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A mathematical model of a multi-phase microchannel bioreactor is discussed. Further, the effect of oxygen diffusion on the concentration profile and effectiveness response was examined. Analytical expressions about the oxygen concentration profile and effectiveness were reported for all possible values of the reaction diffusion and the saturation parameters. These analytical results were found to be in good agreement with numerical simulations (MATLAB). Moreover, here we employ the Hyperbolic function method to solve the non-linear reaction/diffusion equation. This method's main advantage is obtaining an accurate solution by simple algebraic calculations. The influence of the parameters on the concentration and effectiveness factor is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An Electrocoagulation with Membrane Bioreactor (EC-MBR) was created in order to treat municipal wastewater and prevent membrane fouling. Experiments were carried out in a few stages to validate the new design. A laboratory-scale (EC-MBR) treating municipal wastewater operates to investigate the structure and distribution of the organic matter removal using the membrane. The study's objectives were to evaluate the organic matter (biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)) removal efficiency of Al-Hawraa wastewater, as well as its connections with statistical indicators. It was decided to sample and analyze effluent from municipal wastewater utilizing biological and chemical treatment techniques using EC-MBR with operating temperature (25 Co), pH (7-8), DO (4-6) mg/L, initial and final concentrations of BOD (184-6 mg/L) and COD (489-20 mg/L). The organic matter removal efficiency might be estimated using MLR model, according to the findings. Furthermore, the results revealed an overall reactor achieved excellent BOD and COD maximum removal efficiencies of (96.7 and 95.9 %) respectively. Finally, based on the coefficient of correlation, the MLR model by its (R2 of 98.5 %) was efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater resources in coastal areas are limited resources and are generally prioritized for domestic activities. The first goal in this activity is to save freshwater by recycling wastewater through bioreactors, and applying it to urban farming activities for coastal communities in Rengasdengklok District, Karawang Regency, West Java. Secondly, to reduce the CO2 emission by replacing the traditional fuel of the pump station by hydra pumps that do not cause emissions. Many drainage pumps used in the area are obsolete and cause CO2 emission that is estimated by tons. Characterization of water treatment and hydraulic ram pump performance has been carried out. Calculation of water conservation shows significant savings, projections on the financial activities of urban farming also show an increase in income, and meet investment feasibility. In addition, the simulation of reducing CO2 emissions in one year also shows a significant reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing engineered three-dimensional soft bone tissue constructs (SBTCs) in bioreactors is a dream of bone tissue engineering (BTE). These engineered SBTCs may be used to replace dysfunctional bones in the human body through surgical means. However, growing such constructs of clinical value is not trivial. It is believed that the initial hurdle is understanding the transport phenomena in such bioreactors. The transport on-goings such as fluid flow, nutrient transfer (and consumption) shall govern nutrient supply; this arguably being the prerequisite of ample 'food supply', to support cell growth and density, in order to attain clinically viable SBTCs. However, as the bioreactors are relatively small and operate under stringent conditions, in-situ measurements of transport behaviour or nutrient concentration levels are almost impossible. One may opt for multiple bioreactor sacrifice or probe insertions to obtain desired measurements. However, these actions are not cost effective, time consuming and unpractical. These issues have been somewhat resolved using computational modelling. This paper presents a preliminary attempt in utilizing a mathematical framework and computational modelling to predict fluid flow and nutrient transport on-goings in a typical hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (HFMB). A transient mathematical framework is introduced to represent transport phenomena and simulate concentration levels of oxygen and glucose throughout the HFMB. These numerical trials shall be able to initially estimate nutrient limitations at various conditions, clarifying the quantitative relationships between nutrient transport (levels), and both the operational and design parameters of a typical HFMB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the research methodology of the heat generated by the biological decomposition of a mixture of sludge from WTP (wastewater treatment plant) and biowaste and its use outside the system for a controlled biodegradation process. Earlier research in this area defined the optimal mixtures of sludge and biowaste that ensure quality management of the biological decomposition process. The research described in this paper aims to prove that the heat generated in the process of a biological enclosure can be taken outside the biodegradation system and used without violating the assumptions of optimal management of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submerged membrane bioreactor system is commonly used for water and wastewater treatment processes. This system is a more economical alternative to conventional activated sludge process due to small footprint and better effluent quality. Nevertheless, membrane fouling is a major issue that requires further studies. This paper covers the use of an optical microscope to observe membrane fouling. Bentonite was used as model particles to simulate activated sludge. In-situ observation of particle deposition along the surface of hollow fiber membranes during filtration was performed at various operating conditions. Results from this studies indicated that the flux distribution was affected by the permeate flux and cross flow velocity. Lower CFV and higher flux caused the flux to be more non-uniformly distributed due to more severe fouling. These findings provided useful information to further improve the membrane module design to achieve more evenly distributed permeate flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current tissue engineering bioreactors do not allow for real-time remote monitoring of the engineered tissues. Meanwhile, the tissue culture in a bioreactor may occur for days and weeks, in which errors and breakdowns of the bioreactor are unfavorable. In this study, an internet-of-things (IoT) architecture was integrated into a bioreactor to enable real-time remote monitoring, featuring a PID-controlled thermal module. Six different PID control configurations were examined for maintaining the thermal perseverance in a bioreactor. The results of the measured temperature were parallelly delivered to a dedicated website using a Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol. All PID control configurations were able to maintain the temperature at 37°C, and the integration of the IoT system was successfully completed. The user was able to monitor the value of inside chamber temperature on the website in real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its inherent benefits over traditional biological treatment, membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has been increasingly used for the treatment of industrial wastewater. It is a viable solution for the treatment of textile wastewater. MBR treatment of textile wastewater has been examined as a dependable method for the removal of a considerable number of pollutants. The limited adoption of MBR technology in the Bangladeshi textile sector is a result of its high operating and maintenance costs. In this work, the use of aerobic, anaerobic, and hybrid membrane bioreactors (MBR) for textile wastewater treatment, as well as prior research, potential, and problems of MBR processes in Bangladesh, are discussed in terms of textile wastewater treatment. Future research should concentrate on developing new, low-cost membrane materials that are less prone to fouling and need less energy to operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for waste that appears every time must be managed optimally. Waste management sites that are far away and have high costs are one of the problems that must be solved. Jakenan District is located ± 23 Km from the center of the Landfill (TPA). This study aims to create a Kapal Selam Bioreactor (BKS) waste supply chain network located in Jakenan District. To produce a more optimal waste network and high economic benefits. In determining the initial 7 locations using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is used to formulate the location of the capacity allocation that is applied to solve the problem. Furthermore, ILOG Cplex is used to complete the mathematical formulation in this model. There are seven locations opened to cover waste in Jakenan District, namely Jakenan, Dukuhmulyo, Sidomulyo, Sembaturagung, Kalimulyo, Sonorejo, and Sendangsoko. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was directed to the application of advanced machine learning and process control tools in an industrial penicillin production bioreactor. The developed algorithms were the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, for reducing data dimensionality, and Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNN), directed to create a multivariable interpolation model to predict the bioreactor temperature. Regarding the process control phase, the Model Predictive Control (MPC) method was used, which aims to calculate a sequence of control actions capable of approximating the output variables with their respective set points in an optimized way. In this paper, information from a real industrial process of penicillin production was analyzed, dealing with a database composed of 27 variables to be treated. The gaussian radial base function gave the neural network model a better adaptation to the system. Finally, the control actions calculated by the MPC controller resulted in the maintenance of the controlled variables in its respective set points in a gradual manner, without impacting the stability of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the present study is a small biogas power plant for anaerobic fermentation of several types of animal waste raw materials used for biogas production. The impact of some of the characteristics of substances such as composition, temperature, humidity, and pH of the mixture in the bioreactor has been considered. The above is vital for optimizing the fermentation process, and also to improve the biogas production process. The plant is located in Northeastern Bulgaria and the raw liquid manure is supplied by several neighboring small farms. The annual quantities of raw waste are as follows: cow manure - 1252 t / a; chicken manure - 427 t / a and pig manure - 639 t / a. The manure is collected in a preliminary tank and then pumped to the bioreactor. The fermenter itself is a hermetically sealed and thermally insulated tank where constant temperature is maintained. It is equipped with a stirring system, which helps the mixing and homogenization of the substrate. The tests were performed during three charges of the installation. The fermentation takes approximately 23 up to 25 days. The experiments were performed during the summer and autumn seasons when the ambient air temperature varies from 28 to 45 oC. The biogas can be used as an energy carried as the obtained organic fertilizer is suitable for agriculture purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the performance of the tubular reactor for the hydrolysis reaction of propylene oxide to produce propylene glycol with sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The performance of the reactor studying using mathematical modelling and computer simulation. The reactor model base on a homogeneous model with an emphasis on the dispersion model and assumption steady-state condition, nonadiabatic, and the gas phase follows the ideal gas rule. The kinetic reaction follows the previous study by Gordon (2003). The performance of a tubular reactor for the hydrolysis reaction of propylene oxide affected by operating conditions. Rising temperature and C3H6O/H2O ratio increase the yield, and on the other hand, increasing superficial velocity and reactant concentration will decrease the reaction conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the application of Economic Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (ENMPC) and conventional NMPC to a biochemical reactor system with variation in reaction kinetics and disturbance values. The controlled variable for this study is the biomass concentration of the outlet stream leaving the reactor. To control it, conventional NMPC scheme which minimizes the controlled variable deviation to a desired set point and ENMPC scheme which optimizes the biomass production of the system are simulated against disturbance in reactor feed substrate concentration. Result shows that the conventional NMPC schemes are able to bring or maintain the controlled variable to a desired set point. However, the ENMPC scheme outperform the conventional NMPC in cumulative biomass production along the simulation period of up to 57% at the cost of higher computational time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial pigments have promising applications in many industries such as pharmaceutical cosmetics and food processing. Among these pigments, prodigiosin, the red pigment that produced by Serratia marcescens, represent one of the valuable pigment due to a large industrial and medical benefits. In this study, growth kinetic of S. marcescens in a 7L bioreactor in an optimized medium was investigated. The result showed that the maximum cell mass and prodigiosin were 14.4 mg/mL and 594.88 mg /L respectively. The batch fermentation kinetics was studied via developing a simple model based on the Luedeking–Piret correlation for prodigiosin yield, Logistic correlation for biomass formation and Luedeking– Piret-like correlation for substrate consumption with correlation coefficient of 0.996, 0.9989 and 0.9964 respectively. The partially purified prodigiosin was tested for its ability to dyeing different types of textiles The Methanolic extract of prodigiosin was able to color wool, cotton, silk, nylon and polyester with the same degree of acquiring color. The result showed that the color of all types of pigmented textiles were stable in the acidic (pH 3) and neutral pH and reduced in the alkaline solution at the basic pH greater than 13. In addition, the pigment textiles maintained their color when exposure to bleaching upon treated with detergents and high temperature (100°C) whereas, they were sensitive when exposure to light. our finding confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence on using prodigiosin as a promising ecofriendly bio colorant of textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper justifies the efficiency of the biogas collection and utilization at the MSW (municipal solid waste) landfill in Almaty with the installation of several modern biogas plants. The optimal mode of processes occurring in a biogas plant is determined by computer generated simulations. Mathematical model parameters were identified to describe biochemical processes occurring in a biogas plant. Two approaches are used to resolve the mathematical model: the finite-difference method for solving the system of differential equations and simulation modeling by using the Any Logic package. A program is written in the algorithmic language C ++. Numerous calculations were carried out, the results of which are presented in curves and their qualitative picture is consistent with the ongoing processes. The created computer program allows to make a preliminary forecast of anaerobic fermentation occurring in the bioreactor depending on volume of the substrate, methane microorganisms and temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perchlorate (ClO4 -) is salts derived from perchloric acid. Although formed by natural processes, perchlorate on earth is mainly produced commercially. Due to its low adsorption properties, it can easily reach to groundwater. Nitrate, on the other hand, is one of the most common pollutants and the most important sources of nitrate are domestic and industrial wastewater discharged without the use of agricultural fertilizers and nutrient removal. Nitrate causes a disease known as methemoglobinemia, which is characterized by higher than normal level of methemoglobin in blood (hemoglobin [Fe2+] instead of nitrate oxidized methemoglobin [Fe3+]). For these reasons, studies are carried out on the simultaneous removal of both pollutants. In this context present study aimed at investigating simultaneous reduction of nitrate and perchlorate in thiosulfate based denitrifying batch reactors. In this context a laboratory-scale 50 ml reactors were used to investigate the performance of 50 mg NO3 --N/L reduction at varying perchlorate concentrations (50-2000 µg/L). The reactors were operated for 72 hours and regularly analyzed for nitrite, nitrate, perchlorate and sulfate. For all reactors, at the end of the 12th hour, high nitrate removal rates independent from influent perchlorate (over 90%) were observed. At the end of 24th hour, nitrate was completely removed in all reactors. Perchlorate in the reactors containing up to 50-300 µg/L and 500-1000 µg/L were completely removed within 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Sulfate was produced as a result of thiosulfate based denitrification and its concentration was varied between 512-792 mg SO4 2-/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaffold technology is a new method for replacement of damaged tissues in a living organism using patient's own cells. A new rotational bioreactor was designed for the task of cell-seeded scaffold cultivation for the restoration of critical bone defects. The numerical simulation of fluid flow in the rotational bioreactor was performed. The calculated shear stress and static pressure values acting on the stem cells at different rotational frequencies allow selection of operating modes depending on the desired conditions. Optical control of stem cells differentiation was worked out. The obtained laser-induced fluorescence excitation-emission matrices of investigated samples were analyzed using principal component method. The spectra of fluorophores were reconstructed by combining positive narrow linear combinations from alternating principal components. Evaluating the ratio of narrow component contributions allows distinguish seeded and unseeded by stem cells scaffolds, as well as scaffold samples exposed by shear stress in the rotational bioreactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the simulated reactor is a production of tissue-engineered structures, designed for regeneration of bone tissue outside the body. The rotational reactor used in clinical practice is taken as a basis. Its geometric data, the mathematical model and the results of the computation experiments are given in [1, 2]. In [3], a comparison is made between the results of a numerical calculation and the experimental data on laser visualization of a flow in the rotational reactor. In the present paper, the modification of rotational reactor is considered, which makes it possible to change the hydrodynamic flow regime around the biological material. In the new setup the rotation axis of the inner cylinder is parallel shifted from the axis of symmetry of the outer cylinder at a distance of 12.5% of the radius. As a result, the radial gap between the outer stationary and inner rotating cylinders depends on the circumferential coordinate φ. The variable gap has become a factor determining the formation flow fields in reactor working zone. The effect of the fluid flow on the cellular material adhered on the scaffold surface, which in turn is fixed on the surface of the rotating cylinder, has become variable in magnitude and cyclic in shape. The computational algorithm for solving the problem is based on packet technology. The numerical solution is based on the gas-dynamic solver FLUENT of the ANSYS 12 software package. The flow regime in the boundary layer is postulated to be laminar. A series of parametric calculations was performed for the rotation frequency of the inner cylinder f in the range 0.083 ≤ f ≤ 0.167 Hz. The work presents visualization of the velocity fields and distribution of shear stress and static pressure on the rotating cylinder surface. It is shown that the cyclicity of the hydrodynamic effect on the working zone expands the range of possibilities of rotational bioreactors for the bone tissue cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a comprehensive model of an industrial low-density polyethylene (LDPE) tubular reactor is presented. Parameter values used in this model are tuned using industrial data on the reactor temperature profile, the monomer conversion and the molecular characteristics at the end of the reactor. A good agreement between the model and industrial data is obtained. In the later section, a systematic procedure is developed to perform optimization study using the model that has been developed. The objective function used in the present study is the minimization of the reactor length. The reactor temperature is constrained to lie below a safe value and an equal end-point constraint is implemented in the outlet of each cooling zone. The results of this research show that, in principle, the overall length of LDPE's can be minimized without disrupting the profile temperature through a proper manipulation of the control variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable amount of heat produced during composting of organic matter is usually lost to the surrounding environment. In order to utilize this potential heat source, biomass is composted in mounds or vessels and excess thermal energy is captured via heat exchangers and transported to the site for space heating, preparation of utility water and other applications. The aim of this experimental research is to measure the temperature profiles in a pilot-scale composting bioreactor and assess its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of wet torrefaction and binderless briquetting processes, namely torre-briquetting process, has been developed in Indonesia to treat the mixed municipal solid waste into a solid fuel. A mixture of organic and plastic waste was treated in a 2.5 L reactor using saturated steam in the temperature range of 175 to 225°C. Afterwards, the products were briquetted in varied pressure of 500 to 1000 bar. It was observed that the wet torrefaction process at the temperature of 225°C, residence time of 30 min and sample-to-water ratio of 1:2.5 was able to produce the solid product with heating value of up to 5923 kcal/kg, equivalent to that of bituminous coal. In the briquetting aspect, the briquetted product showed adequate drop test durability of 90% at 1000 bar briquetting pressure. The density of the briquette however, has not reached the standard of 1000 kg/m3, presumably due to the presence of large sized plastic in the briquette. The results suggest that by employing wet torrefaction, the organic fibers in the mixed waste are trapped into the plastic matrix, producing granules which are suitable for briquetting. Therefore, the torre-briquetting process can be a revolutionary solution to treat the MSW without any separation required to produce high caloric solid fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of obstacle dielectrophoresis has the potential to enhance membrane fouling suppression in submerged membranes bioreactors while requiring low energy consumption. In this study, the effect of the insulators shapes and sizes is investigated in order to optimize the interidigitated electrodes configuration placed inside the submerged membrane module. Three cylindrical insulators with 1 mm, 1.5 mm and 2 mm diameters are considered. A 2 mm square section insulator is also tested. The theoretical results show that the DEP force extension is greater with the higher diameter of 2 mm when using cylindrical insulators. On the other hand, the use of square section insulators increases the overall electric field gradient squared by 16 % compared to the 2 mm cylindrical insulators. It also extends the dielectrophoresis (DEP) force field more uniformly while generating a sufficient force to move the suspended solids away from the membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns the upgrading of a real domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) supported by simulation. The main aims of this work are to: (1) decide between two technologies to improve WWTP capacity and its nitrogen removal efficiency; membrane bioreactor (MBR) and integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS), and (2) perform a cost estimation analysis for the two proposed solutions. The model used was calibrated based on data from the existing WWTP, namely, Eastern plant and located in Alexandria, Egypt. The activated sludge model No. 1 (ASM1) was considered in the model analysis by GPS-X 7 software. Steady-state analysis revealed that high performances corresponded to high compliance with Egyptian standards were achieved by the two techniques; however, MBR was better. Nonetheless, the two systems showed poor nitrogen removal efficiency according to the current situation, which reveals that the plant needs a modification to add an anaerobic treatment unit before the aerobic zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granular sludge aerobic technology (AGS) has been extensively studied in recent years because of its advantages compared to activated sludge technology. Currently, this technology is implemented in SBR (sequential batch bioreactor) configuration. An experimental model bioreactor was designed for adapting the AGS technology to continuous flow conditions. It consists of a rectangular shape bioreactor, an area for pre- settling and recycling of granules, followed by a settling tank. This configuration is more suitable for upgrading wastewater treatment plants using existing bioreactors. Various simulations were performed based on this experimental installation, using BioWin, a PC computer based process simulator designed for wastewater treatment process modeling. Efficiency of the process is determined in different cases: only aerobic environment, both aerobic and anaerobic environment and various nitrification rates, that is one of the main parameter in nitrification-denitrification process. Both organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiencies were studied. Results show a significant impact on the process of the nitrification rate and the growth rate of the microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]