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Microgrid (MG), which combines renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, and loads, has lately gained attention as a sustainable energy alternative for mitigating climate change. MG may operate in grid-connected or islanded modes based on upstream grid circumstances. The energy management and control of the MG are important to increase the power quality of the MG. This study provides a MG system consisting of a 60 kWp Si-mono photovoltaic (PV) system made of 160 modules, and a Li-ion battery energy storage system (BESS). Moreover, each unit was linked to the DC bus throughout the DC/DC converters and DC/AC central inverter. The suggested system control relied on harnessing renewable energy to provide loads effectively and monitor battery charge. Simulation findings using MATLAB Simulink show the performance of the suggested microgrid stability solutions. The PV system was controlled by maximum power point tracking-based fuzzy logic (FL-P&O). In addition, the BESS with its battery management system (BMS) using the PI controller was used to stabilize the bus voltage within reference value at variations of irradiance. The MG was connected to the DC side by a voltage source converter (VSC) which is controlled by the hysteresis current control technique. Finally, the DC bus voltage was kept constant at 700 V to preserve the microgrid's balance under different environmental conditions with a minimum value of THD 3.7% in the injection current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary focus of this article revolves around implementing and sustaining a power management strategy within a grid-interfaced hybrid system. Integrating photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems is regarded as a hybrid connection approach. Wind and photovoltaic (PV) systems are considered more efficient distributed generation (DG) systems due to their reliance on freely available natural resources. The wind system utilising a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is engineered to produce a power output of 16 kilowatts. In comparison, the solar system is designed with a power generation capacity of 20 kilowatts. Furthermore, the battery management system is also employed as a backup. MPPT-based DC-to-DC converters are suggested for both photovoltaic (PV) and wind systems to improve the dependability and efficient power management between the systems across various load scenarios. The proposed system has undergone testing within the MATLAB Simulink environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays renewable sources are most widely used in electrical applications like electrical and hybrid electrical vehicles. Solar electrical vehicles in which we use solar energy to recharge the battery. Battery plays a key role in the electrical vehicle where it requires a suitable Battery Management System (BMS). Battery Management System is essential for better performance of the electrical vehicle. In this paper, we will go through Solar Electrical vehicles and discuss different types of batteries used for electrical vehicle and their modeling, their state estimation techniques, and types of charging methods. Also, it deals with comparing and describing the proper mode for better performance of the battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continual learning is being used to improve the estimation of State of Charge (Soc) in lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. Accurate SOC estimation is essential for preventing issues such as overcharging and overcharging, which can damage batteries and reduce their lifespan. By using continual learning, the system will be able to adapt to changes in operational or environmental parameters over time, allowing it to continually improve its predictions. This will help to ensure that the SoC estimation remains accurate even as conditions change. Using a battery dataset to train the model will help to ensure that the system is based on real-world data and accurately reflects the behavior of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. This is important for ensuring that the system can provide reliable and accurate predictions. Overall, the project has the potential to make a significant contribution to the development of more accurate and reliable battery management systems for electric vehicles. This could help to increase the uptake of electric vehicles and reduce environmental pollution and reliance on fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As people become more aware of global warming, the need for clean fuel and energy is increasing, and as a result, there is a steady trend toward electric automobiles and hybrid electric vehicles. The depth of discharge (DOD), temperature, and charging algorithm all have an impact on battery performance. Using the internet of things, this study seeks to offer a measurement of the battery's voltage and current level. Lead-acid batteries are capable of powering a wide range of applications. They're simple to find, affordable, and deliver a lot of power to anything they're connected to. Unfortunately, if the charge is not monitored, the battery will ultimately run out of power. current and voltage of battery is required in extra to finding the charge of the battery. The approximate charge of the battery may be determined based on the battery's output voltage. This paper summarizes a number of studies on battery health monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of new energy vehicles, a reliable and safe battery management system has played a crucial role. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze and study the existing battery management systems, in order to explore a battery management system with excellent comprehensive performance in terms of efficiency, lifespan, and safety. This article will analyze and discuss the three major areas of battery SOC state detection, battery heat dissipation optimization, and battery charging and discharging optimization, and explore the actual performance of each part based on actual conditions. After analyzing and comparing different design schemes, the P2D model will be used for battery SOC state detection. The air-cooled cooling technology will be used for battery heat dissipation optimization, and the constant voltage charging system and constant load discharge system will be used for battery charge and discharge optimization, which will become the current optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several years, air pollution from internal combustion engines has become a significant issue in the transportation sector. Hence, electric vehicles (EVs) have been developed to reduce emissions. Lithium-ion batteries are the most important component in EVs which are used for energy storage. Generally, a battery generates some amount of heat during charging and discharging which results in an increased battery temperature. It has a direct impact on the battery's performance and its life span. When the battery temperature rises excessively beyond an appropriate temperature, it may explode. To keep the battery temperature within a recommended range of 25 °C–40 °C with a temperature difference between cells less than 5 °C, the use of a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is necessary. There are several types of battery cooling systems such as liquid cooling, air cooling, and phase-change material (PCM) cooling. Therefore, the goal of this study is to numerically investigate the improvement of cooling performance when water-based nanofluids are used as a working fluid in a liquid-cooled BTMS using the ANSYS Fluent program. The accuracy of the simulation model was validated with the experimental results using battery surface temperature. The result showed that the maximum deviation between the simulation and the experiment was 1.83%, which is acceptable. Furthermore, three different geometries of cooling flow channels (Model A, Model B, and Model C) were designed to investigate the capability of heat rejection from the batteries. It was seen that the cooling system of Model C using pure water as a coolant had the highest heat rejection per unit mass of coolant. Then, adding nanoparticles into pure water was implemented in Model C. The study discovered that using water/SiC (98:2) as a working fluid reduced the maximum temperature of the battery by up to 2.285°C at an inlet velocity of 0.033 m/s. Nonetheless, the battery temperature was still beyond the recommended range. Therefore, to control the maximum temperature in a safe range, the inlet velocity of fluid flow was increased to 0.066 m/s to enhance the heat transfer. The result showed that using water/SiC (99:1) could control the maximum temperature at 28°C with a temperature difference of 4.8°C, which is acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mini-channel heat sink has been developed to cool small devices, such as electronic devices and central processing units (CPUs). Due to the increasing demand of electric vehicles (EVs), a mini-channel heat sink has been applied in a battery cooling system that must be continually improved to ensure safe and efficient battery use. In spite of the major drawback of high-pressure drop, the mini-channel heat sink is an area of great interest among researchers because it can provide high thermal performance. In regard to reducing pressure drops, a dendritic channel has been developed to alleviate the high-pressure drop problem and provide a better temperature distribution. This paper is a proposal review related to dendritic mini-channel heat sink and its applications in battery cooling systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electric vehicles with lithium-ion batteries (LIB), its working temperature is an important parameter that limits the lithium-ion batteries' performance, charging-discharging capacity, and lifespan. Much research has been carried out to keep the operating temperature range from 15◦C to 40◦C by a battery thermal management system (BTMS). Various BTMS methods are available: air-cooled, liquid-cooled, Phase Change Material based, heat pipe-based, and refrigeration cooling. Among these methods, liquid cooled BTMS is an efficient way that provides greater thermal performance and cooling efficiency, which helps in improving battery efficiency. The following review concisely deals with liquid coolant and what different effects are observed when Nano particles with various combinations of base fluid are used in battery management system. Here such combinations are analyzed. This paper provides information about the changes in the system according to changes made in mixture of base fluids and Nano fluids. Considering future benefits from the data obtained from other research papers, this review paper has all the information related to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores various techniques to optimize the operation of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). Lithium-ion batteries exhibit their highest performance within a temperature range of 16 to 25°C, while maintaining functionality within a broader range of 0 to 35°C. The article focuses on investigating different cooling methods, including liquid jackets, cold plates, microchannel cooling plates, serpentine channel cooling plates, and coolant immersion, to regulate the temperature of lithium-ion battery packs. The effectiveness of the thermal management system in maintaining the battery temperature within the specified operating range is thoroughly examined through experimental and simulation results. The findings reveal that these cooling techniques successfully control the temperature under various discharge loads. The recorded maximum temperature (Tmax) is 33.82°C, with a delta Tmax (ΔTmax) of 3.18°C at an ambient temperature of 26.5°C. Maintaining an appropriate temperature range is vital for optimizing the performance of lithium-ion batteries in EVs. The results provide valuable insights and pave the way for future research to enhance the thermal management system for lithium-ion battery packs in EVs. This article highlights the significance of maintaining the temperature range of lithium-ion batteries in EVs to ensure optimal performance. The explored techniques and methods present potential avenues for achieving this objective, and the findings serve as a reference for future studies aimed at improving the thermal management system for lithium-ion battery packs in EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion thermal battery management systems are continuously being developed to ensure better battery performance, safety, and capacity. Li-ion battery performance is strongly influenced by its operating temperature. Thus, to maintain its safety and performance, a thermal management system in the form of cooling fluid is necessary to maintain battery temperature. The purposes of this study are to predict the thermal characteristics of LFP battery numerically and determine the temperature distribution among cells in the variations of discharge rate from 0.5C to 1C. A constant 0.1 m/s air flow rate at 25°C are used for evaluating the thermal performance of the twenty-five 26650 LFP battery cells arranged in a 5 × 5 battery pack configurations. In this work, we do both numerical computation and direct experiment. Computational investigation was done using ANSYS Fluent 2020. The battery heat generation model used was Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) which provided by ANSYS Fluent 2020. Then, the numerical results are validated by an experiment. The data obtained from the experiment are temperatures profile and contours of temperature. The temperature profile is drawn from the data recorded by a 4-channel thermocouple thermometer, while the contours of temperature are captured by using thermal camera. The investigation results reveal that a higher C-Rate gives a higher battery pack temperature; the temperatures achieve in the simulation and experiment show no big difference; and overall battery pack temperatures are below 34°C for 3600 s running. The maximum temperature difference among cells is lower than 5°C. An evenly distributed air flow provides uniform temperature distribution inside the battery pack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of batteries to store electrical energy from photovoltaic (PV) output during stand-alone operation is important in electric vehicles. However, the charge and discharge technique is often not considered, thereby causing overvoltage and undervoltage capable of shortening the battery's life. Furthermore, the operating temperature during the charge and discharge processes needs to be observed to avoid overheating, which can reduce the battery performance. Therefore, this research monitored and implemented the charge-discharge process, and also controlled the protection of the voltage, current, and temperature parameters, to obtain a battery management system capable of preventing electrical energy from being damaged quickly. The monitoring and protection tool showed that the safety relay has been able to work to limit the charge/discharge current, temperature, and voltage of the battery SOC working limit set in accordance with the optimal work standard of 90% to 20%. However, in this research, it is still impossible to estimate the age and damage of the battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of global warming, environmental pollution, and energy crisis have threatened the existence of the gasoline engine which has been leading the automotive sector since its invention and provided a great opportunity to invent electric-powered vehicles. However, Electric-powered vehicles using lithium-ion cells, under different environmental, conditions will need an adequate and efficient battery thermal management system to ensure its effective operation like operation limits, performance, preventing thermal runaway, short-circuit, and longer life span. Other advanced features like fast charging of cells to shorten the charging time can lead to rapid heat-generation in the battery pack. Therefore, an appropriate and effective arrangements of cells play an important role in designing a more efficient and effective cooling system for the designed li-ion cluster pack used in electric vehicles. This paper performs a steady-state thermal analysis on different arrangements of cylindrical cells prepared in 6by6, 9by4, zig-zag arrangements, 18650 Lithium-Ion battery cells with a base diameter of 18 mm and a total height of 65 mm are arranged in a battery pack. The objective of this study is to explore the factor influencing the performance of a liquid cooling BTMS and based on this compare all designs to find the best model which is more suitable for heat dissipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) is essential to the battery's performance, which is integral to the electric vehicle's overall performance in terms of its powertrain. Air cooled BTMS have been commonly used in the EV industry due to their compact structure, high dependability, and cost effectiveness. In this work, an air cooled thermal management systemfor Li-ion battery packing has been studied computationally for use in electric vehicles by using ANSYS Fluent. The configurationof battery pack consists of five cylindrical cells enclosed in a housing of rectangular cross section. Such a configuration is relevantfor simple electric vehicles and for the electric vehicles designed by students for competitions. The CFD simulations model heat generation in cells as volumetric heat generation, and the temperature field in the fluid as well as the interior of cells is solved. Thesimulations are conducted over a range of Reynolds Number (3500-17500), and the average cell temperature vs Reynolds Number is reported. Typically, the peak recommended temperature for efficient operation of lithium-ion battery is 40°C. In this work, temperature of 42 °C and 58 °C were realized, respectively, at the highest (17500) and lowest (3500) Reynolds Number investigated. Therefore, the results indicate that for the conditions investigated, a Reynolds Number of greater than 17500 is required for acceptable battery temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of power electronic technology and the rising need for electrical energy, wind energy systems (WES) have more potential and are increasingly important in the energy sector. The development of permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) has caught the attention of wind turbine manufacturers more and more. The modeling and control scheme of a variable speed wind turbine (WT) for a direct-drive generator utilizing a PMSG for a microgrid (MG) system are very important. In this work, the dynamic performance of the WES was enhanced by using a Li-ion battery as an energy storage system (ESS) with a PMSG generator. The proposed system consists of different power electronics devices such as DC/DC converters, DC/AC converters, and a battery management system (BMS). The aim of this study is to control and stabilize the DC bus voltage of the MG by managing the power of WES and the battery. The PMSG is linked with the D/DC Luo converter while the battery is integrated with the DC bus throughout the DC/DC bidirectional buck-boost converter. The PMSG was controlled using improved Torque Observer Control (TOC) in order to raise the production of the wind turbine. The BMS was presented based on the proportional - integral (PI) control method. The simulation was done using Matlab/Simulink. The obtained results indicate that the proposed WES/battery system can operate with a high power quality while stabilizing the DC bus voltage and keeping the frequency constant at 50Hz. Finally, the BMS method guaranteed good power quality by stabilizing the bus voltage, which was advantageous to the operation of the battery in terms of both its efficacy and its longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to monitor and control the charging as well as discharging of the rechargeable batteries, Battery Management system is employed which electronically regulates these processes. It gives a hold onto the storage system and also gives protection to the battery when it is operated beyond its limits by authenticating and balancing the hazardous situations. Due to the rapid rise in the interest towards electric and hybrid vehicles, BMS are set up in an automobile for long-lasting cycle life and lower self-discharge. The state of the battery can also be determined by BMS and it helps in calculating the energy delivered in the system. This ensures the increased life of battery usage in electric vehicle and various other applications. The tasks like voltage sampling and current sampling of the battery can be performed by BMS. In this paper, need for Battery management system (BMS) and features of BMS with its applications have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles market is evolving rapidly, introducing a plethora of benefits for modern transportation. In addition, the evolution of lithium-ion batteries technology provide high efficiency and performance with sufficient range. To achieve that, advanced battery management systems monitoring parameters, like state of charge and voltage are required. It is essential to keep the battery cells at optimum state, enhancing their safety functioning and useful lifespan. In this paper, a low cost, unified prototype board is developed and tested for monitoring critical battery information, though logged data analysis. A monitoring system has been implemented to optimize system with constant operation diagnosis and data validation. Total efficiency improvement of 5% was established without advanced API interface. The system proved to be reliable with myriad possibilities, limiting battery stress and degradation. Further directions of this work include publishing the data as open-source material, adapting into a wBMS system for real-time adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium batteries are starting to become a significant commodity in the rapidly growing electric vehicle industry. Along with the increasing number of battery requirements, the use of lithium batteries is also increasingly diverse. The rising number of battery requirements makes the battery must be adapted to various conditions in the field so that the battery life is long and the battery condition is maintained. The safety and battery life will be problematic if these conditions are not supported. A Battery Management System (BMS) exists to overcome this. In this research, BMS has two main features, namely protection and monitoring. Identification in this study is based on the problem of voltage protections in lithium batteries and monitoring the voltage of each battery cell as measured by a multimeter. A BMS nowadays knows that few have added features such as wireless monitoring using Bluetooth in one BMS module. The results of the BMS testing for monitoring the total voltage when charging have an accuracy of 96.63%, and the BMS testing for monitoring the cell voltage when charging has an accuracy of 98.93%. While the results of the BMS testing for monitoring cell voltage when discharging have an accuracy of 95.07%, and BMS testing for monitoring cell voltage when discharging has an accuracy of 96.59%. The protection features function well to overcome overcharge and over-discharge. The results of the BMS testing for monitoring the total voltage when charging have a precision of 0.84%, and the BMS testing for monitoring the cell voltage when charging has a precision of 0.42%. While the results of the BMS testing for monitoring cell voltage when discharging have a precision of 0.7%, and BMS testing for monitoring cell voltage when discharging has a precision of 0.94%. The successful development of this BMS will increase the value of developing the battery industry in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of November,'21 the world population is 7.9 billion which demands more and more energy consumption day by day. Energy demand and Environmental pollution-related strategies offered a platform for the Electric Vehicles in the market. But because of the range, charging time, and life cycle of batteries used in Electric Vehicles are far away to overcome the use of IC Engines but the running cost and active pollution are negligible when compared to IC engine-powered vehicle usage. The most crucial component which affects Electric vehicle performance is its Battery Thermal Management System. Whenever Lithium-based batteries are used the major focus would be on their temperature ranges while charging and discharging. The temperature rise in batteries affects their performance which judges their need for a cooling system. In this literature review, different cooling technologies i.e., Air cooling, Liquid cooling, and PCM are discussed and compared their effectiveness with merits and demerits. Also, to evaluate the performance of the batteries, a few of the energy models are incorporated into the discussion. With the help of this study, it has been proposed that the direct liquid cooling technique can effectively remove heat from the batteries in terms of minimum and maximum temperature difference, and is capable of maintaining desired temperature difference that minimizes the battery damage during breakdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are the first option in applications that demand energy storage devices due to their high capacity, high depth of discharging, high energy density, long life cycle, no effect memory, and low self-discharge capability. Li-ion of necessity must be controlled in anticipation of an operation to be in a safe situation and get the best performance, so it must be utilized battery management system (BMS). BMS functionality monitors, control, and protects the battery pack from over-discharge, active balancing cells, and over-temperature. This paper utilized BMS to compare several charge methods to validate an efficient approach for maintaining battery performance. Proposed state I multi-stage current (MSC) based on Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) depending on the state of charge (SoC) as input for specifying the charging current as FLC output. State II, based on FLC, considers the temperature as a factor with SoC in specifying charging current. The state II charge method prefers because the rising temperature during the charging process reduces other charge methods, preserving the battery performance and life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries has promising future in electric vehicles and storage of electricity. The two main issues with these batteries are the charging time and the heating problems. When we vary the discharging and charging rate of the battery, the temperature also increases/decreases respectively. Battery thermal management has a crucial role of maintaining life-cycle and performance of.battery. A battery thermal management system ensures thermal repeatability and prevents thermal runaway of battery. The paper presents the results derived from the experimentation undertaken with this purpose. An experiment was performed on Lithium-ion 18650 battery cells, which are charged with 2 C charging rate which are cooled with immersion cooling via dielectric fluid. The use of this BTMS ensures the thermal runaway is minimized and all the cells are cooled uniformly, which make sure that all the cells are working under desirable conditions. The simulation was verified with experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are often regarded as the greatest future substitute for conventional automobiles. A photovoltaic (PV) panel is used to create non-conventional solar energy for an electric vehicle, which can be utilized as a backup power source as well as to charge the battery. Tracking maximum power in solar panels is a difficult task for PV panels nowadays. An extremum seeking control method is used in this paper to track the Maximum Power Point by continuously varying sinusoidal signal in a PV panel to increase efficiency and finding the exact point where the maximum power is obtained as compared with conventional maximum power point tracking methods and algorithms. The Buck/Boost converter converts the power needed for a motor from the solar panel. The Buck/Boost converter is set up in such a way that variable speed controls can be achieved in a motor and also controlled by an ESC controller for ensuring the maximum power from the electrical vehicle solar panel. The State of charge and battery management system are key factors to be considered in the development of an electrical vehicle along with proposed system. A prototype model with a solar panel on top can be created to validate the proposed concept. To demonstrate a complete model, the batteries, controller, and motors will be mantled into a prototype car. The proposed technique involves adding an additional loop to the conventional ESC algorithm in order to improve the speed of convergence and results are compared with conventional power tracking methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li-ion batteries are an essential component used in Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles, where their temperature contributes a significant effect on safety and performance. This study design and analysis for a battery thermal management system using air as a coolant. The work was done by employing ANSYS Fluent. The modification of the position of the battery module with 18650 batteries was investigated. The space between the batteries supports the air conditioner flowing in and out. The two sides of the battery module wall were also fully opened. The heat generated during discharge was simulated with the help of a user-defined function. The ambient air temperature was set by 22 °C, where air velocity was kept constant by 0.1 m/s. A pressure-based, laminar, k-epsilon turbulent, incompressible, transient solver was used in the simulation. The solver used a SIMPLE algorithm for pressure and velocity coupling. Airflow in the fluid domain was considered as laminar flow. A three-dimensional arrangement equation solves the computing domain for mass, momentum, and energy eternity during battery discharge conditions. Fluid domains and solid domains are combined to simulate conjugate heat transfer. The simulation shows that the staggered battery module lowers the temperature better than the aligned battery module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battery combined model is generally employed to track the experimental battery terminal voltage due to a simulation process. However, this model requires an appropriate parameter identification in order to have an adequate output terminal voltage. The best tuning model parameters can enhance the model accracy and thus increase the accuracy of the state of charge, which is considered as an important state for battery management system. the parameter identification framework based on the battery model and a particle swarm optimization method is proposed. Firstly, the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) current profile is used as input of the battery in order to extract the experimental terminal voltage, and then the parameter identification framework is applied to find the best parameters by minimizing the error between the experimental and the optimized terminal voltage. The simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve high estimation accuracy with root mean square error and the maximum absolute error within 0.01 mV and 2 mV respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State of Charge (SOC) equalization is an important function in battery management system (BMS), especially for a long series-connected battery packs. Switched capacitor (SC) circuit is often used as the intermediary energy storage for a non-dissipative voltage equalization circuit. In this work, a new SC-based equalization circuit has been developed by implements several modifications. First, the SC circuit can be operated on low-frequency switching using a small-size supercapacitor with 1.5F capacitance. Hence, the switches scheduling may be implemented by the non-demanding internal clock of the microcontroller and low-cost electromechanical relay as the switches. Second, the transient switching losses caused by conventional hard-switching frequency can be reduced by implementing the Zero-Current Switching (ZCS) SC circuit. The experiment shows that the equalization current of ZCS-SC is maximized at the resonance frequency of the coupled inductor and capacitor in the circuit. The modification circuit has an equalization current 2.66 times more extensive when implemented on Pack-to-Cell (P2C) topology instead of Cell-to-Cell (C2C) topology. The ZCS-SC circuit is modified with complementary phase-shifted switch scheduling to enhance equalization continuity up to 1.83 times larger than a conventional single ZCS-SC circuit. It also improves the equalization speed up to 1.74 times faster for the lowest-voltage cell to reach the same voltage as the next cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State of Charge (SOC) equalization is an essential function in the battery management system (BMS), especially for a large number of series-connected battery packs. Unbalance SOC distribution in the battery pack may lead to a residual capacity reduction or even dangerous events caused by the weakest cells in a series-connected battery pack. In this work, a new proposed fuzzy-based algorithm is presented as an alternative solution to achieve effective energy transfer for direct pack-to-cell of 15 series-connected Lithium pack to be used on-grid application. The work uses simulation approaches with real-world parameters for system models. The proposed fuzzy-logic-based algorithm (FBA) has been designed and compared to the conventional voltage-based algorithm (VBA) and conventional SOC-based algorithm (SBA). The FBA is capable to improves the effectiveness, speed, and efficiency compared to VBA and SBA. Among those three performances, the switching effectiveness of selective equalization is significantly advanced by the FBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are an environmentally friendly energy source. One EV application uses Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells. In practice, li-ion operation generates heat which will burden battery performance. Therefore, this review paper will discuss the battery thermal management system (BTMS). There are several methods of BTMS, but this paper review will only focus on air-cooled and liquid-cooled BTMS, where it is still rare to find a comparison of these two cooling methods. The goal is to know about the best cooling method. The results show that liquid-cooled BTMS is superior in uniform temperature distribution but is more complex, and fluid leakage can occur. In comparison, air-cooled BTMS has the advantage of a more accessible system, but the temperature distribution between batteries is less even. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EV) are rapidly evolving and gaining popularity due to their zero-emission and high tank-to-wheels efficiency. However, some factors, particularly performance, cost, battery lifetime, and battery safety, are limiting the development of the electric vehicle. As a result, battery management is required to achieve maximum performance when operating in a variety of conditions. This project aims to study the different cooling systems adopted in the prevalent battery management system and to adopt a cooling system that gives maximum efficiency and to develop a battery management system in MATLAB/Simulink. Developing a battery management system involves selection of battery characteristics and develops equations for the different subsystems (pump, coolant, refrigeration system, radiator system and controller) and to identify the suitable international driving cycle. To evaluate the different subsystems and the relevant battery consumptions, to evaluate the heat flow rate across different systems, to plot the battery performance across different points of the driving cycle. According to the simulation results, BTMS is critical for controlling battery thermal behaviour. Combining the simulation model with battery thermal electric and CFD models could make future research more comprehensive and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly evolving and gaining popularity as a result of their zero emissions and high tank-to-wheels efficiency. However, various constraints, such as battery performance, cost, lifetime, and safety, are limiting the development of the electric vehicle (EV). As a result, battery management is required to achieve maximum performance when running in a variety of settings. The Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) is critical to the battery's thermal management behavior. In today's generation the use of electric vehicle is increasing day by day so these electric vehicles run on the EV batteries. So the thermal management of electrical vehicle battery should be implemented for utilization of battery with high efficiency. On implementation of this BTMS, the rate of the energy dissipation increases so efficiency of battery increases, the battery life increases which cause increase in the vehicle performance. The charge cycles are reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When lithium-ion battery is operating under high charge and discharge rates, there will be a rapid rise in the temperature of the battery. This high temperature of the battery will cause safety issues like thermal runaway and also will reduce the efficiency of the battery. In order to maintain the temperature of the battery within permissible limit, it is important to adopt thermal management system for batteries. There are several thermal management systems like air cooling, liquid cooling etc. But compared to all existing systems, liquid cooling system has greater efficiency in cooling the battery. In liquid cooling system, selecting right kind of coolant is important in order to cool the battery efficiently. In this paper, liquid cooling system of lithium ion battery is designed using "COMSOL Multiphysics Software" and simulated with two most commonly used coolants which are water and water-Glycol using "CFD ANALYSIS" in "ANSYS" and their heat transfer rates are calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a rise in renewable energy cause an increased demand for energy storage (ESS) devices, the most important of type which are batteries. Work has begun on studies to develop batteries in terms of performance, reduce cost and minimize time charging. Lithium batteries surpassed other than battery type through high energy density, low self-discharge, but to gain maximum performance and safety of the battery, and there must be a control unit named Battery Management System (BMS). BMS plants monitor and control the battery pack. In this paper, BMS was proposed in MATLAB/Simulink 2020a version to protect and managed the batteries from overcharging, discharging, overheating, and exercised cell passive balancing in addition to alluding to a charging method which depending on the State of Charge (SoC) and Temperature to specify the charging current, the proposed method based fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The results show that protection features were the best performance and the proposed charging method that maintains of the battery because the temperature increase during the charging process impacts the performance and life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic Power Plants (PVPPs) are one of the most widely used non-conventional renewable energy sources. This paper proposed a PV system that included four PV power plants and each PV power plant is connected with a three-phase inverter to power-sharing and to obtain high efficiency by taking into consideration the effect of shading conditions. A photovoltaic system with a voltage booster connected to a DC to DC converter is described in this paper. The maximum power is the highest operating point specified with a known voltage and current in PV generators. Algorithms for tracking the maximum value using one method of perturbation and monitoring (P&O).In order to keep the power-sharing inaccurate with synchronized operation voltage and frequency with the main grid, the droop control strategy is used. The energy management system is used with proposed control to regulate the power flow between PV, battery system, load, and grid. The proposed system is simulated by MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation results have shown the proposed power-sharing system with management strategy have effectiveness in reducing the effect of shading condition and keep the system is stable under two operation condition which is grid-connected and islanding modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicle (EV) is increasingly becoming an alternative vehicle of choice to replace an internal combustion engine-powered car. EV concept is clearly linked to sustainable development. Generally, there are four types of EVs: hybrid, plug-in hybrid, battery, and fuel cell EVs. The form of energy source and storage plays a key role for all EVs. Mostly, a lithium-ion battery (high-voltage battery) is used as energy storage due to its high energy density and long-life cycle. But, high rates of charging and discharging bring about high temperatures of the lithium-ion battery, reducing its useful lifetime. A battery thermal management system (BTMS) is crucial in improving EV performance. Here, in this work, we presented an overview of BTMS employed in the EV development, as well as applications of machine learning techniques to predict and optimize BTMS performance based on fast-charging protocols. Additionally, BTMS based on tropical environmental conditions like in Thailand was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major issues in battery pack are a lack of temperature uniformity and higher Ohmic and heat generation rates. Thus, a well-designed cooling system is essential to achieving optimum battery performance at any charging or discharging rate. This study further develops two phase flow Al2O3 based Nano fluid cooled by air to produce excellent performance from a Multi phase flow battery pack. Simulations were carried out at +1 C-Rate with a 14.6 Ah battery cell in fluent using the available multi scale multi domain (MSMD) solver model. From the analysis results, it can be observed that almost 7 to 10 °K of temperature differences are experienced for Al2O3 Nano based cooling than for Air cooling. Similarly, maximum temperatures are only seen for the tab and bus bar zones for all cases. Moreover, the simulation results have shown that the Ohimic heat is lower in Al2O3 nano cooling as compared to air cooling method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work a Numerical investigation on phase change material-based battery thermal management system in electrical vehicle is carried out. A lithium-ion battery pack is developed by using 18650 lithium-ion cells and employing a phase change material cooling. PCM can control the temperature abnormalities and maintain temperature uniformity in Lithium-ion batteries by changing its phase by absorbing or releasing the abundant heat for the battery. The PCM based BTMS is designed and, the use of copper nanoparticles as a additive to the paraffin wax to improve the thermal properties of the pure paraffin. Then the effects of forced air convection, a reduction in the battery temperature can be observed for the various convection rates.Simulation results show the effect of various ambient temperature and convection rate to the battery pack. The lithium- ion battery is also subjected to a 2C discharge rate. The use of Copper nanoparticles within the PCM battery module increases the thermal properties of the Phase change material cooling there by increasing the efficiency and the cooling effect for the system. The simulation results indicate that the temperature of the battery is high at the core of the battery pack and gradually decreases towards the sides of the battery pack There was about 35% reduction in battery module temperature is observed for higher convection rate with 10% copper nano particles addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, E-vehicles will be the future mode of transport and so batteries become the core of E-vehicles. It will be good if we are able to monitor the battery readings like petrol or diesel level indicator in ordinary vehicles. There are no batteries with its inbuilt monitoring system till now and it is an imperative to invent such batteries. There are some personal applications of such design but large scale inventions need a concrete design. A battery management system is an electronic control system which is used to monitor the parameters of a battery such as voltage, current and power even from a specified distance from the battery environment and enables to cut off the operation whenever required from a specified distance.Till now there are battery system which can only monitor its readings. Our proposed system is capable of monitoring, managing and feed in database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are now going to becoming the growing means of transportation of the future generations. With respect to BS-VI norms, the automotive manufacturers shedding more interest towards developing better battery management system. The h eat dissipation in the battery system is to be optimized, which in turn develop the thermal management system to support the green environment. Very predominant problem faced in electric vehicles is the heat generation that is caused due to charging and discharging of the battery, which reduces the battery life and increases the charging duration. The objective in this work is to propose a methodology to reduce the heat generation during the discharging of the battery for electric vehicles. A modified design and modeling of battery management system is proposed to optimize the heat generation. From the proposed model, the experiments were conducted using Ansys, which shows appreciable improvement in reduction of heat generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current line of solar electric trains or boats is an important topic and can benefit from the integration of solar and hydroelectric power and the use of a battery management system. The proposed project aims to design a catamaran electric train powered by solar and wave power for i) transportation along coasts, rivers and lakes. ii) Build a green energy train designed for short distance journeys without pollution. iii) Presentation of sensitive new technologies (small boat project, mechanical and electrical project) and engineer approaches, protection and reliability used in photovoltaics and wave vessels. Designed for hull-mounted generators and short-range coupling without polluting the water turbine. The provided boat can be used in all weather conditions and the electrical requirements of the ship and the project of the electric ship and power managing system have been implemented. He also proposed a new idea for the charge/discharge management of the battery. The proposed battery management system has optimized the use of the battery during navigation, prolonging its life and controlling its vital range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the available buses used for public transport require large quantity of fossil fuel which creates a demand for fossil fuel, where in fossil fuels are exhaustible in nature. The main disadvantage of using fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel is air pollution, which significantly contributes for global warming. In most of the developing countries buses are large in numbers, constitutes primary mode of public transport. To make the mass transport pollution free, it is time to upgrade the existing buses to run on alternate green fuel. As air is abundant in nature which is available everywhere and sunlight is available at most of the daytime our work is focused on extracting energy from both the solar and wind, which will charge the battery of the bus running on alternate green fuel i.e., electrical energy. This bus is more efficient and carbon free as compared to buses running on fossil fuels, as it uses alternate sources to drive the bus. During daytime solar energy charges, the battery at standstill or in movement. Even during movement, the wind energy extracted is used to charge the battery. The wind energy output depends on speed of bus. The other advantage of this bus is, when any one of the requirements is not met, we can charge the battery through EV charging station in case of emergency. The bus battery charging can be managed or controlled by android system, in addition to this feature, there are other built-in features such as battery management system and battery update system, details of battery update will be shown to bus operators, based on battery update details, the operator can act based on battery condition. This paper contains the design of the solar wind powered electric bus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important key factors used in Electrical vehicles is Battery management System. The main part of the Electrical Vehicle (EV) that is strongly associated with vehicle safety and its range estimation using an optimizing cell balancing unit. This research work objective is to build a BMS that can be used in EV and provide better information to a user for monitoring the data. The paper illustrates the use of the ARM Cortex -R4 processor and BQ76942 battery monitor with their high-end features providing SoC, SoH, battery current, voltage, and thermal protection with the increasing range of EV using the cell balancing technique. The passive balancing using Coulomb Counting and EKF methods to estimate SoC for a battery pack give precise results for vehicle range extension The MATLAB simulation is done and proposed the cell balancing algorithm to improve the battery management system. Lithium-ion batteries are used due to their low weight and high charge density. The cells in the battery pack are monitored individually for their efficient operation and safety concerns. Also, for monitoring charging-discharging cycles, overcurrent undercurrent protection, and under-voltage overvoltage protection. For this purpose, the main microcontroller unit which is based on Advanced RISC Machine architecture is used. To observe and sense various battery management system parameters another BMS IC a highly integrated and high-accuracy battery protector and monitor connects with the main microcontroller to observe the battery pack determines various parameters and sends them to the main microcontroller. Some key simulation results to gain well cell balancing also ensures that the battery pack is neither over-discharged nor over-charged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overconsumption of fossil fuels has drastically increased the emissions of toxic gases causing harm to the environment. Batteries are one of the most important components of Electric Vehicles. When dealing with bigger capacities and high power requirements, high power supplying battery packs are required, which consist of several batteries. These high capacity battery packs are prone to reach high temperatures during charging and discharging thus, giving rise to a lot of complications. Hence, the use of a battery management system is essential. It is responsible to optimize the battery pack which results in better and safer working of the battery pack. The main objective of this paper is to simulate a MATLAB/Simulink model of a Battery Management System (BMS) and analyze the different types of estimation methods of the main parameters of a battery management system. It also provides an idea on the most efficient and cost-friendly methods to implement in a BMS. The main parameters include the balancing of the battery pack, state of charge (SoC) estimation methods, state of health (SoH) estimation, charging and discharging control and temperature monitoring, which help improve the performance of the battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been widely regarded as the most promising solutions to replace the conventional internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles, and the recent years have seen a rapid development of EV and HEV technologies. Energy storage technologies are increasingly emerging with the popularity of electric vehicles. Owing to its high efficiency and low emissions, the battery is one of the most common energy storage systems. Battery management system (BMS) is vital in ensuring safe and reliable operation of batteries. Switching to electric vehicle revolution is taking too much time especially in India due to its high charging time of batteries and inadequate charging infrastructure. Battery swapping is one of the methodology developed to solve this problem. Battery swapping is a method in which a vehicle's discharged battery pack can be immediately swapped with a fully charged one, eliminating the delay involved in waiting for the vehicle's battery to charge. But for large vehicles battery swapping become complex since the battery size is very large. Costly battery swapping station with robotic mechanism is needed to swap the battery. To solve this problem in this paper we have suggested a new battery swapping method called modular battery swapping where the battery is arranged as a number of modules and can be swapped one by one easily with our hands. We have modelled an electric vehicle having this modular battery swapping feature using MATLAB, which drives based on a locally developed drive cycle. Different functions of BMS are also included in the MATLAB EV model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of 2020 most of the vehicles on the road will be electric vehicles according to the reports. The electric vehicles are driven by Rechargeable batteries. As there are many rechargeable batteries available Li-ion battery is the most suitable one for many advantages. But the heat control in Li-ion battery is very difficult as it can reduce the lifetime of battery. Therefore, an efficient Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) is required to increase the efficient and lifetime of battery. In BTMS the air cooling and water cooling is not so efficient as it can consume additional power of battery and it can't decrease the temperature of battery rapidly. Phase Change Material (PCM) can be used to increase the efficient of battery. This work focuses on review of research progress in PCM, liquid-gas PCM, solid-liquid PCM and effect of different types of PCM Material on BTMS. As usage of PCM Material alone doesn't give 100 per cent efficient on BTMS so usage of carbon, graphene by enhancing the PCM can significantly increase the efficiency of BTMS. The Hybrid BTMS can also further reduce temperature rise rapidly and enhance temperature uniformity of battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal management for battery systems is crucial for its performance and reliability, especially in the application of electrical vehicles. Using digital models in order to control and monitor battery systems has gained significant interest. In this work a concept for a real-time applicable model of a battery system is proposed. The model is built using various model reduction approaches. First, a high dimensional model (HDM) of a battery is set up and validated with test data. In the proposed approach the HDM is separated into a thermo-electric, a solid and a fluid model, which are coupled though input and output parameters. Different model reduction techniques and approximations are discussed for the linear solid part and non-linear fluid part. The thermal model is coupled with a thermal-electric model for the heat generation inside the battery cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A battery Management system (BMS) is a must and core member of each battery-operated vehicle. The need for BMS is now proved its importance over the last decades by providing betterment in measurement and controlling core battery parameters. Many organizations introduced wireless BMS solutions which claim that how one can remove the bulky, wired, and difficult to undergo repair and maintenance-prone cabling make it more reliable and efficient for EVs worldwide. The concept of Wireless BMS is now a growing trend in the EV industry because of its advantages such as reducing complexity, greater flexibility, and reduced cost over the conventional BMS systems. This paper is an effort to explore these recent trends and technical growths in the field of Battery management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid Electric Vehicle utilizes secondary source of electrical energy for recharging the battery during vehicle operation. Regenerative power which is obtained from the conversion of kinetic energy of motion into electrical energy and returns to battery is one of the important sources of improving fuel efficiency. Battery is the major source in an Electric Vehicle (EV), where mileage of EV depends on it and also the power obtained from battery gets consumed by the various loads in EV other than motor. Such energy consumption also becomes barrier for the main rotary part to consume its energy from battery units. To enhance the battery performance, in this paper the battery is energized by the regenerative power and to eliminate the power consumed by other loads from battery super capacitor is used to provide energy for mini loads other than motor. Super capacitors are the high energy capacitors which can store an incomparably greater amount of energy than conventional capacitors and it has the potential to improve the Hybrid Electric Vehicle energy storage system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolving technologies such as EVs and smart grids require their batteries to be operated safely and cost-effective and a battery management system is always used to achieve that. Battery premature failure can be caused by not making use of their full capacity. Variations in the physical volume, internal impedance and different self-discharge rates of the cells are a cause [2]. Then, as not all the cells are identical, they will charge and discharge at different rates and the charging/discharging process will stop as soon as the first one reached or finished its full capacity. To prolong the cell's life, their state of charge can be balanced during a charge or discharge process. However, there are many factors that can influence the process of balancing and the one discussed here is the internal resistance of the battery cells. This study focused on demonstrating theoretical concepts on battery balancing through means that are student-accessible and can constitute a starting base for remote learning and individual study. First objective was building a passive balancer for four cells connected in series of a battery pack. Then, two voltage-based algorithms for passive balancing were tested and results compared [1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Electric Vehicle (EV) market has been gaining traction due to their benefits to the economy and the environment. EVs are typically powered by Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), but we tend to find these batteries in landfills when they can no longer be used in EVs. Instead, LIBs can be recycled for their precious metals, which can drastically improve sustainability. The purpose of this research is to examine the environmental and economic impacts of recycling end-of-life (EOL) LIBs entering the market in the future by calculating the emissions mitigated through recycling and the values of materials recoverable from LIBs. Using Reverse Logistics processes, we can bring LIBs to recycling facilities, where LIBs that have reached their EOL are sorted; the ones that cannot be used for any other application can be recycled. By recycling LIBs, we found that most of the materials used in manufacturing can be retrieved for reuse, which emits far less CO2-eq compared to raw material extraction, and subsequently improves the economy by cutting costs for materials. This information is important for sustainable manufacturing of LIBs, and it can be used to design and/or improve recycling facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, most smartphone use lithium rechargeable batteries because this kind of battery is mostly common used and they have some good features, such as high energy density, a long life cycle, wide operating range in temperature, and the quality of being robust against short circuit, but a couple of extenuating circumstance can cause them to explode. Based on the limitations that have been highlighted previously, this project aims to develop a high speed batteries charger management system to monitor the current into and/or out of the cell. This project will consist of two main parts, which are the development batteries charges system and monitoring batteries charges system. They are various type of batteries in this world but for this project, it will be focusing on the three type of performance comparison between the Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMh) and Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) battery. From this high speed batteries charger will monitoring by using Arduino board, it will get a data to display on the I2C LCD without have to measure manually the batteries charges system. The using of this batteries management system charger will make human life more efficient, easy and convenience. One of the primary tasks for the batteries management system is to monitor the cell capacity battery. The following sections also describe the design for measuring battery voltage, current, and cell capacity as well as measuring other important parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles today are considered to be one of the most promising modes of sustainable transport. However, the major deterrent to their mass penetration is the long charging time. This paper proposes an alternative technique to reduce the effective charging time, involving lithium ion battery and a supercapacitor bank. The lithium ion battery is charged to 60% of its capacity, and the supercapacitor is sized to contain the energy contained in the remaining 40% of battery capacity. The combination is charged at a predetermined value of current, in the presence of a battery protection circuit and supercapacitor balancing circuit. The total charging time was found to be less than 40 minutes. A scaled down model of an electric vehicle was also built, with an effective battery management system, which allows switching between the battery and capacitor for its different modes of operation and effective tackling of terrain. This is expected to be especially useful for electric taxis, in the urban landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]