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Mass production is extremely vital to the machine tool industry, as it contributes to producing higher levels of precision, reduces the number of workers needed and any costs from automation as well as increase overall productivity. Specialized tools such as drill jigs and fixtures are used to precisely clamp and locate a work in place and guide the drill along a predetermined path, ensuring that the holes are drilled at the correct location and depth. This research aims to investigate the design and analysis of drill jigs. The design was successfully modelled using Autodesk Inventor and analyzed using ANSYS. The analysis results showed that the thrust force calculated has proved to be lesser than the clamping force, verifying the performance and rigidity of the designed jig. The maximum amount of total deformation found is 0.03772 mm, where the jig was under the highest load of 7000 N. The highest stress value obtained is around 75 MPa, much less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material, which is 310 MPa, giving us a safety factor value of 4. The modelled jig has proved to withstand different loads; the jig was tested under 4000 N, 5000 N, 6000 N and 7000 N. The different results were then tabulated and compared with the help of a stress vs load plot. The results showed that with increasing stress due to the increasing load, the jig showed very minimal deformation, strain and stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are considered one of the most significant applications of solar energy. It converts some of the solar radiation falling on it into electrical power, and the remaining part of the solar energy is absorbed in the form of heat. Due to the high operating temperature of PV modules, their performance and efficiency decrease. There are also many disadvantages of increasing the temperature of PV like degradation of the power and reducing working life. This review summarises the literature related to cooling PV modules, decreasing the working temperature of the PV module, and air was used as a coolant to improve performance. The air is used to extract heat from the PV module. In this paper, the up-to-date published works related to the various active cooling techniques used for the ambient air and exhausted air from the central air conditioning systems are reviewed. It can be concluded that the active air method is a significant method to reduce the temperature of the PV module, especially the use of the exhausted air from the central air condition system because this exhausted air has a low temperature compared with the ambient air, especially during the summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new technique was used to enhance the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) module by reducing its temperature. The temperature of PV modules is reduced by flowing the waste air of the exhausted air from heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems underneath the PV modules. A three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the air-cooled PV module was performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). To optimize the cooling process, a special design of the duct is made to match the dimensions of the PV module, and the placement of the cells to effectively reduce the operating temperature and enhance the performance of the investigated PV module. The validation of this simulation with published experimental results shows a good agreement with the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of about 5.42%. The results show a good reduction in the surface temperature of the PV module which decreased from 71.89 °C to 47.06 °C. The reduction percentage of temperature of the PV module is between 11% and 34.6%, with an average of 27.6% during the day. Overall, the proposed PV cooling method based on the waste air form the HAVC system can be considered an effective method for the PV installed on buildings that use the central air-cooling system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work includes an experimental investigation into the shear strength of nanosilica reactive concrete beams. The variable studied was the amount of the nansilica, which ranges from 0% to 3% by weight of cement. The mechanical parameters of the concrete mixture, such as splitting, compressive, and flexural strength, were also studied. Four nanosilica reactive powder concrete beams were subjected to a two-point load and evaluated. Estimating shear behavior was used to failure load, crack patterns and failure mechanisms, load-deflection capacity, and strain distribution. The findings indicate that adding nanosilica to the mix improved the mechanical qualities of the cured concrete. The most significant increase in compressive, splitting, and flexural strengths was observed when nanosilica equaled 3 percent, with increases of 31.3 percent, 45.3 percent, and 50 percent, respectively. Adding NS to reactive powder concrete beams improves shear strength by raising the ultimate shear capacity to 25.1% of the reference beam. In addition, the nanoparticles bridge the cementitious materials, improve beams' ductility, and limit fracture development, and delayed failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Iraq, large amounts of local raw materials (wax paraffin) produced from crude oil in the manufacturing process of the lubricating oil from the waste. These raw materials are low cost comparing with others materials, available in wide range and have a high stability. Also, these materiales have an excellent thermal properties. The specifications for the raw materials are stable chemically, cheap, very low viscosity, no risk of toxicity, as well as low freezing point. However, these materials have not been sufficiently important in research fields and industrial applications. Therefore, three newly local types of paraffin with different compositions, 60 % crude oil mix with 40 % wax, 50 % crude oil mix with 50 % wax, and 40% crude oil mix with 60% wax, were suggested as phase change materials (PCMs) to employ as insulators in buildings. Transient plane source method was used to measure the thermal transport properties. In addition, the Differential Scanning Calorimeter was performed to measure the melting temperature and enthalpy change. The results show that the 60% crude oil + 40% wax begin to melt in the range of 19-20 ○C and the peak melting point temperature was in range of 35 ○C. At this temperature, the material begin to re-charging during solidification process. For 50% crude oil mix with 50% wax, the melting process begin at range of temperature of 35 ○C to 36 ○C. Also, the peak temperature of melting process was reached to 40○C. While, the melting point temperature of 40% crude oil mix with 60% wax begin at range of temperature with 40○C and the peak melting temperature was at 44○C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double skin facade systems are greatly used in buildings designed by famous architects and are described as a typical "green" building approach. In the present study, the exhausted air of the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system was used and passed through the air cavity. A numerical investigation was established to estimate the influence of the cavity of width 0.2 and 0.3 m and the airflow velocities of 0.9, 1.25, and 1.5 m/s on the temperature distribution and reducing the cooling load for buildings. A double skin facade system was used in this study using a glass sheet with a thickness of 6 mm. The computational domain was numerically modeled and solved utilizing the ANSYS19-Fluent software. The results demonstrated that, by using the exhausted air from the HVAC system, the small cavity width is more efficient in reducing the cooling load and saving more energy. The reduction in DSF indoor wall temperature was about 21% for the cavity of width 0.2 m compared with that of width 0.3 m. In addition, the effect of velocity in the cavity with a small gap of 0.2 m width has no significant impact on the temperature distribution through the cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, managing buildings and ensuring the safety of occupants has become increasingly challenging. To tackle these challenges, the concept of digital twins has emerged as a promising solution. This literature review explores the use of digital twins in building management during the pandemic. By analyzing previous studies, scientific research, and technical reports, we have identified key findings. Digital twins have proven effective in predicting and assessing airborne transmission risks in public buildings. Through simulating the internal environment, building operators can proactively optimize airflow, ventilation, humidity levels, and implement social distancing measures to prevent the spread of the virus. The results emphasize the crucial role of digital twins in predicting and assessing airborne transmission risks, enabling proactive measures to mitigate virus transmission. Furthermore, digital twins support safer management practices by monitoring passenger information and behavior, predicting infections, and preventing future issues in crowded spaces. The conclusions underscore the importance of embracing digitization concepts and digital twins in the architecture sector to create safe, healthy, and intelligent buildings that can diagnose problems and offer effective solutions. The study recommends further research and development in the field of digital twins to fully harness their potential to address current and future challenges in building management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new technology that can perform well in the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is known as a Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). Because of their dynamic, unpredictable motion and rapid speeds, VANETs have less effective communication. This problem causes an increase in routing overhead and transmission end-to-end latency, which has a significant impact on VANET performance. In order to achieve this, the Hybrid Optimization Method (HOHAMP) for multipath communication in VANETs is suggested in this research. It is based on heuristic ant colony optimization and modified particle swarm optimization. The suggested solution is broken down into two sections: Heuristic Ant Colony Optimization (HACO), which uses heuristic pheromone deposition to determine the shortest path. The Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) method is then used to deliver the best optimum solution in the event that any speed-related failure occurs. Effective multipath communication in VANETs is made possible by this hybrid optimization strategy. The simulation is run using the Open Street Mapping technique in NS2 and SUMO. Measurements of the HOHAMP routing protocol's performance include its end-to-end latency, packet delivery ratio, packet loss, and routing overhead. Its performance is also evaluated in comparison to that of the previous HGFA and PQHA routing protocols. It is evident from the findings that, in comparison to past efforts, the proposed HOHAMP produces greater packet delivery ratios with less latency, packet loss, and routing overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]