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In ancient times, natural herbs were significant for treatment of different diseases when allopathic medicines or modern medicines were not available. Natural drugs obtained from plants and animals by extraction and isolation were used to treat and cure different types of illnesses and injuries. Natural products obtained from natural resources are important for development of drugs. In today's era, different techniques have developed for the extraction and isolation of crude drugs to improve and maintain its effectiveness. This essay seeks to present a thorough analysis of various extraction and isolation techniques and approaches for bioactive natural materials. This paper includes advantages, disadvantages and some of the examples of modern methods involved in natural products and its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than 20 years, traditional medicine of Mexico, the U.S. Southwest and other countries has been taught as a series of academic course at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque in the United States. These courses focus on traditional uses of healing plants and rituals for students in higher education and the community. These courses discuss the incorporation of diverse Hispanic and Indigenous ancestral methods of healing based on experiential learning through a series of traditional medicine classes offered at the University of New Mexico. This pedagogy is a unique approach to the reclaiming of ancestral perspectives into the university curriculum that have an enduring impact in the students enrolled in these courses. This article provides a definition of "curanderismo" and mentions three major historical figures that have impacted traditional medicine in Mexico and the United States. The article also discusses the impact that these classes have on the diverse students at a Hispanic-Serving, Level I Research American university. Finally, we discuss the development of these courses in the university system and how a program has been created that also allows community members and staff in diverse health professions to enroll in the summer face-to-face institute through the Center for Continuing Education. [For the full proceedings, see ED656038.]

Mobile devices, augmented reality (AR), and outdoor games can be mobilized to promote Education for Sustainable Development and, thus, to sensitize to nature conservation. The EduCITY project combines mobile learning, AR, and environmental sensors towards sustainability education and creates opportunities for citizens to contribute to their city's sustainability. This paper presents a study that articulates the previous project, the EduPARK, with the current one, the EduCITY. While EduPARK was developed within an urban park, EduCITY expanded its geographical area to the entire city. This study aims to analyze students' perceptions regarding changes in their nature conservation attitudes after exploring an urban green park in a mobile AR game-based learning activity. For this purpose, 233 basic education students (from school-year 5 to 9) played a game for environmental education, available in the EduPARK app, at the Infante D. Pedro Park (Aveiro, Portugal). Through a mixed method approach, data collection was focused on students and included two questionnaires, applied before and after the game activity; a focus group guide; and an observation grid. Results show a strengthening of positive attitudes towards nature conservation. Moreover, students mentioned that their nature conservation future intentions are focused on preserving natural resources, combating resources' waste, recycling waste, reducing pollution, and protecting fauna and flora. Students also revealed willingness and concern to teach friends and family about what they have learned with the EduPARK game. The EduCITY intends to give continuity to these practices throughout Aveiro city. This is anchored on a community-based participatory project integrating AR location games based on challenges, to be explored in the city, in formal, non-formal, and informal educational contexts, in a socio constructivism approach. This study adds to the literature on education for Sustainable Development, by revealing that it is possible to sensitize school students to nature conservation through mobile AR game-based approaches in the outdoors, which can be a first step to promote positive nature attitudes. [For the full proceedings, see ED639391.]

This study examines the condition of students' knowledge construction about ethnobotany in the Mount Muria area and its relationship to folklore. This study also describes the potential implementation of the basic competencies of science subjects in the context of folklore. The survey was carried out at SMP Negeri 3 Dawe, which is located in the Mount Muria area. Respondents were 125 students consisting of 44 of 7th grade, 39 of 8th grade, and 42 of 9th grade. Data collection is using documentation, questionnaires, and interviews. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, as well as descriptive narratives. The types of botany related to students' belief in folklore are (1) Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa), (2) Teak trees in the Sacred Teak Forest in Masin (Tectona grandis), and (3) Pakis Haji or Fern (Cycas rumphii) as field rat repellent. The percentage of students' belief shows an average of 26.6%, students' distrust of 25.6%, and students' ignorance of 46.8%. Some basic competencies in science subjects, the types of knowledge and skills that exist in 7th, 8th, and 9th grade can be integrated with the findings of folklore related to botany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A workshop on plant viruses and mycoplasmas brought together scientists and researchers working on these microorganisms in the countries of eastern Asia, and enabled them to discuss their studies, to exchange ideas, and to become familiar with their counterparts These proceedings of the workshop contain papers which include country reports, current trends of research, and new research methods and techniques. From this 4-day workshop it was found that the research studies on viruses and mycoplasmas are actively pursued in the Asian region. Most of the studies are related to agricultural crops relevant to the countries' economic health, such as rice, pulses, citrus, beans, and coconut among others. Investigations carried out include basic research on structure, identification and classification, as well as methods of controlling diseases and ways of obtaining virus-free planting materials. (JN)

In the field of plant sciences, the tree's biophysical is understood as the natural characteristics of the plant during its growth. Moreover, it influences many biogeographical factors, including climatic, geographic, and edaphic. This study put considerable attention to the use of the aerial photograph in estimating the particular tree biophysical, such as tree canopy, height, and diameter, by optimising the standard band of an aerial photograph, namely the red, green, and blue (RGB) band, and enhanced by the green ratio index. This study aims to estimate the biophysical parameters of Terminalia catappa L., including tree diameter, canopy, and height, using the statistical analysis of linear regression. The result may compare both GRI and RGB bands of aerial photograph capability. These data are used together with the actual tree biophysical parameters previously collected from a field survey, including the diameter breast height (DBH), tree height, and canopy measurement of Terminalia catappa L. This study resulted in the green band as the most suitable dependent variable, followed by the red band and GRI to retrieve the Terminalia catappa L. tree biophysical parameters. Its robust technique offered the best accuracy for DBH and canopy at 5.89 meters square and 0.08 meters, respectively. While the GRI came as the reasonable variable to detect the tree height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tapis cloth is traditional clothing worn by women from the Lampungnese, an ethnic group indigenous to Lampung province, Indonesia. Tapis is in the form of a woven fabric made from cotton yarn and silk, and the pattern is embroidered using gold or silver thread. In addition, Tapis cloth has many motifs and characteristics like nature, flora, and fauna, making it has many variations. İn this research, pattern recognition is used to classify those patterns using the point minutia method. This method will extract the Tapis Lampung image to get the pattern by detecting the ridge point tip to obtain the point distribution value on the motif. It can also identify the type of Tapis Lampung using the euclidean distance and look for its similarity factor method. The test carried out in this study used the R2016a version of MATLAB with 140 training data and 30 test data for each motif. The result obtained in this study is relatively good, reaching 73% accuracy. This study can be helpful for many people, especially in the Lampung area, in introducing the Tapis Lampung cloth pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut trees hold a vital role in economic and ecological significance in India. The accurate detection of coconut trees within aerial images is necessary for effective plantation observing and the assessment of disease-affected coconut trees. In this study, we introduce a novel coconut tree crown recognition method tailored for real-time drone imagery. With YOLOv5, our model is trained and tested to discern coconut trees with remarkable precision. The YOLOv5 architecture excels in swiftly extracting high-level features while maintaining accuracy in crown detection. This research encompasses various YOLOv5 iterations, including YOLOv5n (Normal), YOLOv5s (Small), YOLOv5m (Medium), YOLOv5l (Large), YOLOv5x (Extra Large), as well as their enhanced counterparts (YOLOv5n6, YOLOv5s6, YOLOv5m6, YOLOv5l6, and YOLOv5x6). A comprehensive comparative analysis evaluates their performance metrics, encompassing Precision, Recall, Accuracy, loss, and mAP in coconut tree crown detection. Our finest detection model YOLOV5n6 is subsequently implemented on a Raspberry Pi 4, enabling real-time coconut tree detection from drone imagery. This groundbreaking work aligns cutting-edge technology with ecological preservation and economic prosperity, addressing the pivotal role of coconut trees in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While interdisciplinary approaches in the STEM subjects are widely advocated there are concerns that disciplinary learning can be compromised, especially in mathematics. The Interdisciplinary Mathematics and Science (IMS) project is a three-year longitudinal study in four Victorian primary schools that has developed a pedagogical approach to mathematics and science learning where data modelling and representation are common to each. Investigations include astronomy, ecology, chemistry, fast plant growth, force and motion, water use, heat and temperature, body height, light and microorganisms. The paper describes the role of mathematics in the IMS pedagogical model and design of learning sequences.

Indonesia has released some elite varieties of sugarcane that are suitable for Indonesian climatic and land conditions. Therefore, large quantities of these elite sugarcane seedlings are needed to support the Indonesia's sugar self-sufficiency programs. The large quantities seedlings can be provided through scaling-up in vitro propagation method using bioreactors, such as Temporary Immersion Bioreactor (TIB). Here, we conducted a study to analyze the response of different plant genetic materials on the in vitro propagation of some Indonesian elite sugarcane varieties using TIB. The sugarcane varieties used for the study were the rainfed sugarcane varieties (PSKA 942, PS 094) and the irrigated sugarcane varieties (PS 091, PS 881), released by the Indonesian Sugar Research Institute. The plant materials used as explants for in vitro propagation were the young spindle leaves isolated from the plant canes. The in vitro propagation stages were explants preparation and sterilization, callus initiation, callus proliferation and regeneration in TIB, shoot maturation, and acclimatization. Results showed that all sugarcane varieties have been successfully induced to form callus ranged 11.6 – 33.5%, proliferate and regenerate in TIB. Proliferation rates in TIB ranged 4.45 – 33.76 multiplies of biomass after two proliferation cycles. However, in general, the rainfed sugarcane varieties showed better response, growth, and regeneration rate than the irrigated sugarcane varieties. The in vitro-derived sugarcane seedlings have been successfully obtained from all varieties except for PS 881, with the highest shoots production was PSKA 942 (147.7 shoots/flask). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red spinach is a member of the Amaranthaceae family containing betalain pigments. Betalain pigments have been proven as one of the candidates for natural dyes. In vitro culture technique using callus may provide a source of betalain pigment production. Considering 2,4-D is a member of the auxin, which affects callus growth from explants, this study aims to determine the effect of auxin 2,4-D and various explants types of red spinach on callus induction. The study used a randomized block design with 2 factors, namely 2,4-D concentrations (0; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; and 1 mg/L) and types of in vitro explants (cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots). The explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with a combination of 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP media for three weeks. The results showed that the fastest callus initiation occurred in hypocotyl explants on 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+1 mg/L BAP combination media, seven days after subculture. The highest percentage (100%) of explants in forming callus was obtained from root explants cultured on media with 1 mg/L 2,4-D+1 mg/L BAP, and the weight of callus fresh-weight was produced on media with 0.25 mg/L 2,4-D+1 mg/L BAP from cotyledon explant. All of the formed callus were compact; thus, all explants can be used for callus induction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]