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Dyslipidemias, the major cause for various lifestyle-disorders, especially CVD accounting for one-third of total deaths worldwide, is drastically increasing. Long-term use of conventional medications causes adverse effects. Hence, there is a need of safe interventions to prevent and manage this disease entity. In the tradition of Ayurveda, dyslipidemias are a consequence of an error in Ahara-parinama, or the process of digestion, absorption, and assimilation of food. Low digestion strength, or Jatharagni-mandya, creates inappropriate Sara-Kitta Vibhajanam (by-products of digestion), which stores up in the body and could be recognized as an excess of circulating lipids. Certain clinical issues may arise when this malarupi-kapha localizes across various srothas (channels). The most important objective of treatment is to prevent the vitiated Kapha-Dosa (body humor that governs bodily fluids and keeps the structural coherence of the organism) from advancing through the stages of Sancaya (stage of accumulation), Prakopa (stage of aggravation), or Prasara (phase of the liquefaction and disseminating of doshas) to a fully manifested disease. To achieve Samprapti-Vighatana (intervening pathology) in this instance, disorganized Agni must be rectified by Pācana - Dīpana(digestive-carminative) with Gandharvahastādi Kaṣāya and Aṣṭacūrṇa, after that Kapha-Dosa shall be comforted by Dosapratyanika-Chikitsa(treatment corresponding to respective body humors)with help of Viḍaṅgataṇṭhulādi Cūrṇa. Viḍaṅgataṇṭhulādi Cūrṇa with Pācana - Dīpana protocol is safe and effective in Dyslipidemias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continued heating of cooking oil will oxidize it and cause damage, leading to health problems. This study investigates the impact of bulk cooking oil treated with bagasse-activated carbon on the lipid profile of Rats. An experimental study with various concentrations was applied with blood serum as the samples from 20 male Sprague Dawley male rats. Waste cooking oil was purified with activated carbon made from bagasse and then given to Sprague Dawley white rats by oral gavage for seven days every morning and evening. At the end of rearing, the rats were euthanized, and blood was taken from the heart for blood serum and lipid profile analysis. The results showed that treatment group 1 had an average lipid profile that was closest to the negative control group with an average value of cholesterol (36.88 ± 2.24 mg dl−1), triglyceride (53.74 ± 2.01 mg dl−1), HDL (14.00 ± 1.13 mg dl−1), VLDL (10.75 ± 0.90 mg dl−1), and LDL (12.13 ± 0.90 mg dl−1). It was indicated that a 5% concentration of the bagasse charcoal application on bulk oil show less detrimental impact on rat lipid profile of cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, VLVL, and LDL. The study suggests that using bagasse-activated carbon will reduce the damaging effect of bulk oil on lipid profile. Further study should be made on the safety of the use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the expanding frequency of breast cancer and high incidence of vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] insufficiently, this investigate pointed to explain a relation between serum [25(OH)D3] (the sunshine vitamin) level and breast cancer hazard. The current study aimed to see how serum levels of each [25(OH)D3], HbA1c%, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) were affected a woman's risk of getting breast cancer. In 40 healthy volunteers and 69 untreated breast cancer patients with clinical and histological evidence which include outpatients and hospitalized admissions patients at the Oncology Center, Medical City / Baghdad - Iraq. Venous blood samples were withdrawn from breast cancer patients and healthy women between June – Dec., 2020. Serum lipid profiles including [total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG)], [25(OH)D3] and HbA1c% were determined under aseptic conditions using a standard fully automatic Chemistry Analyzer. The independent sample t-test was used in the statistical analysis to compare the mean serum levels of lipid profile and other biomarkers determined between breast cancer patients and compared with apparently healthy women. TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels are 190. 7 mg/dl, 104.3 mg/dl, 108.1 mg/dl, and 53 mg/dl, respectively. Breast cancer caused a significant increase in serum TC, LDL-C, and TG while decreasing HDL-C significantly. Breast cancer development could be one of the factors causing changes in Vit. D, HbA1c, and lipid profile levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most progressive directions of the modern stage of development of biology is the deepening of knowledge about the mechanisms of regulation of metabolic processes, in particular about signal molecules that transmit information to the cell through ion channels and nuclear receptors associated with G-protein or with enzymatic activity. When the effect is manifested through nuclear receptors, signal proteins form a complex with them, which attaches to regulatory DNA sequences, followed by triggering or blocking the synthesis of the regulatory protein. Currently, more than 200 nuclear receptors are known, and although some of them are included in the group of "orphan" for which activation mechanisms are not known, the search for regulatory ligands with the prospect of becoming new drugs is being actively conducted. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the farnesoid X receptor agonist (obeticholic acid) on the results of the chylomicron test as one of the indicators of the blood lipid profile. The use of obeticholic acid harmonizes lipid metabolism against the background of alimentary fat load, due to the activation of farnesoid X-receptors of the intestine and liver, which is manifested by a simultaneous increase in the intensity of lipid absorption gaps and their intermediate metabolism in the liver. As a result, the risk of hyperchylomicronemia is eliminated and there is a rapid conversion of exogenous (chylomicrons) into endogenous (VLDL) triglycerides, which do not reach a high level (because there is no activation of blood enzymes), which is probably due to their conversion in the liver into HDL. Thus, activation of the farnesoid X receptors of the intestine and liver reduces the risk of the main pathophysiological manifestations of lipid metabolism disorders - the accumulation of chylomicrons and VLDL in the blood, which should be considered one of the mechanisms of action of the agonist of these receptors - obeticholic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an abnormal lipid profile. Several functional foods have therapeutic potential for treating chronic diseases, including diabetes. One plant that has this therapeutic potential is Physalis angulata or ciplukan. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of P. angulata juice drink (PJ) on the levels of plasma lipid profiles and health of the liver in streptozotocin (STZ) induced T2DM Wistar rats. Twenty healthy male Wistar rats were induced to diabetes with a single dose intraperitoneal administration of STZ (40 mg/kg b.w.). Diabetic rats were orally administered with 1 mL/day of ciplukan juice (D-T1) or 2 mL/day of ciplukan juice (D-T2) or 62.5 mg/kg b.w. of metformin every day for 14 days. Rats in all groups were sacrificed on day 14. PJ lowered triglyceride (TGs) significantly (P<0.05), but not for total cholesterol (TC) compared to the diabetic group (negative control). Moreover, the administration of PJ significantly increased the levels of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) (P<0.05). Oral administration of P. angulata juices and metformin drug to diabetic rats significantly reversed all these changes to near-normal levels. In conclusion, the active constituents with high antioxidant properties in PJ might be responsible for its anti-hyperlipidaemia and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the restoration effect on the damaged liver in experimental rats. Hence, these PJ treatments indicated their helpful effects in the amelioration of diabetes-associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to evaluate the histopathological and biochemical effects resulting from feeding experimental animals to a high cholesterol diet. Where (25) rabbits were collected from male New Zealand rabbits and divided into five groups, and that they were fed for (90) days with a diet containing cholesterol, while the last group was considered a negative control group that wasn't treated with the feed, and blood lipid tests were performed, including (TC, TG). (HDL, LDL, VLDL) before starting feeding and after the feeding period, a big increase (P< 0.05) was observed within the average weights of animals, because it reached (1508.31 ± 53.40) gm. before feeding and after feeding (1797.75 ± 37.47 g), also as an increase within the level of animal weight. Blood lipids for groups treated with feed compared with the negative control group after the feeding period. Subsequently, Hypercholesterolemic animals were dosed with different concentrations of AgNPs (5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, and 15 mg / kg (respectively. The results showed a big decrease within the level of lipids within the group that were dosed with (10 mg /kg) AgNPs compared to the decrease within the group that were dosed with (5 and 15 mg / kg) AgNPs. Additionally, there was a small decrease within the average weights of the animals after the completion of the dosing period, because it reached (1773.56 ± 51.592) gm. It is often concluded from the results obtained that there's an association between low lipid levels and therefore the use of AgNPs as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross sectional study was carried out to evaluate the level of fucose and lipid profile in sera with dyslipidemia. One hundred serum sample(male and female) were collected from prom patients and healthy individuals, age range between (30-81)year,70 sample from patients with dyslipidemia and 30 samplefrom healthy individuals as control group, all samples were collected from external clinical investigation in Samarra city from the period of 14th December 2020 up to 1st February 2021. The present study includes determination of serum lipids profile(total cholesterol-TC, Triglycerides-TG, High density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDL-C, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDL-C, very density lipoprotein-VLDL) and also serum total fucose-TF concentration. The results indicate that the level of total fucose and HDL-C were high significantly (p≤0.05) decreased in sera of patients with dyslipidemia as compared with control group, while the level of TC,TG,LDL-C and VLDL high significantly (p≤0.05) elevated in sera of patients as compared with control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study illustrates the impact of non-thermal plasma (Cold Atmospheric Plasma CAP) on the lipids blood, the study in vivo. The lipids are (cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol and triglyceride) are tested. (FE-DBD) scheme of probe diameter 4cm is used for this purpose, and the output voltage ranged from (0-20) kV with variable frequency (0-30) kHz. The effect of non-thermal atmospheric plasma on lipids were studied with different exposure durations (20,30) sec. As a result, the longer plasma exposure duration decreases more lipids in blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study includes determination of the activity of arginase and some biochemical parameters in sera of patients with atherosclerosis, 90 serum samples were collected 60 specimens from patients with atherosclerosis, and 30 specimen from the control group, collected from Balad general hospital from the period between October to December 2020, with age range between 35-70 year.The study includes determination of serum arginase activity and the concentration of serum lipid profile (cholesterol, Triglycerides-TG, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDL-C, Low- density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDL-C, and very Low-density cholesterol-VLDL) Malondialdehyde-MDA, Glutathione-GSH and total antioxidant capacity-TAC in sera of patients with atherosclerosis and control group. The results indicate that the activity of arginase significantly elevated in sera of patients group as compared with control, and also the level of cholesterol, TG, LDL-C, VLDL significantly elevated in sera of patients group as compared with control, While the level of HDL-C and TAC were significantly decreased, with no significant change in MDA and GSH between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Hereford heifer population of the North Caucasian population (n=96), the proportion of animals with homozygous CAPN1CC genotypes was 31.0%, TG5TT -11.4%, GHVV -15.6%, and LEPTT – 23.9%. The frequency of occurrence of the CAPN1CC, TG5CC, GHLL, and LEPCC genes was 62.5-73.9%. In heifers of the third generation, compared with animals of the fourth generation, a higher frequency of selectively significant alleles of the T gene TG5, V gene GH and T gene LEP was established by 21.1%, 7.5% and 10.6%, respectively. The fatty acid composition of blood lipids of heifers of different generations and genotypes was revealed with the determination of integral indicators of fatty acid biosynthesis. The value of the lipid saturation index (LSI) and the coefficient of efficiency of essential fatty acid metabolism (CEM) in heifers of the third generation was 1.465 and 0.295, which is higher than in heifers of the fourth generation by 7.4 and 16.9% (P<0.01). In the CAPN1СС; GHLL; TG5ТТ; LEPТТ genotypes, the digital values of LSN, IILM, and CEM were significantly higher than in the analogs of the CAPN1GG; GHVV; TG5СС; LEPСС genotypes (P<0.05; P<0.01). The heifers carriers the desired genotypes were selected to form the parent pairs of the next generation of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type two diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated glucose level. This disease increased tremendously with increase the incidence f its complications (1). It may induce micro and macro vascular complications. Aim: To evaluate the effect of diabetes in both of its types as well as the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Methods :A comparative study of 120 individuals (60 T2DM patients and 60 of T1DM) were randomly selected. The work was carried out in the Al-Furat Al-Awsat technical university / department of pharmacy during period from October 2017 till march 2018. Levels of fasting; blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDLc as well as blood glucose level were recorded from the documentation sector at the diabetic center of Al Sader medical city. Results: Data revealed that serum cholesterol, TG, HDL and glucose level had significantly differ in type one compared with type two. It is more elevated in type two than type one. Another recording revealed that the level of complication is more obvious on the patient of type one than type two DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics have several positive benefits, such as reducing pathogenic bacteria population, providing enzymes which help for food digestion, and lowering blood lipid levels. Best formulation can be formulated by combining powder with a mixture of L. bulgaricus: L. acidophilus: S. thermophilus = 1: 1: 1. Yogurt formulation using a simple coated technology with 5% of maltodextrin. Aim of our study, we measured the effectiveness of formulated yoghurt powder coated with maltodextrin to control broiler blood lipid profile. We developed soy-yogurt using probiotic mentioned and utilizing the blower to accelerate the drying process, which will facilitate feeding process at livestock by mixing with feed rations and extending the storage time. Total bacterial plate count after powder processing showed that there was a decrease of the number of Lactic Acid Bacteria for each treatment, ranging from T-1 4.21 x 10³ ; T-2 3.49 x 106 ; T-3 3.85 x 10³, and T4 7.09 x 10² from total bacteria 1.55-6.75 x 109. Then, sample are divided into four treatments that were T-1 =Basal Diet, T-2 = Basal Diet + 2% Probiotic ( 100% Fermented-Cow Milk), T-3 = Basal Diet + 2% Probiotic ( 50% Fermented-Cow Milk + 25% Fermented-Soy Milk), T-4 = Basal Diet + 2% Probiotic ( 50% Fermented-Cow Milk + 25% Fermented-Soy Milk + 25% Fermented-Mung Bean). The result showed that there was a significant result on blood cholesterol while the other lipid treatments had no significant difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The Eastern region of the European part of Russia (Perms Krai) is characterized by the peculiarities of the wind regime, the presence of large highways and petrochemical enterprises. Aromatic hydrocarbons (AH) are highly prevalent in the environment and are found in emissions from vehicles and industrial plants. These substances belong to hormone-like xenobiotics, which are capable of making adjustments to the work of immune and hormonal regulation. Purpose of the work: analysis of the features and probable mechanism of the formation of comorbid pathology in women under conditions of contamination of biological media with aromatic hydrocarbons. Materials and methods. The observation group comprised 23 women (36.52 ± 0.48 years old) contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons, the comparison group consisted of 22 women (37.26 ± 0.56 years) in whose biological media there is no aromatic hydrocarbon contamination. Women live in the east of the European part of Russia (Perm Krai), and the clinical status of women is characterized by the pathology of the reproductive sphere (endometriosis, leiomyoma, menstrual irregularities). The women of the observation group are represented by a region affected by emissions from major highways and petrochemical enterprises, under conditions of chronic aerogenic exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons. The level of blood contamination with aromatic hydrocarbons was studied, the expression of immune, hormonal and metabolic effect markers. Results and discussion. A comparative analysis of the structure and prevalence of morbidity in groups with a history of reproductive system pathology and various blood contamination with aromatic hydrocarbons revealed a predominance of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in contrast to the comparison group (2.3 times). For the observation group, a significant decrease in the frequency of blood mono-nuclears by 13% compared to the comparison group was revealed. Comparison of the level of sex hormone expression revealed its excess in the observation group (estradiol by 16%, DHEA by 7%, LH by 40%, FSH by 11%) relative to the comparison group. Comparative analysis of the blood lipid status allowed us to establish changes in the level of total cholesterol in the observation group (an increase of 2%), and significant differences in the expression of HDL (an increase of 23%) and leptin (a decrease of 2.3 times) were also revealed. Reliable cause-and-effect relationships were established (Spearman correlations) the level of mononuclears and leptin from blood contamination with toluene (r=-0.31; r=-0.36). Conclusion. The presence of increased blood contamination with aromatic hydrocarbons in the monitoring group was accompanied by a lower frequency of CVD prevalence, insignificant increase in expression levels of sex hormones due to hormone-like properties of AU, changes in markers of lipid and low levels of parameters associated with the development of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reducing lipid levels in blood plasma is one of the ways of preventing cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this work is to present the changes found in the plasma lipid concentrations of Indian students who had engaged in the yoga practice known as Dynamic Suryanamaskar (DSN) for a period of 2 weeks. Methods: 105 randomly selected Indian male students aged 17.15±1.42 years participated in the study. The subjects were divided into 4 groups, according to the Solomon Four Group Design. Groups I (n=26) and III (n=27) performed 6 sessions of training of DSN per week for 12 weeks, while groups II (n=25) and IV (n=27) acted as control groups of untrained subjects. Plasma samples from all subjects were analyzed for the following factors: total cholesterol (T-C), triglycerides (TGs), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In Groups I and II blood samples were taken twice, once before the 12 week training period (Trial-1) and once after it (Trial-2). In Groups III and IV a blood sample was taken once only, that is after the 12 week training period for Groups I and II (Trial-2). Results: Concentrations of all plasma lipids between Groups I and II were significantly different and the levels of T-C (p<0.001), TGs (p<0.001), VLDL-C (p<0.001), and LDL-C (p<0.001) had decreased while the level of HDL-C (p<0.05) had increased. Also it was shown that the levels of T-C (p<0.001), TGs (p<0.01), VLDL-C (p<0.01), and LDL-C (p<0.001) had decreased and that the level of HDL-C (p<0.05) had increased within Group I after training, but the levels of all these variables in Group II were unchanged after the 12 week period of time (Trial-1 vs. Trial-2). In Group III compared to Group IV, measured in Trial-2, levels of T-C (p<0.05), TGs (p<0.001), VLDL-C (p<0.001), and LDL-C (p<0.05) were lower while HDL-C was higher (p<0.001). Conclusions: Intensive DSN training is an effective means of improving the plasma lipid profile. Such training, which can be practiced under almost any conditions, does not cause any negative health effects measurable in the plasma lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical decision support systems are information technology systems that assist clinical decision-making tasks, which have been shown to enhance clinical performance. Cluster analysis, which groups similar patients together, aims to separate patient cases into phenotypically heterogenous groups and defining therapeutically homogeneous patient subclasses. Useful as it is, the application of cluster analysis in clinical decision support systems is less reported. Here, we describe the usage of cluster analysis in clinical decision support systems, by first dividing patient cases into similar groups and then providing diagnosis or treatment suggestions based on the group profiles. This integration provides data for clinical decisions and compiles a wide range of clinical practices to inform the performance of individual clinicians. We also include an example usage of the system under the scenario of blood lipid management in type 2 diabetes. These efforts represent a step toward promoting patient-centered care and enabling precision medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serum lipids are impacted by hormonal changes in women throughout their life cycle. Serum lipid profile changes contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary polar lipids (PLs) can impact the lipid profile and cardiovascular health. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of buttermilk consumption on plasma lipid profile. The randomised clinical trial included eight perimenopausal women aged 45 to 55 (mean [SD] age: 48.1 [2.9] years) with a moderately high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (LDL-C level (mean [SD] LDL-C level: 3.53 [0.32] mmol L-1) and stable weight (mean [SD] weight: 74.3 [17.9] kg) over the previous six months without lipid-lowering therapy. The intervention group (n = 4) consumed 250 mL (50 mg PLs) of buttermilk daily for 28 days, along with their regular diet and exercise. The control group (n = 4) was advised not to change their lifestyle. The enzymatic colour reaction method was used for plasma lipid measurements and the hexokinase method for plasma glucose estimation before and after the trial. The approval from Riga Stradins University Ethics Committee was received (Nr. 2-PĒK-4/513/2022) prior to the study. After 28 days of the trial, the intervention group showed a decrease in LDL-C level (mean [SD] LDL-C level change: -0.18 [0.65] mmol L-1). Conversely, there was an increase in LDL-C level (mean [SD] LDL-C level change: 0.09 [0.51] mmol L-1) in the control group. The pilot study showed that the consumption of buttermilk might improve the plasma lipid profile of perimenopausal women with a moderately high LDL-C level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid disorders are common in captive psittacine birds, but associated changes in blood lipids and lipoproteins have not been well characterized. The Quaker parrot is prone to dyslipidemia and has been extensively used as an experimental model. The objectives of this study were to study the effects of a 0.3% cholesterol diet and a 20% fat diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Quaker parrots. Two cross-over studies were performed with each diet. During each study, 12 parrots were divided into two groups fed the treatment or control diet for 2 weeks. After a 2-month wash-out period, the groups were reversed. At the end of each period, plasma lipidomics and lipoprotein profiling were performed. Data were analyzed by univariate tests adjusted for false discovery rate, volcano plots, and enrichment analysis. The cholesterol diet induced changes in many plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Total cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were significantly and markedly elevated. Ceramides were the second subclass of lipids that was elevated. Several glycerophosphocholines, sphingomyelins, and one diacylglycerol were also significantly elevated, albeit to a lesser magnitude. All lipoproteins were elevated with the greatest increase seen in non-HDL. The fat diet mainly resulted in a decrease in plasma glycerolipids and an increase in acyl-carnitines. Lipoprotein plasma levels remained unchanged. In conclusion, Quaker parrots fed a 0.3% cholesterol diet showed profound and complex dyslipidemic changes that may be used to further study lipid disorders in psittacine birds. A 20% fat diet higher in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids did not lead to dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the aim was to investigate the effect of acute exercise on blood lipids in females. Research group consists of females; 33,6 aged. From the beginning of the exercise to the end of acute swimming exercise, the participants gave blood samples in order to analysis the Cholesterol, LDL, HDL cholesterol and Triglyceride levels. According to results, there was significant difference between pre and post tests in research group on Cholesterol, LDL, HDL cholesterol and Triglyceride levels (p<0,05). Consequently, acute swimming exercises lead to significant alteration the level of Cholesterol, LDL, HDL cholesterol and Triglyceride levels in females and it could say that acute exercises are useful application in terms of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid metabolism changes during pregnancy in order to support fetal growth and development. It is believed that this process is under hormonal control. There have been reports on serum lipid profile during pregnancy in Caucasians, but very little is known in Africans. There has not been a prospective cohort study using the same group of subjects throughout the course of pregnancy in women in this environment, hence this study. The study was therefore to determine serum triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) in the three trimesters of pregnancy in the same women, in Benin City, Nigeria. Subjects were 50 pregnant women at the 6th week of pregnancy (first trimester) with no history of midwifery complications or systematic disorders. They were 25-34 yrs, (mean age 28 ± 0.44 yrs). Controls were 50 non-pregnant women of the same age group that met the inclusion criteria. Demographic characteristics and midwifery information were collected by questionnaire. Written informed consent was obtained, and fasting venous blood samples were taken during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Blood pressure was recorded. Mean ± S.E.M. were calculated for all groups. lipid concentrations were measured enzymatically and expressed as mg/dl. Data was analyzed using ANOVA, and p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. TG was lower in the control group than in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd trimester (138.44 ± 0.6 vs 312.3 ± 9.3, 252 ± 3.1 and 247.4 ± 2; p<0.05). However, among the pregnant women, TG concentration in the 1st trimester was higher than in the 2nd and 3rd trimester. The 2nd and 3rd trimester TG concentrations were not significantly different. HDL was significantly lower in the 1st trimester than in the control, 2nd or 3rd trimester (48.04 ± 0.3 vs 58.34 ± 0.4, 60.7 ± 1.0, 56.3 ± 0.5). LDL was highest in 1st trimester pregnancy and least in the control group (178.1 ± 1.3 vs 83.04 ± 1.2, 137.7 ± 2.2 and 125.2 ± 0.8; p<0.05 ). TC was higher in pregnant women than in the control (224.7 ± 0.9, 216.8 ± 0.9 and 231.7 ± 2.2 vs 180.44 ± 1.6; p<0.05). The significantly raised TG, TC and LDL in the pregnant women compared to the controls, especially during the 1st trimester provides evidence of natural rising in plasma lipids in normal pregnancy due to hormones. This rise in TG, TC, and LDL may be due to an increase in hepatic lipase activity and decrease in lipoprotein lipase active, the principle modulator of which is the pregnancy-induced hyperoestrogenaemia. It is concluded that the normal pattern of pregnancy-induced variations in serum lipids is observed in the women studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High plasma lipid levels form a prerequisite for the development of atherosclerosis. The recruitment of monocytes to the arterial wall is initiated by the local environment which must be modulated by lipidomic factors. Once monocytes in the arterial wall are converted to macrophages, deposition of excessive amounts of cholesteryl esters, leading to foam cell formation can be considered as a key event in the progression of atherogenesis. Macrophage cholesterol homeostasis involves a delicate balance between lipid influx and lipid efflux. Macrophages are incapable of limiting the uptake of lipids via scavenger receptors and therefore largely depend on cholesterol efflux pathways to maintain cellular lipid homeostasis. Important mediators of macrophage cholesterol efflux are ABCA1, which mediates the efflux of cholesterol to lipid-poor apo A-I. Furthermore ABCG1 and SR-BI can efflux cholesterol to mature HDL. As a consequence of compensatory mechanisms, the single ABCA1, ABCG1 or SR-BI deficiency in macrophages only leads to moderate effects on cholesterol efflux and atherogenesis. Combined deletion of ABCA1 and ABCG1 leads to massive lipid accumulation and foam cell formation of tissue macrophages, while massive foam cell formation, atherosclerotic lesion development and inflammation is also observed by combined deletion of macrophage ABCA1 and SR-BI. The combined macrophage deletions of ABCA1, ABCG1 and/or SR-BI show the essential function of these cholesterol transporters in macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerotic lesion development. An enhancement of sytemic inflammation markers does accompany the extend of foam cell formation and the interaction between lipid accumulation and the inflammatory status might form an important factor for the pathological events during atherogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]