained under 5% PAC coagulant. The pH of the wastewater was reduced from 13.00 to 8.07 after the addition of the coagulant. The decolorization of original black liquor was approximately 58% through the Fenton-like process. The combination of PAC and Fenton-like reagent has able to enhance the decolorization of black liquor up to 97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethanol G2 production using oil palm empty fruit bunch as raw material consists of four steps, namely pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification process. Pretreatment process generates black liquor that causes serious environmental pollution if it is released to the environment. The objective of this research is studying the ability of iron oxide coating sands to adsorb the color of black liquor. The iron oxide coating sands were synthesized from FeCl3.6H2O with quartz sands as support material. This research was conducted on batch mode using black liquor in various pH values. Result obtained that kind of iron oxide on quartz sands's surface was goethite. The result also indicated decreasing of color intensity of black liquor after adsorption process. This research supports local material utilization in environmental technology development to solve some environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to study liquid products obtained from black liquor pyrolysis qualitatively and quantitatively with gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric. Liquid products such as phenols, ketones, olefinic matters and esters were obtained by the self-made reactor under ideal condition. The species of the liquid products grew with the pyrolysis temperature. There were 28 kinds of liquid products when the temperature reached to 773K. The study centered on the percentage of phenolics of different pyrolysis temperature. The analysis of pyrograms showed that the yield of Guaiacol decreased significantly before 743K. When the temperature was 743K, the percentage of Phenol, O-cresol and M-cresol was highest with 9.15%, 26.54% and 27.16% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]