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Solid solutions of molecular substitution (Si2)1-y(GaN)y were grown from the liquid phase of a tin solution- melt. Single-crystal silicon washers of crystallographic orientation (111), 0.4 mm thick and 20 mm in diameter, were used as substrates. The substrates had p-type conductivity with a resistivity of 10 mΩ·cm and were doped with boron. The grown epitaxial layers were not specially doped, but had n-type conductivity with a resistivity of 1400 mΩ·cm. The mobility of electrons - intrinsic current carriers in (Si2)1-y(GaN)y solid solutions, measured by the Hall method at room temperature, was 130 cm2/(V·s). The epitaxial layers had a single-crystal structure with crystallographic orientation (111). The whole surface of the substrate was covered with an epitaxial film with strong adhesion. The film thickness over the entire surface was the same and amounted to 15 µm. Scanning atomic force microscopy of the surface of epitaxial films showed that on a smooth surface area with a roughness of no more than 5 nm, "bulges" are observed with a base size on average of ∼100 nm and a height reaching ∼28 nm. It is shown that the initial section of the direct branch of the current-voltage characteristic of the p-Si–n-(Si2)1-y(GaN)y heterostructure from zero to 0.2 V is described by an exponential dependence – I = I0 × exp(qV/ckT), which indicates the dominant role of the diffusion mechanism in the transfer of electric current. When the voltage increases to 1.0 V, the recharging of adhesion centers plays a dominant role, which leads to an ohmic dependence of the current-voltage characteristic. Further, at voltages of 1.2 – 2.5 V, a power-law dependence is observed – I = A · V2.7, which indicates the influence of defect-impurity complexes on the modulation of the space charge in the base region of the structure under study, and, accordingly, on the transfer of electric current. The results are explained based on a model of dielectric relaxation of a space charge, which takes into account the inertia of electron exchange inside recombination complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a comparison is made between two Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) vibration-isolation measures: a passive anti-vibration table and an acoustic isolation cover. The focus was on determining the standard deviation from height measurements taken at a single point on a surface. Based on its magnitude, the effectiveness of specific vibration-suppression measures can be determined. Deactivating the air table on which the microscope is placed resulted in an increase in height standard deviation by a factor of 3.1. The impact of the cover, under our typical measurement conditions, was found to be negligible, falling below the detectable threshold of our measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and simple ecofriendly method was described for preparation of carbon active (AC) and AC/ZnO nanocomposite from data (date cores) extract by vaccum furance at 700 °C for adsorption of toxic. The method succeeded to preparation of active carbon (CA) because the renewable and inexpensive by ecofriendly method. Activated carbon were characterization by X-ray diffraction analysis, filed emission scanning electron microscopy analysis FE-SEM, and fourier transform infrared spectrum for structure properties FTIR. XRD measurements explained the crystalline size (90) nm with (hexagonal) structure (hematite) for (AC) NPs using (date cores) extract. FE-SEM showed the particle size of (AC) NPs using (date cores) extract were (26 to 202 nm) nm, respectively. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis determined at the average grain size the activated carbon/ZnO for the (date cores) extract value from (45) nm. The absorption peak strong of the activated carbon/ZnO nanocomposite is 895 cm−1 by FTIR spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin nanoparticles (SnNP) thin films were prepared by the thermal evaporation method. The effect of thin film thickness upon the structural, thermal, and optical properties has been studied. The SnNP thin films thickness was 52.3 nm, which has developed upon a glass substrate held at the room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to evaluate the characterization of SnNP thin films. The optical properties represented by absorption were also studied via Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy with a wavelength range of (300-1200) nm. The optical transmission spectra suggested that the energy band gap reduces with raising the film thicknesses. Results manifested that the SnNP sizes obtained ranged from 61.26 - 62.14 nm, with a semi-spherical shape, while the average surface roughness of SnNP was found 13.2 nm and at an average grain size of 113 nm, and the SnNP. thin film thickness was 52.3 nm for coating time (2) min. On the other side, the absorbance tests elucidated the maximum value for absorbance at a 389.3 nm wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors with meritorious characteristics like high-power density and long cyclic stability have recently grabbed wide research attention. Between traditional capacitors and rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors represent a new type of energy storage device. ZIF-67 Metal-organic framework synthesized simply by facile chemical route. The ZIF-67 MOF was characterized using X-ray Diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. The present investigations deal with the electrochemical (CV, EIS, GCD) performance of fabricated ZIF-67 electrodes in 2 M, 4 M, and 6 M KOH electrolyte solutions in the potential window of 0 - 0.5 V. The electrode shows efficient results in 6 M KOH with a specific capacitance value of 164 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 10 mVs−1 compared to 72 Fg−1 and 99.8 Fg−1 for 2 M and 4 M, respectively. The ZIF-67 MOF electrodes show up to 95% retention over the 500 repeated charge−discharge cycles. This method facilitates a simple approach to the synthesis of ZIF-67 MOF and its applicability as an energy device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A way to improve sustainability of plastic products is to obtain a mono-material part, tuning the final properties by the transformation process. In the injection molding process, mold temperature cycle is recognized as a key parameter in determining the final characteristics of the part. In this work, injection molding tests coupled with in-mold annealing were conducted on an isotactic polypropylene. The polymer is injected in the cavity at high temperature (140°C and 160°C) and this temperature is kept for 5 minutes (annealing step); afterwards, the mold temperature is cooled down at room temperature. The samples are characterized by optical and electronic microscopy; furthermore, atomic force microscopy coupled with HarmoniX tool allows to characterize simultaneously the local morphology and the elastic modulus. Final morphology distribution along the sample thickness is significantly influenced by the adopted in-mold annealing conditions, in particular, an oriented zone forms close to the cavity surface, a spherulitic part in the core, and a transition zone in between. The extension of the oriented layer decreases in the presence of annealing. On its turn, morphology greatly affects mechanical properties: the oriented layer shows the highest values of elastic modulus, the transition zone shows the minimum value of elastic modulus; the elastic modulus of the spherulitic layers depends on spherulite dimensions. X-ray WAXS analyses were performed on the surface of the sample along the flow path to investigate the orientation and the crystalline phases that form during the process and to relate them with morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wide applications of the uses of thin film technology are in medicine. It is used in artificial kidney dialysis and works to separate toxic substances harmful to the body, as well as an artificial lung where the blood is enriched with oxygen outside the body, and then returns to the patient's body. When it comes to corrosion resistance, titanium is at the top of the list. However, in certain harsh environments, it can be attacked by corrosion. This work enhances the corrosion resistance of medical Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) used to substitute natural bones and teeth. Using the reactive DC sputtering method from a titanium target in an argon/oxygen environment, thin coatings of TiO2 were produced on Ti6Al4V substrates in this study. Except for the applied power of the source, all synthesis parameters were held constant across all deposited coatings, including gas ratio, pressure, gas flow, and substrate distance. Researchers looked into how different sputtering powers impacted morphological and corrosion properties. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the coatings' surface morphology, while energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was used to evaluate their elemental chemical composition. In order to determine and compare the corrosion behavior of uncoated and TiO2 coated Ti6Al4V, electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed in synthesized simulated body fluid (SBF)solution at 37±1 ◦C. Using 250 watts of power, the coating of sputtered TiO2 exhibited the maximum level of corrosion resistance. The results of this evaluation demonstrated a direct correlation between the applied power and the enhancement in corrosion resistance for specific grain size values. Corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of Ti6Al4V human body implants were shown to be improved after being coated with TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma is the fourth state of matter, which is the ionic state of matter and is composed of negative electrons, positive ions, and neutral particles, Plasma is classified according to its temperature into high-temperature plasma and low-temperature plasma which is at room temperature (≈ 300 K), Low-temperature plasma has wide applications: medical, environmental, industrial and surface treatment, in our research, the DBD system was used to produce cold plasma for using in studying its effecton Poly-methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) polymer. Four polymer samples were made. One of them was left as a control one, and theremaining three were exposed to plasma at different time intervals: 10, 20, and 30 minutes. the effect of plasma on the chemical composition of the polymer surface was studied using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. the tests showed a the carbonyl group peak shifted from 1744 cm−1 to a new position at 1720 cm−1 and changed its amplitude (>C=O) stretching vibrations, and the peak shifted from 735 cm−1 to a new position at 744 were attributed to C-C skeletal mode, Whereas the examinations of the atomic force microscopy (AFM), was shown that the polymer plasma treatment leads to irregular changes in the surface roughness properties of the samples Pure-PMMA was modified by plasma using DBD at different treated times ranging from (10 to 30 minutes), and the results show that the treatment times enhance surface roughness and crystallinity, but after extensive treatment, the value of surface roughness dramatically decreased, and a show the Hardness is decreased with increasing exposure to plasma at (10, 20, 30) min, the PMMA becomes softer after being treated to the plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project sought to fabricate a flexible gas sensor based on a short functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) network for nitrogen dioxide gas detection. The network was prepared by filtration from the suspension (FFS) method and modified by coating with a layer of polypyrrole conductive polymer (PPy) prepared by the oxidative chemical polymerization to improve the properties of the network. The structural, optical, and morphological properties of the f-MWCNTs and f-MWCNTs/PPy network were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourie-transform infrared (FTIR), with an AFM (atomic force microscopy). XRD proved that the structure of f-MWCNTs is unaffected by the synthesis procedure. The FTIR spectra verified the existence of the functional groups and bonding for the used materials. AFM images reflect coating the network with conductive polymer on the surface parameters and granularity distribution. The sensitivity of the fabricated sensor was measured after exposure the network to NO2 gas at concentrations of 20 ppm with different operating temperatures using a homemade gas sensor system. The fabricated sensor works at room temperature with a sensitivity of about 56.17% while coating the sensor surface with conductive polymer improves the sensitivity at all operating temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of nano blend conducting polymers, poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) were prepared. Field-emission scanning electro microscopy FESEM and atomic force microscopy AFM were used to analyse nano blend morphology. Fourier-Transform Infrared FTIR was utilised to examine the existence of functional groups of materials. UV-visible spectrometer was also used to determine the absorbance spectrum. The data was analyses to find energy gap of (PEDOT: PSS) is approximately 3.70 eV. The electrical conductivity was measured by two-probe methods (Lab View 2018), using Indium-Tin oxide glass (ITO glass) as a substrate. The electrical conductivity calculated about 4.44 S/cm. The effect of temperature on electrical conductivity also measured. as a result the activation energy were calculated at approximately 0.48 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the properties of zinc-cobalt nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in a liquid medium were prepared by the core-shell method at laser energies (980 and 1000) mJ and a frequency of 6 Hz. It was coated with zinc particles at exactly the same conditions under room temperature. The effect of laser energies during the ablation process on the structural and optical properties of nanoparticles was studied. The atomic absorption device was used to find out the concentration of the nano-material and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and (FE-SEM) as well as measurement (TEM) where the atomic force microscope results showed that the obtained particles are spherical. Then the biological activity of nanoparticles was studied using the MIC method on two types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and it was found that the effect of nanoparticles (CoO /ZnO) more on bacteria and a higher killing rate than other CoO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the characterisation of sodium alginate incorporated with Iron (III) oxide for biomedical applications. First, biofilm and bead samples with and without 0.1 g, 0.2 g, and 0.3 g iron (III)oxide particles are prepared by manual syringe technique and solution casting. Next, sodium alginate biofilms and beads incorporated with and without Iron (III) particles were analysed by microstructure using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Energy–dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was applied as well to reveal the chemical elements present in the sample. The samples were characterised using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis. Microstructure analysis results revealed that the microstructure of 0.1g, 0.2g, and 0.3g beads varied due to the amount of iron (III) oxide particles. Meanwhile, EDS detected that the chemical elemental present were mainly Fe3+, O2−, Ca2+, and Cl−. The existence of halite crystalline or sodium chloride, magnetite, sodium iron oxide, iron oxide, and maghemite structures was determined by XRD analysis to account for the varying diffraction peaks of the samples. Based on the AFM result, the surface roughness of all shapes resulted in different topography shapes due to the different weight of iron (iii) oxides that shows the increment of the weight resulted in the formation of different valleys and hills on the biofilm. Finally, the experiments concluded that sodium alginate incorporated with iron (III) oxide is promising for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate is a natural polysaccharide derived from brown algae and exhibits the following properties: biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic. Beeswax is a secretion that is produced by young working bees. For this research project, alginate and beeswax are homogenized together to form bio-based films for wound healing applications. Solution casting method was used to fabricate the films of 1 wt% and 2 wt% sodium alginate (SA) with 0-5 g beeswax. The films were then characterized and tested using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurement. FTIR spectra revealed that all films showed spectra from both SA and beeswax pellet, which implies that alginate and beeswax coexist in the film. SEMimages showed smooth surfaces for films of 1 wt% and 2 wt% SA with 0 g beeswax and rough surfaces with beeswax particles for films of 1 wt% and 2 wt% SA with 1-5 g beeswax. AFM results revealed that the surface roughness of alginateand beeswax films increased with an increasing amount of beeswax and film of 2 wt% SA with 5 g beeswax recorded the highest surface roughness value. Contact angle measurement revealed that as more beeswax was introduced into alginate solution, the contact angle value increases due to the hydrophobic nature of beeswax. It can be concluded that these alginate and beeswax films can be applied as both hydrophilic and hydrophobic wound dressing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to demonstrate the preparation of ultrathin (1.5 ÷ 15 nm) gold films with a nanostructured surface using RF diode sputtering and to determine the influence of technological parameters on their morphological and optical properties. The early stages of thin film growth, including nuclei formation, growth of clusters, and islands, dominate the growth of nanostructures. Therefore, our research objective is to verify the possibility of forming Au plasmonic nanostructures by sputtering. The sputtering process parameters such as sputtering power, substrate temperature, deposition time, and gas pressure will be systematically varied to achieve this objective. The obtained nanostructured films will be characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy to investigate their surface morphology and optical properties. Furthermore, the influence of the thickness and size of the Au nanostructures on their optical properties, such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), will be investigated. The results of this investigation can provide valuable insights into the formation mechanism of plasmonic nanostructures by sputtering and can have practical implications in developing novel plasmonic devices for various applications, including sensing, imaging and energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the structural and electrical transport properties of LaCrO3 perovskite. Epitaxial thin film of LaCrO3 has been prepared on SrTiO3 (100) substrate using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Structural analysis revealed that LaCrO3 has an orthorhombic crystal structure with Pnma space group. The resistivity of bulk LaCrO3 showed metal to insulator behavior, and Mott's variable range hopping (VRH) model at high temperature. The films' quality was confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and the electronic charge transport in this system was found to follow power law dependence at low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the surface evolution of the single crystal germanium substrates bombarded with 200 keV Kr ions at a constant fluence of 5.0 × 1017 ions/cm2 at various off-normal ion incident angles, viz. 40°, 50°, 60°, and 70°. The surface morphologies of the irradiated samples were obtained by scanning the surface of size 10 × 10 µm2, using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The data acquisition and off-line analysis of AFM micro images were done by WSxM and Nanoscope software. The statistical surface data points were analysed by the Fractal method to obtain the surface parameters, and for comparative study, the roughness exponent was also obtained from the power spectral density method. The self-affine nature of the samples and the evolution of the ripple pattern are both clearly visible in the fractal correlation plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiO films are grown on c-sapphire substrates using pulsed laser deposition technique at different growth temperatures. Both in-plane and out of plane X-ray diffraction studies reveal high epitaxial quality of the film on sapphire. The surface morphology of the films is studied by atomic force microscopy, which shows smooth and continuous morphology with root mean square (RMS) roughness less than 2 nm. Resistivity of the film is observed to depend strongly on the growth temperature. This has been attributed to the growth temperature dependent variation of Ni vacancy concentration in the film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromyographic (EMG) signal is a pulse of electric current produced by muscles during an action. The EMG signal offers information on the brain activation and dynamics of muscles, which is useful in clinical research attempting to diagnose neuromuscular disorders. Many researchers have been interested in improving the EMG signal in different ways because it is considered the basis for the effective diagnosis process. In this work, a Surface Electromyographic (sEMG) signal was improved by the deposition of gold thin films with different thicknesses on the EMG electrodes, to be more efficient in diagnosing and studying the dynamics of muscles or investigating neuromuscular disorders. The effect of Au thin film thickness on structural, surface morphology, and electrical properties of the sEMG electrode and in turn on the accuracy of collected signals were investigated. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) for the deposited Au thin films shows enhanced crystallinity, and increase crystallite size, eliminating the lattice strain with increasing sample thickness. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) tests show increasing particle size with increasing thickness. The thin films prepared with 100 nm thickness appeared smoother and more homogeneous than the others. Electrical conductivities were slightly enhanced when increasing the film thickness. The results of the sEMG signal show enactment of signal response voltage from 450 µV to 500, 580, and 550 µV for the sample deposited with 100, 200, and 300 nm Au thicknesses, respectively, in addition to noise reduction by the enhancement of electrode conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the research,a study was done the structural and optical properties of pure and doped SiO2 films with Cr, which were manufactured by Sol-Gel technology and deposited by dipping in order to study the characteristics of pure and doped silicon dioxide. The resulting products characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-visible absorption were studied. Where the X-ray diffraction examination of the pure and doped SiO2 thin film showed a spectrum in the form of a broad band with an equivalent Bragg angle of 2θ = 22.6°, which indicates that the obtained material is amorphous silica. Surface morphology was measured by atomic force microscopy. The surface roughness decreases with the increase of the doping percentage with a minimum value (7%) and through UV-Vis examination, We note that the energy gap has decreased from (5.65-2.51 eV) due to the increase in the percentage of chromium doping for good absorption in the visible and ultraviolet regions. We also note that by increasing the percentage of doping, the minimum energy gap is at a concentration of 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a pulsed laser ablation technique (PLA) represents the material removal process caused by nanosecond and pico-/ femtosecond lasers were used to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles by using A Q-switched Nd: YAG laser at a wavelength of 1064 nm and a frequency of 6 Hz. the number of pulses was 200 pulses at different laser energies (400, 500, 600, and 700) mJ to study the effect of these particles on the staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria isolated from acne, In addition, The properties of the prepared nanoparticles of CuO NPs were investigated by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) that show the energy gap decreased with increased energy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) that show the NPs was oxide, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) indicate the accumulation of nanoparticles, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)an analysis that shows the values of the average diameter (22.80 nm), average roughness (1.680 nm), and root mean square (0.691nm). The results showed that copper oxide nanoparticles had an apparent effect on bacteria, especially at energies (500, 600, and 700mJ) where the killing rate was perfect killing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study determine the materials that can be used as conductive and insulator coating materials and coating process to increase performance solar flat plate collector. The solar flat plate collector consists of a transparent cover, absorber plate, heat exchanger tube, and frame. The absorber plate, the part absorbs solar radiation that be used for heating the water flowing in the heat exchanger and water tank. To increase performance, the solar collector must increase the absorptivity and thermal conductivity of the plate absorber from the side that receives the sun's radiation and increase the insulation on the other side of the plate. The use of ceramic materials in coatings improves thermal conductivity and insulation. The materials that are used to increase thermal conductivity are: graphene, graphite, carbon nanotube, diamond, aluminum nitride, boron nitride. The carbon family have thermal conductivity higher from other coating materials. The graphene consider higher thermal conductivity coating material can be used. The ceramic materials have thermal insulation higher from other insulation coating materials. The yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and Lanthanum Zerconate consider higher thermal insulation. The materials used to develop collector performance can be mixed with polymer material to increase the homogeneity and adhesion of the coating mixture without affecting coating specifications. The tests that work on coating materials are: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transmittance infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), Thermal conductivity, Adhesion strength, Coating thickness, Ultraviolent (U.V), Porosity, Density, Thermal analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles have achieved large attention in the last decade due to their large applications in many fields, Iron oxide nanopowder is one of the promising material due to their unique properties, many methods have been used to synthesize iron oxide nanopowder. in this research, Iron Oxide nanopowder is synthesized by Sonochemical method by using precursors of ferric chloride and ferrous sulfate. Many studies of iron oxide nanopowder has been studies, including Surface morphology, Structural morphology and optical studies. The synthesis of iron oxide's surface morphology was investigated using SEM and AFM. The SEM analyses indicates the formation of the nanoparticles with a mean size below 100 nm, image processing is used to calculate particle size of some iron oxide nanopowder and its showed that all measured particles are in the Nano range. The 2 Dimension and 3 Dimension of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images of iron oxide particles show a uniformly average size ranging from 51-100 nm, with a spherical shape, which confirmed the SEM results. Structural characteristics of the XRD pattern show very thin peaks indicating small crystalline size and the fine nature of the particles with a cubic spinal structure, the peaks of the XRD visible at 2θ≈30.640, 36.030, 43.310, 58.040 and 63.150. The crystallite size has been calculated using Scherer equation and its found between 40 to 78 nm and the cell parameters of IONPs has been calculated using Bragg's equation, The EDS spectra shows only the peaks of Oxygen and Iron, the Fe percent was (80.75 %) by weight. In contrast, the percent of O is (19.25%) by weight; the optical properties of the iron oxide sample show a broad absorption band around 520 nm. This broadening may be attributed to adsorbed molecules. So, all studies showed the formation of Iron oxide nanopowder with high purity and small particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of experimental studies using atomic force microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering of nanopowders and thin films of Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 and Ni1-xCuyZnx-yFe2O4 (x=0.0;0.25;0.4;0.5;0.6;0.75;1.0) ferrite spinels, obtained by high-temperature sintering of initial components: NiO, ZnO, Fe2O3 and CuO. Using atomic force microscopy, it was found that on the surfaces of all synthesized ferrite nanofilms there are fractal-cluster aggregates, the sizes of which depended on their compositions. A more detailed analysis established a direct dependence of the cluster sizes on the Ni/Zn content and Fe2+, Fe3+ ions. The fractal-cluster structures were investigated by the small-angle X-ray scattering method. The results were analyzed using the SAS view (Small Angle Scattering Analysis) software package. Using the logarithmically normal distribution for magnetic ferrite nanoparticles, the presence of fractal-cluster associations of their shape, sizes, and the range of dimensions of the arising associations of magnetic nanoparticles was established, which correlates with the results of AFM studies of the compositions obtained for Ni1-xZnxFe2O4. ferrites. It was confirmed that in the composition of Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 ferrite, clusters with 4-21 nm sizes are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been fabricated via thermal decomposition of zinc(II) complex with 7-[2-(BenzImidazolyl) Azo]-8-Hydroxy Quinoline ([Zn(BIAHQ)2]. H2O]). The as-synthesized complex was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The as-synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV–Vis spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. The XRD analysis result confirmed the fabrication of hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO NPs with an average crystal size of 20 nm. The morphological properties ZnO NPs showed hexagonal, spherical and quasi-spherical like structures with irregular distribution. The Uv-Vis stereoscopy revealed that ZnO Nps has 3.31 eV energy band gap. The TEM analysis showed that an average particle size falls within range 40 - 80 nm. Based on the findings of AFM analysis, the coefficient of kurtosis (Rku) value of ZnO NPs (11.9) correspond to spiky surfaces. Also, the AFM analysis demonstrates the ZnO NPs has porous surface with average roughness of 2.56 nm. The photocatalytic performance was investigated to treatment of reactive blue-4 dye (RB4) in aqueous solution with different ZnO dosages, initial pHs and initial dye concentrations under visible light. After 6 hours of visible light illumination, 98.75 % photocatalysis of RB4 was achieved at 0.9 g/L ZnO, pH of 9 and 10 ppm RB4 concentration in aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure of commercial copper-nickel alloys was studied by optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The structure of the alloys was evaluated by determining the grain size and hardness values (Hµav). It was shown that manganin is characterized by a large variation in grain size. EDX analysis showed that the elemental composition of each of the alloys corresponds to the manufacturer's certificate. All research methods proved to agree and complement each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a computational material mechanics approach was used to predict the mechanical behavior of Inconel 625 – TiB2 metal-ceramic composites under intensive dynamic influences. For a detailed study of the features of the mechanical behavior of composites under dynamic loads, including the dynamics of fracture. structural models of representative meso-volumes were developed based on optical, atomic force and electron microscopy data, which show the inclusion shape features in size and distribution in the material volume. The calculations showed that the localization of plastic deformations is observed in the rarefaction wave at the boundaries of the strengthening particles and in the regions between the strengthening particles at strain rates of 200 m/s. The maximum energy dissipation based on the criterion of analysis of characteristic fracture work curves shows that for the selected models, the maximum values are achieved for composites with a filling of 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During ion-plasma treatment of polymeric materials, the carbonization process occurs in the surface nanolayer of the sample. The produced carbonized nanolayer has good biocompatibility. Since medical endoprostheses have a curved surface shape, implantation of ions during plasma treatment can occur at different angles to the surface. In this work, we study the mechanical and structural characteristics of a carbonized layer obtained by implanting high-energy nitrogen ions at different angles to the polyurethane surface by atomic force microscopy. It was found that a change in the ion implantation angle affects the surface morphology, but does not significantly affect the stiffness properties of the carbonized layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of various laser energies on the surface roughness, morphology, and element content of aluminium alloy and copper are investigated using a Q-Switched Nd: YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064nm and a frequency of 2Hz. The sample's surface will ablate at different laser energy levels: 0.5J, 1.0J, and 1.4J. The surface roughness of aluminium alloys and copper is measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) analyses are used to investigate the surface morphology and element content of the sample. According to the findings, 1.0J is the laser energy setting that most successfully removes the oxide layer from copper and aluminium alloy surfaces. When the laser energy reaches 1.0 J, the oxygen content is at its lowest. The results demonstrated that the oxide layer and impurities might be cleaned and removed from the sample surface using laser cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prepared nanostructured Fe3O4 thin films might be applicable in different fields such as gas sensing application. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) thin films were prepared on quartz and p-Si at 200 °C substrate temperature by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with laser energy of (800 and 1000) mJ. These thin films were examined by different techniques. The X-ray diffraction showed a polycrystalline structure of cubic Fe3O4 phase. The crystallinity was enhanced the crystalline size increased when increasing the laser energy from 800 mJ to 1000 mJ. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was shown that the sample with the 800 mJ has a flat surface consisting of compact particles (276) nm, covered with cubes structures of dimensions ranging from 111 to 422 nm. The cubes disappeared, and the branching structures appeared, merging with the surface. The Hall effect indicates that increasing laser energy the carrier concentration increases, while the conductivity and Hall motion decrease. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that when the laser power increased the particle size increased, and the surface roughness decreased. The capacitance -voltage pointed that the Vbi was decreased from 0.55 to 0.45 V with increasing laser energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, SrTiO3 and Sr1-xBxTiO3 thin films with different ratio doping(x=0.02,0.0 4,0.06, and 0.08) have been deposited on glass substrate by using aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique (AACVD) at the temperature of (400 °C). The structural properties and thermoelectric properties of the SrTiO3 and Sr1-xBxTiO3 thin films were studied after preparation with impurity ratios (x=0.02,0.0 4,0.06, and 0.08) The structural properties of the thin films included the study of surface topography using scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) tests. The internal crystal structure was studied by XRD analysis. The thermoelectric properties of the thin films included a Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, power factor, and efficiency represented by the dimensionless merit character (ZT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to investigate the hydrophobicity of electro spun polystyrene (PS) fibers and blends with various volume ratios of poly vinyldene fluoride (PVDF) using the solvent N-N-dimethyl formamide (DMF). A concentration of 0.13 g/ml polystyrene (PS) dissolved in di methyl formamide (DMF) and a concentration of 0.1 g/ml polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) dissolved in DMF were generated using a magnetic mixer at 50 ° C. The solution was mixed for two hours for each solution to generate homogeneous polymer solutions. After that, different quantities of PS solution dissolved in DMF and PVDF solution dissolved in DMF were blended in the (0.74 PS: 0.26 PVDF) and (0.68 PS: 0.32 PVDF) using a hot plate magnetic stirrer at 50 degrees. The prepared solution's viscosity, surface tension, and electrical conductivity were all tested. PS fibers and blends were made using an electrospinning technique under the following conditions: (15 kV alternative high voltage (AC), electrospinning distance 5 cm, flat plate collector with dimensions (10 * 10 cm2), 0.38 mm needle diameter, and 1 ml/hr flow rate) The structural bonding of PS fibers and mixes were studied using a furious transmittance test (FTIR). The microstructure of electrospun PS fibers and their blends was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The roughness parameters of the resulting fibers were studied using atomic force microscopy. A contact angle analyzer was utilized to determine the hydrophobicity of the resultant fibers by measuring contact angles. The results showed that PS fibers and blends have a larger contact angle than 90o, and FTIR measurements showed that PS and PVDF blends work well together, with current PVDF bonds involving (C-F) bending and stretching. The SEM results show that the AC high voltage power source has a limited ability to pump PS fibers from solution, but that adding PVDF to the solution improves the spin ability of the solution by increasing the electrical conductivity. The best sample with a greater bearing index and smaller roughness, according to AFM data, was (PS 0.76 : PVDF 0.24). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the pulsed laser deposition method, thin films of (ZnO 3%Cu) were prepared, and the effects of laser energy at (600, 700, 800 MJ) and substrate temperature at (200, 300, 400 °C) on the structural and optical Characteristics were investigated. The nature of the deposited films and crystal size were measured by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). In this study, the surface morphology and roughness of the thin films were determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thickness of the films was determined using an (Ellipsometer). The value of the optical energy gap was determined by using the UV-VIS spectroscopy technique. The crystallographic findings are supported by FESEM measurements. Using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic technique, it was shown that Cu ions were effectively incorporated into the lattice of the (ZnO) nanostructure without affecting its wurtzite structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the sol-gel method, ceramic coatings of titania and alumina were applied to high-speed steel tools. The tools were dried at 100-323 ℃ for one hour then calcinated at 600 ℃ for two hours to achieve the appropriate film thickness. The results indicated that the multi-layer coating improves the substrate's adherence. X-ray diffraction phase analysis confirms the presence of phases originating from the coatings and substrate. Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy EDS analysis of the studied coatings indicates the presence of titanium and aluminum, as well as oxygen. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to examine the morphologies of the coated surfaces. A minimum surface roughness of 15.5nm with a thickness of 5.027 µm was recorded by coating with two layers. A multilayer consisting of alumina/titania recorded a maximum adhesive strength of 89MPa, at 30sec immersion time. Multilayer coated cutting tool with obvious adhesive strength has minimum wear rate comparing with uncoated and monolayer coated cutting tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coatings on the base of diamond-like carbon (DLC) were grown on 304 L stainless steel substrates at temperatures in range of 300 °C to 500 °C by electron-beam physical vapor deposition. X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was used to determine the binding energy and the phase composition of the obtained films. The surface morphology and roughness of the as-deposited samples were investigated via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The XPS measurements indicated that the films contain high quantity of C-C bonds in sp3 state in the deposited DLC films. It was found that by increasing of the temperature from 300 to 500°C, the surface roughness of the produced films decreased from 27 nm to 15.6 nm. The friction coefficient and corrosion behavior of the DLC films deposited at different temperatures were also investigated. The results exhibited that the friction coefficient diminished with increasing of the temperatures and the lowest values of the friction coefficient were achieved in the films obtained at 400 °C and 500 °C. The studies on the corrosion resistance of three samples have been performed using 3 electrochemical techniques: open circuit potential (OCP), cyclic voltammetry (polarization measurements), and non-destructive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It can be concluded from the EIS studies that the most-corrosion resistant sample is DLC film produced at 500° C which was confirmed by OCP measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the problems of death and resuscitation of patients from general cooling at extremely low temperatures (below -40°C) have not been sufficiently studied in the world. To develop methods for restoring the body after general cooling at ultra-low temperatures, it is necessary to study lethal hypothermia at the molecular-cellular level using modern high-tech physical equipment. The aim of this study is to study the morphology of erythrocytes in those who died from fatal hypothermia at extremely low temperatures using atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. The subject of the study were blood smears of people who died from hypothermia and from a gunshot wound, using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope JSM-7800F "Japanes Electron Optics Laboratory" - "JEOL" (Japan) and an atomic force microscope Solver Next from the company "NT-MDT " (Russia). The erythrocytes of a person who died of hypothermia at an extremely low temperature below -40°C were characterized by minimal changes than those of a person who died of a gunshot wound, who had a large number of acanthocytes in the blood. The noticeable differences in the morphology of erythrocytes observed in experiments, depending on the cause of death, indicate the need for further study of the parameters of erythrocytes to identify the possibilities of cell recovery, their normal population and functional properties in dependence on the heating method of the frozen people under certain temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of polyurethane (PU) on castor oil polyol coating using toluene diisocyanate to form a surface on chitosan nanoparticles obtained from squid pen to make antibacterial activity in use in its application can be more hydrophilic than using pure polyurethane. Analysis of testing and characterization of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analysis and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that poly urethane / chitosan had a higher nitrogen content and rougher surface topography than pure poly urethane. The mixture of poly urethane with CH has been able to significantly increase the antibacterial activity against Gram negative (E. Coli) and Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. It is known that E.coli bacteria which have the number of attached bacteria have been significantly reduced by the addition of chitosan nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy allows for the spectroscopic investigation of materials and structures at the nanoscale, far below the diffraction limit in the infrared. This resolution is achieved by the use of metallized atomic force microscopy tips which locally illuminate the sample through the creation of near-fields at their apex. The complex interaction between incident light, a metallized tip and a layered sample necessitates the use of sophisticated models. While these models are powerful, using them to fit measured spectra is generally slow and often unstable, thus requiring expert oversight. Neural networks present a fast and often more stable alternative, but their application so far has focused on bulk samples. Here, we present the use of convolutional neural networks for the recovery of the optical and thickness properties from the spectra of samples consisting of one or two layers of polar crystals on silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearfield spectroscopy is crucial for characterizing micro- and nanostructures and it often requires hyperspectral imaging, where at each spatial point a full spectrum is recorded. Due to its combination with an atomic force microscope, nearfield hyperspectral imaging is serial in nature and results in long acquisition times and stability challenges, also restricting its industrial use. In this work, we employ a subsampling strategy combined with low-rank matrix reconstruction in a commercial nearfield spectroscopy system to significantly shorten measurement acquisition times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic pore-forming agent modification on the polyethersulfone (PES) polymer membrane may have a critical approach to membrane technology to reduce membrane hydrophobicity and improve filtration performance. However, the visualization and characterization of the inorganic pore-forming agent distribution and copolymer impact on membrane surface properties is a lack. In this study, polymer-based membrane polyethersulfone (PES) combined with pluronic (Plu) and nanocarbon (NC) were analyzed systematically. Hydrophobic and chemical distribution were mainly investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) that successfully resolved the pore size distribution and surface roughness parameters of pristine PES and modified PES/Plu/NC. The results showed that modified PES/Plu/NC had higher pore size distribution and surface roughness parameters than pristine PES and indicated that the PES membrane became more hydrophilic with Plu and NC addition. In the filtration performance, α-Lactalbumin has a higher permeability value using PES/Plu/NC than pristine PES membranes. Overall, the visualization and characterization approaches are essential for the filtration performance of polymer-based membrane modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the effect of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of Antimony Selenide (Sb2Se3) is investigated. Sb2Se3 powder is evaporated on clean amorphous glass substrates at room temperature under high vacuum pressure (4.5×10−6 mbar) to form thin films. The structural investigation was done with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The amorphous to polycrystalline transformation of these thin films was shown by X-ray diffraction analysis after thermal annealing. These films' morphology is explained. (UV-Vis) spectra in ranges from 300 to 1100 nm was used to examine the optical properties of the films. The absorption coefficient and optical energy gap of the investigated films are calculated using transmission spectra according to UV-visible absorption spectra. The optical band energy gap is measured using as-deposited Sb2Se3 thin films at room temperature and annealed Sb2Se3 thin films at 473K and 573 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents results of computer modeling of the AFM probe contact with polyurethane samples with carbonized nanocoating. Such materials are commonly used in medicine as endoprostheses. Reliable determination of the presence and distribution of microcracks in the carbon layer of the endoprosthesis surface is important from the point of view of assessing the biocompatibility and possible trauma of living tissues in the contact zone. The main task of this research was to find an answer to the question whether it is possible to determine the presence of microdamages in polyurethane hidden under the carbonized coating using atomic force microscopy and to classify them. It is obvious that such internal microcracks can aggravate significantly the damaging effect of surface cracks on living biological tissue during endoprosthesis deformation - an increase in the divergence of the crack edges, creeping of one edge to the other (scissor effect), etc. Three variants of local microdamages that may arise in such samples were considered. a) There is a vertical crack in the surface carbon nanolayer and no damages in polyurethane. b) An adhesion detachment between the layer and the polyurethane is added to the vertical crack in the nanolayer (horizontal crack). c) Cohesive damage of polyurethane (vertical crack) is added to the vertical crack in the nanolayer. It is shown that using atomic force microscopy it is possible to accurately determine the presence of microcracks in the surface carbon nanolayer, while the microdamages of polyurethane itself hidden under it have a much weaker effect on nanoindentation. That is, this approach does not allow one to reliably judge what damages are present in the inner surface regions of the material, although it makes it possible to assess their presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure and magnetic properties of the as-cast and nanocrystalline NANOMET-type soft magnetic alloys of two different compositions differing in silicon content, i.e. Fe82Si4B10P3Cu1 and Fe78Si8B10P3Cu1, were studied. Nanocrystalline samples were prepared from amorphous precursors by heating at 420°C during 20 and 60 minutes in Ar atmosphere. The effect of the silicon content and the annealing time on alloy properties was investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnetic measurements and by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Mössbauer spectroscopy disclosed especially effect of the silicon content on the microstructure after annealing, i.e., the lower relative volumetric fraction of the crystalline component for the Fe78Si8B10P3Cu1 alloy. Magnetic measurements indicated that the longer annealing time is reflected in the resulting coercivity Hc. Better soft magnetic properties showed sample with 8% of Si after annealing for 20 minutes whose coercivity was lower as well as the determined magnetization work W. The AFM measurements of the sample surfaces manifested the differences between samples of different compositions and annealing times. The height of the individual grains on the surface of the Fe82Si4B10P3Cu1 sample did not change with increasing annealing time, however, the number of grain agglomerates has increased. In the Fe78Si8B10P3Cu1 sample, the grains and agglomerates continued to grow after 20 minutes of annealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials microstructure determines their physical and chemical properties. These attributes must be studied especially in the case of stainless high-chromium steels that are used as a basic material for construction of reactor pressure vessels or other components of nuclear power plants or fusion reactors. Chromium has anti-corrosion properties because of formation of surface segregation and passivation layer. There are many nuclear physics techniques suitable for microstructure analysis and diagnostics of steels, which yield information from material surface. We used Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy for description of sample surfaces. The obtained results will be useful in studies of the microstructure in different types of construction stainless steels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper describes the study of ligand-exchange dependent properties of mercury chalcogenides (HgS, HgTe) colloidal quantum-dot thin films. Thin films of colloidal quantum dots of mercury telluride and mercury sulfide were prepared using a layer-by-layer deposition technique applying dip-coating and spin-coating methods. The impact of the synthetic procedure of quantum dots, solvent and concentration of colloidal solution on the thin films' properties was analyzed. By using concentrated colloidal solutions in tetrachloroethylene, we succeeded in the preparation of homogeneous thin films with minimal roughness. The surface morphology and thickness of the thin films were determined using AFM. The voltage–current characteristics of photosensitive devices applying various ligand exchanges were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work shows the effect of Cu doping (1,2,3 w%) on the structure, optical properties, and surface morphology of NiO/PMMA films. The films were prepared by using the sol-gel spin coating method at a molarity of a solution of 0.5 M. The properties of obtained films were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural properties scan electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for morphology surface and optical spectra analysis. The result of XRD showed the prepared films were multi-crystalline with cubic phase and peak relation (200). The result of the morphology surface showed the films were homogeneous and the average particle size was (95,76, to 55.66) nm with increased Cu doping. Also, the optical spectra of prepared films showed the films have high transparency and the band energy decreased from 3.22 eV to 3.08 eV with the increase of Cu doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methyl-silicon-phthalocayanine and Silicon-phthalocayanine are prepared using solution based method and used in gas sensor and solar cell applications. Morphological properties using atomic force microscopy shows (show) that the main active layer (P3HT:PCBM) has smooth surface topography even after adding Silicon-phthalocayanine and Methyl-silicon-phthalocayanine. The energy band gap was also estimated using cyclic voltammetry and the positions of both the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital were determined. An improved current density after using Methyl-silicon-phthalocayanine to achieve 7.56 mA.cm-2 is mostly contributing (contributed to) the enhanced power conversion efficiency to reach 3.075% compare to Silicon-phthalocayanine and reference device. The photovoltaic properties of the solar cells with an inverted structure were improved by the Silicon-phthalocayanine addition, which were investigated on the bases of current density-voltage characteristics, incident photon to current conversion efficiency. MWCNTs:Silicon-phthalocayanine, MWCNTs:Silicon-phthalocayanine layers exhibit a completely reversible sensor response to ammonia in the investigated concentration range at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New anisotropic silicone magnetoactive composites were synthesized and studied. The surface structure and filler microdimensions in these elastomers were determined by electron microscopy. The atomic force microscopy use made it possible to determine significant surface deformations and magnetostrictive effects when small external magnetic fields are applied to the composites. Mössbauer spectroscopy on iron isotope nuclei made it possible to identify the fillers hyperfine parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The films we are characterized morphologically by atomic force microscopy and optical properties are examined also by UV-Visible spectrometer, cupreous oxide (Cu2O) nanofilms which synthesized by thermal evaporation technique with pressure up to (1 X 10−7mbar), with thickness (75) nm. The surface morphological properties of Cu2O films were examined via an atomic force microscope (AFM). The root mean square, average roughness, number of grains on the surface, and average diameter are studied from atomic force microscopy. The optical properties were studied from absorption spectra (by a computer program to calculate the optical parameters) via (UV-Visible) spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of (190-1100) nm. The absorption coefficients determined the type of transition and the absorbance is increased as well as the thickness, while the transmittance decreased. The optical energy gap decreased from (3. 75) eV for the CuO film to (3. 50) eV for the Cu2O-doped CuO film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure ZnS and Co-doped ZnS thin films were grown using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP)Technique, and the concentration of the Co doping level (1% and 3%). The hexagonal crystal structure was present in all of the films as shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD) structure of all films. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed that film surface was homogeneous. Optical properties of undoped ZnS and the optical bandgap energy (Eg) of Co doped indicated a reduction with Co doping level (1% and 3%). The root of ferromagnetic order at low temperatures (5 K and 100 K) could be traced back to point defects like, zinc interstitials, sulfide vacancies, and zinc vacancies as well as the grain-boundary impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper some structural and electrical properties of pure arsenic selenide (As2Se3) thin films with aluminum impurities studied (Al) in ratios (1,2 and, 3) % were deposited on glass substrate at room temperature and with a thickness of (400 ±20) nm with deposition rate (1nm/s) by using thermal evaporation technology under vacuum pressure (10−5 mbar). Through the results of X-ray examinations of the prepared films before and after doping, it found that all films have an amorphous structure. Transmission spectra FTIR confirms the presence of an absorption peaks in the middle region of the infrared, atomic force microscopy (AFM) tests show an increase in the rate of surface roughness with an increase in impurities. Hall Effect measurements confirm that the continuous electrical conductivity of As2Se3 thin films is positive (p-type) and converted to negative (n-type) when increase in the percentage of Al impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]