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Air pollution has a negative impact on human health and the ecosystem as a whole. It causes a variety of diseases, such as asthma, various lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, which particularly affect children and the elderly. The aim of the study is to determine how the preparation of melted snow samples for analysis influences concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) in snow samples. For snow samples analysis ICP-OES spectrometer "iCAP 7000" is used. In study, 180 snow samples are collected in 60 different locations in Jelgava city. Two different sample preparation methods are used to determine Pb, Zn, Ni, V, Cu, Mn in concentration in snow samples. In the first sample preparation method, the snow samples are filtered through a paper filter and acidified to 1% HNO3, while in the second preparation method snow samples are acidified to 1% HNO3, aged for 3 days and then filtered through a paper filter. The results shows that samples that are filtered and then acidified have lower concentrations of contamination than samples acidified with dust. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ni, V, Cu, Mn in snow samples between both sample preparation methods differ significantly. The results show that contamination accumulates in dust, and therefore they are the most dangerous to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has focused on important leadership and management strategic roles in employee retention with reference to a London higher education institute. It analyses some of the reasons for high turnover and theories around effective leadership and management roles in retaining hard working employees, with reference to teachers in a higher education institution in inner London cities. When discussing teachers, it includes lecturers that teach in higher education. Retaining hard working teachers has been an issue in HE institutions, particularly, since the Brexit and Covid 19 crisis, therefore, important to explore the issue in the context of the leadership and management strategic roles to reduce high turnover. The mini research uses mixed methods, quantitative and qualitative data collection with thematic analysis of the key findings from literature and comments from teachers on why they will like to stay or leave their jobs for another employer. Having sampled the opinions of small sampled participants and the literature sourced, it is obvious that teacher retention is a big issue in education with some teachers wanting to leave or stay. Those wanting to stay will do so if they are motivated with better pay and compensation and effective leadership and management of education institute and those leaving would live due to poor pay and heavy workload. The most interesting to note is that most of the participants love the job they do as long as their students are achieving their qualifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Completed in 2019, the Thameslink Programme was a £7 billion scheme sponsored by the UK government to transform north–south rail travel across London. One of the most challenging elements was the redevelopment of London Bridge station. Following an earlier paper on the collaborative partnership between the client and delivery team, this paper focuses on the engineering challenges. These included removal of 140 Victorian arches to create a large new concourse beneath the platforms, design of bridges to cross the concourse that could be constructed in island sites between live tracks, and fabrication of modular platforms and canopies with hundreds of individual units to follow the curve of the tracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new underground triple escalator has been provided at Bank Station in London as part of a major capacity upgrade project. Unusually, the inclined escalator tunnel was excavated uphill rather than downhill due to restricted access. Using a sprayed-concrete lining and no pilot tunnel, it was a first in the UK for a triple escalator. The new escalator intercepted several existing structures which had to be backfilled and then broken out, some just 0.5 m from operational Tube lines. This paper sets out design considerations, construction sequence decisions and operational risk management, and discusses the existing assets' response to uphill tunnelling based on a comprehensive monitoring scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic had a huge impact on the way the UK population lived and worked during 2020. This paper explores the challenges faced while boring the west section of the Thames Tideway Tunnel in London, UK, with particular focus on the first national lockdown that began in March 2020. It discusses how the reduction in personnel triggered closure of the site, the technical challenge of safely stopping a tunnel boring machine for extended periods of time and the practical difficulties of creating a Covid-safe environment in a challenging space. This case study can be used to inform other underground construction projects coping with coronavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of establishing successful corporate partnerships is a well-known issue for many start-up organisations. The corollary to this is the challenge faced by corporate entities in navigating the burgeoning and fast-paced start-up eco-system. Establishing partnerships with larger corporates early in the initial phase of a start-up venture can be of value in accelerating start-up growth. Our findings discuss the role of accelerator programs for early stage ventures in both navigating and accelerating the creation of meaningful corporate partnerships. This paper explores the Co-Cubed accelerator in London and the impact of their acceleration programme on participant organisations. The study explores how start-ups can gain value from connecting with the accelerator programme and associated resources and in what forms this value is created for the corporates and start up organisations participating in the programme. Through a series of primary research interviews, questionnaires, and case studies the research proposes a framework for understanding the success factors in the relationship between accelerator programmes, corporate partners and early stage ventures. The framework shows how such programmes create and develop 'value' between corporates and participant organisations. The research findings highlight the importance of "networks" as a primary source of value gained by early stage ventures from such programmes; demonstrating how start-ups use these networks to develop and gain other resources needed to accelerate growth in the early venture stage. Importantly, these networks are identified as operating both formally and informally. The paper concludes by discussing how research and learning from accelerator programmes can be used to further support successful corporate- early stage venture partnerships covering areas for further academic enquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cartographic method retains its relevance for the study of complex geographic features that include cities. In the study and teaching of geographical disciplines, the active use of information technologies and GIS-based gaming technologies are becoming an urgent requirement of the information age. However, compiling maps using the “manual” method (including creating “mental maps” using pencil and paper) can be a no less, and in some cases, more efficient method of studying the territory. This paper presents the result of the pedagogical experience of studying the urban areas of Moscow and Kazan (Russia) using the compilation and analysis of mental maps by students of three Russian universities. It is shown that nowadays it is becoming increasingly important to obtain knowledge about how person perceives the city. The content of the maps was classified according to frequently referred to urban objects. This made it possible to identify those objects that for various reasons "fall out" from the urban space. It is shown how with the help of subjective perception may be studied the territorial structure of urbanized territories and evaluate the variants of created urban images. Geographic (and town planning), individual and pedagogical aspects of the use of the method of creating mental maps have been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Academy in west London, UK, was the country's first university technical college to be built using offsite modular construction techniques. Advanced offsite modular technology integrated with traditional site-based building solutions enabled the project to meet a challenging programme on a constrained plot. The college was built in just 12 months, providing a new state-of-the-art educational facility for 800 14–19-year-old broadcast and digital media students. It has a structural design life of 60 years and high levels of acoustic performance and energy efficiency. This paper reviews the methods used to design, engineer and build the college and the key role played by offsite modular construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Terminal 5 at London's Heathrow airport opened on 27 March 2008, it was almost 23 years since the publication of the 1985 Airports Policy White Paper that had encouraged its development. This paper explains the challenges inherent in trying to deliver a major infrastructure project through the UK planning system, and describes how the absence of clear and updated government policy contributed to the record 525 days spent at the planning enquiry before consent for the £4·3 billion airport expansion could be granted. It also recognises that the project involved issues of national importance that affected many thousands of people, particularly those living under the flight paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public spaces in urban centers originally served as gathering points where social and political interactions could take place, thus contributing to the construction of a local identity. With recent cultural shifts and with the rise of a new form of public space online, the original functions of public spaces and urban parks seem out of date. While cities worldwide tend to become ever more generic, recent urban planning approaches defend the importance of nature and wilderness -- provided by the parks- in our urban lives. Taking these arguments into consideration, this paper questions this new role that public space must take on in order to adapt to the needs of the contemporary society. In what ways do urban parks contribute to the construction of an urban identity in the 21st century? This paper proposes an analysis of green urban spaces in cities whose urban identities stand out as accomplished examples in urban planning, these are: Curitiba, London, New York and Singapore. The criteria adopted in this investigation consider the urban and landscape design, environmental services and public policies for the implementation and conservation of these spaces. The aim is to understand the role played by urban parks in the creation of an urban identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the physical risks of climate change, civil engineers also need to consider the transition risks involved in moving towards net zero greenhouse gas emissions. These include enhanced reporting obligations, stigmatisation of polluting industries and shifts in consumer preferences. This paper reports on a study into the potential role of civil engineers in mitigating transition risks, using London's Heathrow airport expansion project as a case study. It concludes that while transition to a net zero economy will create a window of opportunity for civil engineers, additional skills will be needed for them to play a major role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a mini research carried out by the Focus Learning Support (FLS) team on reasons why young black males in the community commit crime. Knife and gun crime is seen as a serious problem in the black community involving black males in the inner London city areas - many of whom are both victims and offenders of knife and gun crime. One of the primary aims of FLS is to focus on engaging the youths in positive activities such as career development. Youth crime is a big issue hindering some of the youths who are victims of crime from developing a career, as most of the offenders spend their lives in prison and miss out on what matters. The paper examines the reasons why young black youths engage in criminal activities and suggests ways to prevent such criminal acts, thereby enabling them to be focused on their career aspirations and becoming good citizens. The study uses quantitative and qualitative research methods, quantitative method aimed to explore existing literature and research on reasons behind youth crimes in inner London cities. The use of qualitative method is designed to find out the reasons young black males give for committing crime instead of focusing on their career development. The paper uses case studies to share the experiences of the black youths on reasons why they are forced to commit crime. The findings from the study identified factors contributing to youth crimes such as fatherless families, self image, relationships with police, education system and negative influences. Other factors include unemployment, lack of career engagement and bad gangs. One of the measures to prevent youth crimes amongst black male youths is to continue to ensure that knowledge on crimes is made compulsory in schools and shared at home. Other suggestions are to fully engage the youths on positive activities such as career development, sports, employment opportunities and community policing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the challenging temporary works used for demolishing the vast Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London, UK, in particular the removal of a major access bridge and one of the main roofs. The bridge, which provided vehicular and pedestrian access between the two main exhibition halls over a railway line, was removed by cutting, lifting and sliding entire spans. The 1300 t truss roof was lowered 28 m to ground level in a single operation using strand jacks. The works were a serious challenge because of the conditions and requirements of both the client and various structural, logistical and environmental factors. The temporary works also required a very large number of designs and other documents to be prepared and approved by multiple parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the innovative temporary works used for abutment construction of a moveable bridge in London's Docklands. Completed in 2019, the 27 m span Water Street Bridge and its approach causeway connect the Canary Wharf estate to the new Wood Wharf development on a reclaimed island site. Using strand-jacking, grout-bag seals, heavy temporary steelwork and innovative use of permanent works, the contractor-designed solution for delivering the bascule span abutment transformed a marine operation into a land-based one. The challenging logistics required careful planning and collaboration with all stakeholders to meet the programme and client brief, ensuring a safe, high-quality outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early contractor involvement during the design of the UK's London Underground Bank station capacity upgrade project helped to minimise health and safety risks. Design and construction teams for the sprayed-concrete-lined tunnel regularly interfaced to eliminate hazards where possible and, where not possible, control risks through best practice. This paper outlines some previous incidents from tunnelling projects in London. It then explains how these risks were dealt with through the Bank project tunnel design and how innovative, safety-related solutions were successfully implemented during construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a computer-assisted content analysis, this study analyzes a 32,000 word corpus drawn from media-ted political statements made in response to the July 2005 London bombing. This grounded research led to a focus on the deontic nature of these statements, and also revealed a relative absence of condoling. Although condemnatory, statements did not specifically attribute the “evil” to particular people. Particularly mindful of Widdowson’s distinction between analysis (text) and research (interpretation), the paper first identifies the textual features, but then “hermeneutically” interprets their meaning within a wider context of international political discourse. The paper concludes that the statements performed a positive epideictic purpose, although it tended to occlude the compassionate element of public grieving. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, the issue of young people who are aged 16 -18 and not in employment, education, or training (NEET) has been a major concern for governments and local authorities. In this paper, a big data perspective is taken to examine the NEET issue in order to highlight factors that are correlated with NEET, the negative consequences and causes of NEET, and potential solutions to NEET. The NEET dataset about the 33 London Boroughs has been considered along with other seven datasets relating to population, crime offences, benefits claimants, median property price, active businesses, immigrants, and conception under 18. All the datasets are public-accessible and comprise a data collection of the same period of time from 2009 to 2013. Each of them represents a particular measure. Hierarchical variable clustering, k-means clustering, and correlation analysis have been conducted using SAS Enterprise Miner and Tableau in this work. These tools enable us to analyse the problem in a multi-dimensional, hierarchical, integrated, and longitudinal way. The research has demonstrated that a) The NEET issue is much more severe in outer London than in inner London; b) The main factors correlated with NEET vary from inner London to outer London; c) Each of the measures considered has a certain correlation strength with the NEET rate, and amongst them, median property price is a simple and seemingly accurate indicator of areas likely to suffer from NEET and thus to take appropriate precautions in order to reduce the likelihood of further increases in NEET; and d) The London Boroughs can be grouped based on similarities in terms of a set of given measures, and the memberships of the groups remain stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early contractor involvement during the design of the UK's London Underground Bank station capacity upgrade project helped to minimise health and safety risks. Design and construction teams for the sprayed-concrete-lined tunnel regularly interfaced to eliminate hazards where possible and, where not possible, control risks through best practice. This paper outlines some previous incidents from tunnelling projects in London. It then explains how these risks were dealt with through the Bank project tunnel design and how innovative, safety-related solutions were successfully implemented during construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction-related ill health, including respiratory conditions, hand–arm vibration syndrome, musculoskeletal disorders and stress-related issues, has enormous personal and financial cost. Following research on major construction projects, a range of interventions are proposed in this paper, illustrated by examples from the Thames Tideway Tunnel project in London, UK. A consistent approach to occupational health management and health surveillance is needed across construction, with a commitment to better training and improved portability of occupational health data. Major projects are critical to raising health management standards, but good practices need to be universally adopted in small- to medium-sized enterprises to achieve lasting improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agent-based modelling (ABM) can be used as a computational tool to model human routing behaviour, and offers particular promise when combined with insights from cognitive science. In this paper, we introduce typical errors into the encoding of the agents mental representation of the environment. This method deviates from the classical computer science paradigm of optimality to capture human behaviour more accurately. By incorporating common distance and direction estimation errors, our model produces routes with fewer computational artefacts such as zigzagging (i.e., turning more often than the typical human) and bottlenecks (i.e., routing through one particular node that maximises efficiency).We demonstrate our results in regular and irregular environments and validate our model using a set of real-world footfall data from Westminster, London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new primary electrical substation is being provided to support regeneration of the Battersea Power Station and surrounding Nine Elms area in central London. Due for completion in 2019, it required tunnelling 330 m under rail tracks to connect to an existing 132 kV cable tunnel. As described in this paper, the new spur tunnel was constructed using an open-face tunnelling shield beneath rail viaducts and a Victorian sewer. Through careful sequencing and close monitoring, a volume loss of just 1% was achieved during construction of the complex junction chamber connection with the existing wedge-block tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on interviews with families participating in a free and inclusive music education program, this paper explores the relationship between families' engagement in the organization, cross-class boundaries, culture and social mobility. The Nucleo Project, a branch of the global Sistema movement, offers a unique platform by which families can build their resources of social and cultural capital without the input of economic capital. I explore how form, content and context of the organization shape social processes such as network building and resource exchange among its participating families. Building upon the classic Bourdieusian delineation of the forms of capital, this study engages with theory from sociology of parenting, education, arts and culture, and integrates into the sociological tradition of inquiry into class stratification and inequality. The empirical findings of this investigation demonstrate that families increase their reserves of social and cultural capital by engaging with the organization, both through its formal structure and informal relationships. Despite including students from a range of class backgrounds, the program still disproportionately advantages a self-selecting subset of the population who share similar parenting values, and already predisposed to help their children succeed within the dominant structures of society. The distribution of such cultural norms in this case subverts the prevailing literature, which suggests that parenting values bisect the population by class position, providing a more complex picture of how inequality is operating that is linked more closely with beliefs and experiences around social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landscape structure is the result of a process that continually taking place in the landscape during of historical development. The city of Kežmarok has held a very significant position in terms of settlement structure of the Poprad basin or the greater region beneath the High Tatras from the very beginnings of its development. The area demarcated by the current cadaster limits was witness to many changes to the landscape structure conditioned by a wide range of factors and conditions, out of which human involvement appears to be the most significant one. It is the aim of the paper to clarify the trends in development of the landscape structure of the Kežmarok cadaster area. In terms of chronology, the development of the landscape structure is, in connection with relevant cartographic documentation, limited to the years 1822 - 2015. The knowledge of past and present trends in the development of landscape structure is a determining factor for any further development, even from an environmental point of view [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The London Underground railway system has a massive civil engineering asset portfolio, with around 8000 bridges and 12 000 structures. Built since the mid-1860s by various private operating companies, less than 40% of record drawings were kept, let alone material specifications, design calculations or loading information. This made asset management and upgrades increasingly difficult, so it was decided in the mid-1980s to embark on a major project to determine the extent, condition and load-carrying capacity of all bridges and structures. This paper describes how the project has progressed over the past 30 years, including the development of ground-breaking inspection and assessment standards, innovative surveying and investigation methods, and a unique risk-assessment system. The results have enabled maintenance and improvement works to be cost-effectively prioritised, resulting in dramatic improvements in both safety and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers in my hands contain a memorandum drawn up by the Board of Trade, London, 1828. The memorandum describes the discontinuous trade practiced in 1825 by the Levant Company and the decisions drawn up by the representatives of decision makers of English government to enlarge English commerce and to open new markets inside the Ottoman domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers in my hands contain a letter drawn up and signed by George The Third, at Royal Palace St. James, the Thirteenth Day of September 1789. The letter gives information about the improvement of English trade in the Ottoman domains and talks about the Protection that Selim The Third grants to English subjects doing trade on the Ottoman domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the BBCs original headquarters in London: Broadcasting House. Conceived in 1932 as a "sound factory", this building combined a massive stone exterior - at the time compared with a "new Tower of London" - with an inner tower of 22 radio studios, designed by a team of young modernists (including Wells Coates and Serge Chermayeff). While recent theory has tended to frame the links between media and architecture in terms of the visual, and/or the infiltration of a pre-existing domestic space, this paper will track how the spatial organisation of studios for sound reproduction reappears in architectural strategies for modern dwelling (i.e, in Coates' Lawn Road Flats, 1932). In connection, earlier media representations of the interiors of Broadcasting House - including the thriller "Death at Broadcasting House" (1934) - are linked to the theories of Walter Benjamin (the "liquidation of the interior", the origins of the detective story). ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines two distinct types of racial discrimination perceived by the immigrant second generation in the United States and Britain. Afro-Caribbeans report experiencing racial discrimination outside school, from adults, while Indians tend to report experiencing racial discrimination in school, from peers. These findings move theories of racial discrimination beyond a black-white paradigm, and also shed light on theories on the impact of perceived discrimination. If Afro-Caribbeans don't report school-based racial discrimination, then reactions to racial discrimination in school cannot explain an oppositional orientation towards school among Afro-Caribbean students, as suggested by some scholars. In the paper I integrate the literatures on racial discrimination and immigrant incorporation for a deeper understanding of experiences of racial discrimination among the second generation. The paper is based on an ethnography in two multiethnic schools, one in London and one in New York, and 90 in-depth interviews with second generation Indian, Afro-Caribbean, and Indo-Caribbean teens in New York and London. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moving two rivers from the middle of the Terminal 5 project site at London's Heathrow airport to a new alignment around the western airport perimeter was a critical and highly environmentally sensitive sub-project of the T5 programme. The rivers diversion had to be completed before the original river structures could be demolished to enable continuation of the main terminal development. As described in this paper, the £45 million diversion project included the creation of two 3 km long river channels, phased realignment of 3 km of highway and landscape works to the western boundary of Heathrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

London Heathrow airport's Terminal 5 project provided an opportunity for owner BAA to set and deliver new standards in environmental sustainability for the construction industry. As this paper describes, opportunities were pursued at each development stage to improve performance and firmly embed environmental awareness and corporate responsibility into decision-making processes. Throughout the design and construction, project teams and suppliers were encouraged to apply innovative techniques and best practice to deliver exemplary environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The east London resource development project ('Elred') is a much-needed new urban water supply scheme created largely from redundant assets. It consists of a wellfield, a connecting rawwater pipeline network and a treatment works; with a capacity up to 23 Ml/day, in the heart of the UK capital. Unusually, the wellfield re-uses boreholes originally drilled for temporary dewatering during construction of the recently completed Channel Tunnel Rail Link tunnels. Furthermore, the raw-water network re-uses the dewatering discharge pipelines and the treatment works is located at and re-utilises a disused pumping station. This paper describes the design and construction of this innovative scheme, including the hydrogeological and groundwater modelling studies to establish yield and sustainability of the Chalk aquifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes correlations in patterns of trading of different members of the London Stock Exchange. The collection of strategies associated with a member institution is defined by the sequence of signs of net volume traded by that institution in hour intervals. Using several methods we show that there are significant and persistent correlations between institutions. In addition, the correlations are structured into correlated and anti-correlated groups. Clustering techniques using the correlations as a distance metric reveal a meaningful clustering structure with two groups of institutions trading in opposite directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last stop before London on the Channel Tunnel Rail Link—now called High Speed 1—is Stratford International in the heart of the London 2012 Olympic park. This paper describes the design and construction of the station box, a 1 km long, and up to 55m wide and 26 m deep, open concrete structure. It initially served as the construction and portal site for four of the London tunnel drives on section 2 and now provides the location for the Stratford International station and major track junctions. Excavated material from both the tunnels and the box has been used to regenerate the old railway freight yards into a site for a major new development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I address an oversight in the literature on markets in the New Economic Sociology. Most studies within this tradition have either treated markets as bounded social entities shaped by broader socio-cultural processes, or have focused on how markets are actually constituted by these processes. In order to understand markets as social structures, or systems of social relations, it is necessary to utilize both approaches. Using the London Gold Fix of the 1950s, I show that the gentlemanly ethos of this market was not simply a product of the City of London's socio-cultural milieu, but that its was also created and sustained by the system of social relations that constituted this market. The social relations animating this market were the bullion firms' owners' position within the upper stratum of British society, the firm's economic and organizational structure, and the close relationship these firms had with the Bank of England. Together the system of social relations constituting this market, along with the influence of the City of London's broader socio-cultural milieu, fostered the gentlemanly ethos of the Fix. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a study of 20 London families, Elizabeth Bott hypothesized that dense kinship networks fostered separate roles for husband and wife. Other researchers followed with tests of the influence on conjugal roles of various dimensions of networks. Lacking, however, are studies of the effects of multiplexity--the extent to which kin fill multiple roles in the lives of married people. Drawing on cross-national survey data for 20 countries, this paper evaluates the effect of multiplex kin networks on whether married women turn to their husband, as opposed to kin, for instrumental assistance and for emotional support. Women whose kin fill certain other roles are, as hypothesized, less inclined to tap husbands for support. Regardless of their personal preferences, women who live in countries where women look to kin to perform multiple functions are also less likely to turn to husbands for help around the house or for emotional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2013, during the yearly holiday slowdown, workers at a food processing plant in London, Ontario were called in to attend a special meeting with management where they learned that the plant would close in 2014. Although the news was shocking to most, some workers had predicted the eventual closure of the plant. The south western region of the province had been hit by numerous closures in both heavy and light manufacturing, including food processing and brewing, despite access to major transportation routes, to the Canada-U.S. border and to a limitless number of trained workers who readily embraced opportunities to work in production and live the "working-class dream"--marked by decent wages, relatively secure (unionized) employment, benefits and a modest pension. This paper examines the workers' views on their plant's closure within the context of global production and the ways in which they construct a "discourse of deindustrialization." We conclude that while workers may be involved in the minutia of the production process, many are attentive to the global context of their jobs, keeping a keen eye on domestic and international market forces and structural conditions that may affect their job security. While most workers are unable to emphatically discuss the ways in which processes of globalization have contributed to the plant closure and ultimately their futures as production workers, they mainly discuss one or more causal factors for their factory's demise but do not develop a systematic understanding of economic globalization and corporate restructuring. Despite individual and collective attempts to buffer the harsh realities of market forces, most understand and accept their powerlessness and reluctantly see themselves as one paycheque away from an endless cycle of joblessness and a lifetime of insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The London Underground railway played an integral role in delivering the successful London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The games - the first ever public transport games - demonstrated the vital role of the railway in London. This paper explores the legacy of London Underground's investment programme delivered prior to the games, and some of the key transport benefits that will continue to be experienced on the 'Tube' long after the games. It also highlights the progress made in embedding the legacy arising as a direct or indirect result of inspiration from London 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

London's successful bid for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games resulted in over £60 million of investment into the canals and rivers of the lower Lea valley. This paper describes the largest regeneration and restoration programme ever undertaken on Britain's inland waterway network, with a massive clean-up operation followed by new locks, river walls, towpaths, bridges and habitats. After providing an attractive waterside backdrop to the games, the waterways are now a major feature of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. They will soon be opened up to public navigation for the first time in decades and are expected to bring many thousands of waterborne visitors to the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shard in central London is 310 m high, making it the tallest building in western Europe. Designed for client Sellar Property Group, it is a 'vertical city', containing shops, offices, restaurants, hotel, apartments and a public viewing gallery. This paper describes the design and construction of the building, which has a concrete core, steel-framed floors to level 40, concrete floors to level 69 and a steel 'spire' at the top. Various innovative construction techniques were used to save time and improve safety, including building the three-storey basement and core top-down, installing plunge columns to high levels of accuracy, and using modular construction for the spire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 (CDM 2007) were implemented on the construction programme for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. But were they a help or a hindrance? Based on the views of a range of duty holders, this paper reports on the results of research into how the regulations actually worked in practice. Many of the implementation lessons learnt on London 2012 are generally applicable in the wider construction industry, while others are only suited to larger programmes. Certainly, implementation appears to have been a success: comparisons with the wider UK construction industry showed that the London 2012 construction programme scored significantly higher in 27 of 39 factors that influence construction health and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nine-storey Stadthaus building in Murray Grove, London is the world's tallest timber residential building. It is also the first building of this height to have load-bearing walls and floor slabs as well as stair and lift cores constructed entirely from cross-laminated wooden panels. While cross-laminated timber construction has been around since the 1970s, several problems limited its use above six storeys. However, the advantage of low or negative embodied carbon dioxide, clean and safe processes and rapid assembly have prompted a range of solutions enabling taller structures. This paper describes the design and construction of the project, the practical and legislative concerns addressed and the lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the initial step of a larger project on the globalization of the contemporary art market. We begin by focusing on the spatial organization of art, as well as the positions of cities in the global network of art production and consumption. While there is a top tier of global cities that serve as art centers, large international art fairs such as ArtBasel and ArtBasel Miami Beach have created a more mobile art market that intersects with the physical and institutional geography. We have also witnessed a recent proliferation of new art institutions in the once marginal cities in the art world. Based on city location data of major art institutions, art fairs, collectors, publications, auction houses, and galleries, this article offers some preliminary findings on the current geographic organization of the global contemporary art market. Although we find similar tendencies of consolidation of art transactions in New York and London, the art market exemplifies a differentiated structure of geographic organization, with centrality and marginality being redefined. These findings will serve as a starting point for systematic analyses of the inter-city connectivity of global art flows, and can bring new insights to the formation of global city networks. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heating and cooling the vast new terminal buildings at London Heathrow airport's £4·3 billion Terminal 5 development is undertaken by a dedicated energy centre, which provides continuous supplies of hot and chilled water for heating and air-conditioning respectively. The hot water is provided by a combination of a local combined-heat-and-power source and natural gas boilers, which can also run on fuel oil, and the chillers are powered by high-voltage electricity. This paper describes the design and construction of the highly efficient centre, which also made extensive use of off-site testing and manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical to opening the new £4·3 billion Terminal 5 at London's Heathrow airport was the availability of a public transport service on extensions to both the Heathrow Express and London Underground's Piccadilly line, not least as this was a key requirement of the planning permission. A sub-surface tracked transit system also needed to be operational to provide a passenger link between the two main terminal buildings. This paper describes the challenge of managing the design, delivery and integration of new railway systems into existing, occasionally old, public systems with continually evolving management structures and without impacting on existing rail services. This was greatly assisted by the application of a system engineering approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design and construction of the two terminal buildings in phase 1 of the £4·3 billion Terminal 5 development at London's Heathrow airport. A total of 40 000 t of steel was used to create 280 000 m2 of space in the dramatic main terminal building, T5A, including forming a clear span roof of 156 m by 396 m to enclose it. In addition to high visibility for passengers, the design provides maximum flexibility for future modifications. In the first of two satellite buildings, T5B, 600 000 m2 of posttensioned flat slabs were cast using minimal amounts of formwork and site labour. Building these vast structures at the world's busiest international airport also meant all construction operations had to be undertaken within a highly restricted space and with no cranes allowed above roof level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design and construction of the vast piled basement structures for the three terminal buildings at London Heathrow's £4·3 billion Terminal 5 project, together with 1 million m2 of associated aircraft pavements. The basements are up to 20m deep and involved the excavation and reuse of 6.5 millionm3 of gravel and clay. The aircraft pavement involved a number of innovations including development of a new high-strength concrete, which delivered a thinner construction and resulted in programme and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminal 5 at London's Heathrow airport was one of the largest infrastructure projects in Europe over the last five years. It included approximately 14 km of tunnelling to provide underground infrastructure for rail, road and effluent discharge. In all cases the tunnels were delivered without major incident, thanks to a single integrated team which made all aspects of risk management central to its delivery philosophy. This paper describes the four key projects for which the key aspect of delivery was tunnelling - the airside road, the storm water outfall and the Piccadilly line and Heathrow Express extensions. It discusses the range of aspects that made up the delivery of this infrastructure, ranging from design through to performance of tunnelling machines and the control of surface settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heathrow airport's Terminal 5 project has gained widespread recognition for a safety performance some four times better than industry norms and for setting new benchmarks for occupational health and safety. The sheer size of the £4·3 billion project, its structural and managerial complexities and the 60 000 people that have worked on site have presented significant challenges. As this paper describes, safety leadership-as distinct from safety management-coupled with real engagement of, and respect for, all concerned has led to cultural change. This has not only reduced the number and severity of injuries but has also resulted in improved worker health, satisfaction, morale and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]