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When academic institutions in India closed abruptly in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, formal education moved online. This transition had a very uneven impact given the significant digital divide between rural and urban India and the unequal distribution of digital resources in different institutions. Access to resources varied substantially by individual, based on socioeconomic factors as well as gender. Institutional support to the academic community during this critical period was largely inadequate, which has had serious consequences on the teaching of physics and other subjects that require laboratory instruction. Educational institutions also provide safe and enabling learning spaces for women students; reduced access to such facilities undermined the work-and study-related dynamics for women because of the scarcity of resources such as devices, data and time. This paper reports on efforts made towards understanding such challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, and describes steps that were taken to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of amalgamating multicultural, global or international dimensions according to a purpose, functions, or conveyance of education at a higher level is known as internationalization. Internationalization has always been the result of students visiting other countries for completing higher education but with the emergence of information and communication technology (ICT) in the system of education, technological advancement gave rise to internationalization at home. The international officers must help make sure the policies regarding this are properly implied and there is the continuous development of the teachers and learners. This review paper analyses the utilization of ICT tools and techniques by the international officers in India for implementing the concept of internationalization at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed model has a face recognized management vote system in the sense that voter can enter the name and take images is done before the vote is verified and accepted in the main database of Election Commission of India. The main feature of this model is there is no mis voting and the candidate will aware of his/her vote is polled to which party. By using this model the user can vote anywhere from the allocated constituent voting booths and it is not necessary to travel from one place to another for casting their votes. In this proposed work the calculation of votes is done fast manner and it is helpful for the Election Commission to conduct election in short time period with less human force. This system designed as a software application for specifically done for Election Commission which conducts Election for the citizens of India who are all above 18 years to conduct voting through online. By using this proposed model the citizens can vote by face recognition without visiting the voting booth. A complete database is maintained by the Election commission of India which has all the details of face, fingerprint and unique id if the user information matches these things he\she will be able to cast the vote. Main advantage of our proposed system is to increase the percentage of vote polling, time saving for conducting elections, awareness about voting and preventing false voting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phrase "Fintech" (Financial Technology) refers to software and other cutting-edge technology utilized by companies that offer automated and enhanced financial services. It is a term used to describe a new technology designed to enhance and automate the provision of financial services. With 6,636 FinTech businesses, India has the highest rate of FinTech adoption internationally and is one of the fastest-growing Fintech industries. India has made significant progress in the area of digital payments, recording over 5.7 BN transactions each month in September of this year, amounting to about $2 TN (Total Digital Payments). India will surpass the combined total of the US, UK, and China in terms of real-time online transaction volume in 2020 with 25.5 Bn real-time payments transactions. This survey paper elaborates on different aspects of the Fintech sector in India, and various issues faced by many prominent fintech companies like unbanked population, regulation, technology integration, user experience, etc. It also describes technologies that underpin fintech business models, including blockchain technology, machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI), Cloud computing, the Internet of Things, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In monitoring the ecosystem and climatic changes of the geomorphological area estimation of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) is important. In this paper we have estimated the fluctuation in ecosystem by correlating with LST, Atmospheric Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), radiation and precipitation using Landsat 8 (OLI/ TIRS) imagery of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Remotely sensed image of three consecutive year's i.e 2014, 2015 and 2016 of November were acquired to observe the correlation and inverse correlation among the parameters. In this paper Dark Object Subtraction and Radiometric Correction are done before image pre-processing Because of the cloud free conditions. Here no Atmospheric Correction is done. Ground trothing is also done to correlate the parameters obtained through satellite imagery. Regression analysis using R2 coefficient is also determined on the above parameters to estimate the correlation among them. R2 coefficient between LST and air temperature, max NDVI and max air temperature, max NDWI and LST, max NDWI and min NDVI shows positive correlation with accuracy equals to 99%. R2 coefficient between Radiation and LST shows inverse correlation which shows the direct impact on ecosystem disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality monitoring can help researches to predict and learn the impacts for an ecosystem. Analyzing, One of the most often used measures of theWater Quality Index (WQI) useful instruments for assessing water quality quickly and easily utilizing a variety of water parameters and shortened and mathematical predictors. Drinking andirrigation water have different qualities. A river serves as a source of both irrigation and drinking water. River waterquality is a major concern in terms of urban flow. River flowing in urban areas causes slow deterioration of system due to the encroachment and illegal activities by human. The practice of analyzing the water qualityusing WQI wasstarted from 1970's. Previously many methods and ideologies have been discussed by many researchers. Weight arithmeticmethod is the major method studied widely all over the world. The main focus of this review paper is to get a wide rangeof knowledge to assess the WQI using various techniques. Based on this review, the water quality of Noyyal River in Tiruppur city is planned to be identified. The river is divided and samples have been taken from 10 stations along thedownstream from starting station. The river has been divided, and samples have been taken at ten locations downstreamofpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart homes implement ubiquitous computing in which ambient intelligence controls the home environment to provide context-conscious facilities and enable features to monitor homes remotely. A self-made questionnaire was distributed using a purposive sampling method amongst people of various age groups and varied professions who have used smart home devices or currently reside in smart homes. Descriptive analysis and chi-square tests were used to analyze the responses received to understand the user perception about Smart home technology considering three constructs – comfort, convenience, and security-and understand how much people trust these smart home devices. In this paper, we have also determined the resistance factors in the acceptance of smart home technologies in India that need to be eliminated or reduced to increase the adoption of smart home devices. Smart home technology has the potential to benefit modern households and the people who live in them. Despite this, it has struggled to gain widespread consumer acceptance since its inception. Smart home technology faces several challenges, including privacy and security, trust issues, reliability, and cost. Furthermore, the literature suggests a clear disconnect between the capabilities of smart devices and the needs of users. We conducted an interview study with existing smart home technology users to learn more about these potential adoption challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A popular approach in machine translation is neural machine translation. It predicts and translates word sequences using artificial neural networks, generally modelling full sentences in a single integrated model. It enables the translation of languages from one natural language into another with or without the assistance of human beings. Even though deep neural architecture-based machine translation produces accurate results when translating western languages, we are unable to straight away apply these algorithms to translate languages in India, primarily because good corpora are not readily available and our languages are generally morphologically bountiful in nature. This paper aims at providing a general overview on language translation, which consists of Neural Machine Translation and Natural Language Generation involving the translation of Indian languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is one of the nations which have largest older adults with dementia. This shows increasing burden of dementia in India. Dementia represents a neurodegenerative disease described as deterioration of distinct cognitive functions. It causes large number of demises and large price for diagnosis, patient care, and treatments. Although dementia is not curable, early detection assists in acquiring required help, proper treatment, and care in intellectual, societal, and physical tasks. Its early identification and recognition has huge significance. But, it's tough in order to identify cognitive decline into the primary phase alongwith large accuracy, less costs etc. Some famous techniques including neuroimaging techniques and cognitive assessments have their own limitations. Impaired facial expression is a common symptom in neurological disorder. The face expressions of persons with cognitive decline express anomalous ridged actions in comparison with healthy controls. Automation in analysis of facial expression has the capability to be employed for identification of cognitive loss in elderly. The paper outlines general MCI screening and detection methods pointing the current methods that are depend on smart environments, emotions recognition, and behavior analysis, focusing to give proven and non-invasive method at home or clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As evident, micro finance institutions (MFIs) are widely catering to millions of customers deprived of mainstream lending services. Beyond doubt they are fulfilling their goal of loan provision to the deprived creating an opportunity for them to better their lives. Herein, arises a critical question, whether loan is enough to achieve the primary purpose of this very loan, which is the upliftment of the borrower, or more than funding is needed? Deep investigation is deemed to explore an answer to this. In this process, this paper compares the performance of micro entrepreneurs who undergo and who do not undergo entrepreneurial training and education programs. Thus, establishing the impact of entrepreneurial training and education programs on micro-enterprises. This scientific research provides discreet insight for researchers to narrow in on related significant research topics and presents the organizations an opportunity to decide the thrust they want to apply on entrepreneurial training and education programs being in a position to evaluate the long-term impact of their approach and investment. It is a longitudinal study performed on the 121 MFI clients of 4 microfinance institutions in 2 different states (Bihar and Orrisa) of India. All the clients have taken loan with the purpose of starting micro-enterprise. 61 received entrepreneurial education provided by MFIs and rest have started without any entrepreneurial education. Every year from 2015 to 2021, semi-structured, in-depth telephonic interviews were performed to track, measure, and analyze respondents' transition from loan disbursement to entrepreneurship. Though, all the beneficiaries do not find the education programs in absolute synchronisation with their development needs in terms of skills and knowledge, still the results of those who have attended such programs are found to be better than of those who haven't. Also, the majority of them appear content with the results of their entrepreneurship education and are performing better in comparison to those who have not undergone it. The results advocate that the effective education should be provided on entrepreneurial, social, health and family aspects by each MFI to achieve the basic purpose of its existence. The study provides valuable insights for the stakeholders involved in developing micro enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English, being a language has become a prominent for various purposes in India, with diversified cultures, creeds, languages etc. People of India with varied influences and regions, speak variety of languages. Considering different parts of India; the nation has similar identities to review on speaking English by these peoples of Northern States (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh and UT Chandigarh), Southern States (Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala &Tamilnadu), Western States (Maharashtra, Goa, Rajasthan & Gujarat), Eastern States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal) have different mother tongues too. When it comes to official language, though neither of the states imposed on the usage of English but it is used unsparingly. The pronunciation differs from one-to-one when communicating in English. English, though a lingua franca but the sounds are uttered with no comparison due to regional and cultural influence lead to interference of the language in spoken communication. It is also due to jaw structure of the people of India. It is very much identical the difference between 'sh' /ʃ/ and's'/s/ utterance by Some of the eastern parts of India and Telangana native citizens. Others can understand the sounds spoken by Telangana people than the eastern states. Fortunately, English is taught since school joining with rhymes for learning showing interest towards the language. As it is known fact and aware that English is the language of Constitution of India though Hindi is a Language of India (Rajabhasha). Now the English has become soil of the state. So that Indian scholars, Scientists, Statesmen, Software Engineers, Teachers speaking English are exploring tremendously and miraculously across the globe. In this paper, the author has tried to throw light on various implications faced by teachers while delivering the prescribed curriculum for heterogeneous classroom. Teachers are too updating timely to deliver content sans barriers. Thus English (L2) has great prominence in India to integrate with L1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English, being a language has become a prominent for various purposes in India, with diversified cultures, creeds, languages etc. People of India with varied influences and regions, speak variety of languages. Considering different parts of India; the nation has similar identities to review on speaking English by these peoples of Northern States (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh and UT Chandigarh), Southern States (Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala &Tamilnadu), Western States (Maharashtra, Goa, Rajasthan & Gujarat), Eastern States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal) have different mother tongues too. When it comes to official language, though neither of the states imposed on the usage of English but it is used unsparingly. The pronunciation differs from one-to-one when communicating in English. English, though a lingua franca but the sounds are uttered with no comparison due to regional and cultural influence lead to interference of the language in spoken communication. It is also due to jaw structure of the people of India. It is very much identical the difference between 'sh' /ʃ/ and's'/s/ utterance by some of the eastern parts of India and Telangana native citizens. Others can understand the sounds spoken by Telangana people than the eastern states. Fortunately, English is taught since school joining with rhymes for learning showing interest towards the language. As it is known fact and aware that English is the language of Constitution of India though Hindi is a Language of India (Rajabhasha). Now the English has become soil of the state. So that Indian scholars, Scientists, Statesmen, Software Engineers, Teachers speaking English are exploring tremendously and miraculously across the globe. In this paper, the author has tried to throw light on various implications faced by teachers while delivering the prescribed curriculum for heterogeneous classroom. Teachers are too updating timely to deliver content sans barriers. Thus English (L2) has great prominence in India to integrate with L1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper attempts to analyze how word of mouth affects the student's B school decision-making processes who wish to pursue higher education in business schools. Research data was collected by survey method with the help of questionnaire which was distributed to students and aspirants of different B schools across India. For data analysis statistical techniques like descriptive analysis & factor analysis was used. Only a few studies, particularly in the Indian context, have been conducted in this field. Implications of the study: Research provides insights regarding how students research and shortlist particular B-Schools. Institutions can form their strategy regarding online presence of college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc worldwide in recent months, due to which many countries including India went under lockdown causing a decrease in customer engagement. Many companies have turned to AI tools such as chatbots to improve customer experience by handling customer queries to cope with this situation. Nowadays, it has become imperative for businesses to enhance their customer experience by adopting new technologies such as chatbots that help companies answer customers' simple queries. A good customer experience ensures a positive brand image and customer loyalty. However, there is currently a lack of knowledge regarding the impacts of chatbots on customer experience during covid-19. Objective: The objective of this Research paper is to investigate the impacts of chatbots on customer experience during Covid 19 in India. Research Methodology: Primary data was collected from 104 respondents using a structured questionnaire to gather information regarding customer experience. Data were analyzed using suitable statistical techniques. Implications of the study: The research conclusion was to identify the impacts of chatbots on customer experience and help organizations to tailor effective and efficient chatbots for their businesses to maximize customer experience and satisfaction. Originality: Very few studies have been done in this area to help analyze how companies are trying to enhance customer experience during covid-19 in India by adopting technological means such as Chatbots. This research is to understand the customer perspective towards the perceived experience of chatbots during the covid pandemic in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely analysis of trends and issues in TVE can help TVE stakeholders cope with rather than oppose them. Educating in the direction of the trend and resolving the important issues can maximize TVE's chance of success. The purpose of this paper was to identify trends and issues in the TVE in 10 Indo-Pacific countries. To achieve this purpose, a cross-country analysis with a word cloud analysis was employed. Consequently, the following nine trends were identified: (1) Accelerated adaptation to emerging technologies and the evolution of industry; (2) Improving or diversifying TVE accessibility and increasing the enrollment rate; (3) Enhancing alignment between the TVE and higher education sectors; (4) Promoting employment-based, work-based, or competency-based learning models; (5) Strengthening TVE educators'/trainers' practical skills, industrial working experience, or qualification requirements; (6) Gearing TVE with lifelong learning; (7) Encouraging employer or industry involvement in TVE; (8) Enhancing quality assurance and autonomy in the TVE system; and (9) Providing more career counseling or career exploration. In addition, the following six issues were identified: (1) TVE does not have the same positive public image as academic education; (2) Insufficiency of qualified TVE trainers/teachers; (3) Extreme challenges to teach hands-on skills online; (4) Weak involvement of social partners; (5) Fragmentation of TVET management; and (6) The continued lack of a well-constructed qualification framework and quality assurance system.

The paper aim is to investigate new approaches in marketing communications of a global car maker in emerging market. The study addresses theoretical streams on modern marketing communications such as customer experience, personalization and customization by outlining the importance of these factors for implementing strategic marketing tools localized for the Indian market. The goal of the article is based on implementation analysis to determine the success of the communication strategy ŠKODA AUTO India, reveal the strongest marketing tools at present and find out how they affect the operation of the company on the Indian market. The study suggests how to improve communication strategies of ŠKODA AUTO India. The paper sheds a light on the new approaches in marketing communications at SKODA AUTO India, which has been emerging recently. Study’s results show that the company has selected alternative ways of organizing its own approaches towards the customers on the Indian market. Paper results show that the firm targets wide variety of customers through different communication channels and marketing campaigns specific for the automotive market in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current economic scenario of various countries across the world are hugely suffered from the set back issues such as War incidents, global recession, downward trend of economic growth and uncertainty caused due to COVID-19. The outlook for growth and inflation are both at risk from lingering conflict and sanctions, high oil and commodity prices, protracted supply-chain disruptions, amplified global financial market volatility resulting from monetary policy changes in major economies and new COVID-19 outbreaks in India. During 2021-2022, excess liquidity conditions and the external benchmark-based pricing of variable rate loans significantly improved monetary transmission. The bulk of the industries saw an increase in interest rates on existing loans. With the support of conventional and unconventional liquidity measures, RBI has supported the banks to maintain orderly market conditions while boosting mood on the financial markets. In view of the existing scenario, the research paper critically examines the trends in instruments used by RBI to control the flow of deposits and money circulation among the banks with a main aim to reduce the negative effects of economic down turn. In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the impact of financial instruments of RBI on Indian Economy. The paper further examines the influence of the select instruments (i.e., Repo Rate, Reverse Repo Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio) on Inflation rate, GDP and Unemployment rate. The study is descriptive research oriented. Secondary sources of data extracted from RBI; World Bank data holds major part of the present research paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is the backbone of India as it is the source of food as well as one of the factors of economic development. The agriculture sector's contribution to the Indian economy is much higher than the world's average. Agriculture has several stages, such as soil preparation, crop selection, control of pests or insects, crop yield, and crop sales. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the very emerging areas in the computer field. Applying AI in farming is now essential to increase crop production. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are sub-areas of AI. Though ML and DL follow their learning strategies. This paper gives an outline of ML and DL concerning agriculture. This paper also studies on comparison of ML and DL models with results. The majority of DL models are outperforming ML models. ML and DL are also applied in several other domains like medical, agriculture, business, transport (logistics), entertainment, education, and many more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaport inefficiencies have caused barriers to maritime operations especially operational disruption which ultimately adds to high-cost expenses, redundant waste, environmental pollution, and financial losses. As a result, operations, economical and environmental sustainability cannot be attained which will impact the complete maritime supply chain-related aspects. Therefore, a lean, agile, resilience, and green (LARG) performance model is proposed as a method to control these issues and improve the competitiveness and efficiency of seaports in the Indian marine context. LARG criteria in the seaport supply chain have been identified and analyzed using extensive literature reviews and expert assessments based on the Indian seaport supply chain perspective. This paper aims to identify and select the relative importance of each LARG performance model on basis of operational. economical. and environmental related performance of seaport supply chain using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique by forty-three experts from various maritime domain experts in India. The research results indicate that operational performance has the highest contribution to seaport supply chain performance in Indian seaports followed by economical performance and environmental performance. This research study can also assist on related dimensions in seaport performance to enhance trade capabilities, operational efficiencies, and competitive advantages of the seaports in the maritime supply chain area. Furthermore, this LARG management tool can be applied in the global maritime context considering adaptability aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we as a whole know utilization of plastic covers, chocolates, apportion packs, freeze bottles, covering of betel nuts, what not different types of plastics are unavoidable, simultaneously they make extensive ecological and financial issues to arrange. They eat up monstrous energy and other common assets additionally reduce the climate differently. In fabricating firms, Manufacturing enterprises, and an item conveyance administration, utilization of plastic is a priority to deal with and pack things calmly because of its lightweight, cost adequacy, and strength. Plastics can't be prohibited as they will bring about the use of normal assets like paper, wood to an incredible degree. Consequently, the removal of waste plastic is hurtful and turns into a genuine issue worldwide because of its non-biodegradability. The utilization of waste plastic covers in bituminous blends has demonstrated that this improves the properties of blend notwithstanding taking care of removal issues. Plastic streets would be a preferred position for India's hot, what's more, terribly sticky environment, where temperatures consistently cross 50°C and substantial downpours make debacles, leaving the lion's share of the streets with large potholes. Subsequently in my paper, I reiterate the examination work which is done to use plastic covers in street development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been widely regarded as the most promising solutions to replace the conventional internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles, and the recent years have seen a rapid development of EV and HEV technologies. Energy storage technologies are increasingly emerging with the popularity of electric vehicles. Owing to its high efficiency and low emissions, the battery is one of the most common energy storage systems. Battery management system (BMS) is vital in ensuring safe and reliable operation of batteries. Switching to electric vehicle revolution is taking too much time especially in India due to its high charging time of batteries and inadequate charging infrastructure. Battery swapping is one of the methodology developed to solve this problem. Battery swapping is a method in which a vehicle's discharged battery pack can be immediately swapped with a fully charged one, eliminating the delay involved in waiting for the vehicle's battery to charge. But for large vehicles battery swapping become complex since the battery size is very large. Costly battery swapping station with robotic mechanism is needed to swap the battery. To solve this problem in this paper we have suggested a new battery swapping method called modular battery swapping where the battery is arranged as a number of modules and can be swapped one by one easily with our hands. We have modelled an electric vehicle having this modular battery swapping feature using MATLAB, which drives based on a locally developed drive cycle. Different functions of BMS are also included in the MATLAB EV model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry in India has more economic importance, therefore need to be taken care by using modern technologies. The milk is transported from various milk collection centers to the dairy processing plant, through the insulated milk tankers. Where milk is tested and checked whether it is spoiled or not. The probability of the milk spoilage will increase during transportation, because of the rise in milk temperature plus the transportation time taken to reach at the dairy. The temperature is important because the rate of growth of harmful bacteria increases with an increase in temperature and that will spoil the milk. Also the transportation time mainly depends on the traffic on the road and the driver's punctuality. If there is no cooling system available on the tanker transportation time is of very much importance. The milk spoilage causes huge economic losses to the dairy and it affects every stakeholder, hence there is a need of a system which will monitored milk tanker during transportation. In this paper, the development of an Internet of Things (IoT) technology based Intelligent Tracking, Early-warning & Management (ITEM) tool is elaborated, which is used to track the route of the tanker and temperature of the milk. This tool also helps to minimize the chances of milk spoilage by sending early warning messages. Moreover, tool will greatly assist to tackle the problems in milk transportation, avoid economic losses and helps for the betterment of the dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In past several years, due to technology advancements, the costs of variable speed drives have come down sharply allowing the widespread applications of variable speed devices in building air-conditioning systems. This article presents the case study on application level of variable speed drives to the components of the air-conditioning system (VAV system) installed in Vivekanand Lecture Theatre Complex (VLTC) at MNIT Jaipur, India. After incorporating the variable speed drives to the air conditioning system, the proposed case energy performance index has been compared with the standard energy performance indexes of Energy Conservation Building Codes 2017(ECBC, ECBC+ and Super ECBC), developed by the ministry of power and Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE), India. The study of Hartman research paper on variable speed chiller plants has been used to learn existing algorithm for developing new operating strategies. Simulations are performed on EnergyPlusV8.8.0 (an energy analysis simulation program) for more than dozens of cases by making the variable a single and multiple combinations of HVAC equipment (AHU, Cooling Tower, Chiller, Pumps). The results show that the application of variable speed drives improved the performance of the air conditioning system substantially. At an average, the energy consumption of all variable chiller plant decreased by 40-45% compared to a constant speed chiller plant. All-variable speed chiller plant operating strategies have been developed based on the tailored specific performance characteristics of variable speed chillers and the variable flow characteristics of condenser pumps and cooling towers. The specific component-wise energy performance improvement after the incorporation of variable drives and ECBC compliance check for the proposed case has been presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide in the 19th and 20th century, tea production and consumption became more commercialized and improved with the familiarization of temperance movement. The temperance movement was focused on reducing the consumption of alcohol and switching over to a new beverage. In India, the temperance movement was closely tied with the Indian independence movement. Nationally 5,66,660 hectares of land is extensively used for the cultivation of tea which produces an average of 1250 million tonnes/year of tea dust. From this, 0.015 million tonnes/year of tea waste is generated. Currently, the tea waste is being disposed along with the sewage waste which increases the soil acidity level. The widespread application of tea waste on soil leads to impairment of soil fertility. This paper attempts to use tea waste as feedstock for gasification, since combustion route requires a large quantum of waste which is not possible in the Indian context. The TGA study of tea waste proved that auto gasification is possible with tea waste. The auto gasification is a thermo-chemical process which converts solid combustible matter into combustible gaseous product with bio oxygen only. The bio oxygen content of tea waste is high. Hence auto gasification has been established. A detailed proximate and ultimate analyses of tea waste have been also carried out and reported in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive growth ensures that economic growth directly serves the welfare of lower income and excluded groups of society while focusing on profitability and financial success. Inclusive growth research in management and innovation studies has been supported by the UN, WEF, OECD and World Bank. Digital technologies, digital innovation, and digital entrepreneurship can be critical drivers of growth, productivity, and ultimately, poverty alleviation among marginalized and excluded communities. Yet, there are very few IS studies that utilize an inclusive growth lens and examine the role that digital platforms can play. This paper addresses this gap and adopts a single, revelatory case study approach to explain the process of creation and management of a platform-driven ecosystem and development of capabilities for inclusion of a community of waste collectors in India. The paper presents a process framework and contributes to both inclusive growth and platforms literature while also providing practitioner insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is the major level of environmental pollution which affects all the living beings health and atmospheric condition. In which it is a major challenging issue today's scenario. Air pollution leads to adverse effects on climate, ecosystem and living things including human, animals and plants etc,. The Atmospheric air is getting polluted by the industry, power plants, vehicle emission and many sources releasing the unwanted toxic, harmful gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere. This Particulate matter is one of the major sources for the contribution of increase in air pollution in the atmosphere. Such particulate matters create a serious requirement for monitoring, measuring and analysis of real-time air quality condition in order that appropriate resolutions are often taken during a period of time. This paper presents a real-time standalone solution for monitoring the air pollution level which includes various parameters: PM (Particulate Matters) 2.5, CO (Carbon Monoxide), CO2 (Carbon dioxide), air pressure, humidity and atmospheric temperature. The Internet of Things (IoT) is plays vital role in monitoring the pollution level in the atmosphere. IoT mingle with cloud computing gives a completely unique way for management of data from different sensors were collected and transmitted to the low power, a low-cost ARM Processor which act as a minicomputer based on Raspberry pi all the input from the various sensors are combined and compared to the standard level, when the variation is more than the standard it will inform the individual and also alert the user. Pollution in India has been increasing year by year and most of the states are suffering severely from it. So this system monitors pollution and updates pollution levels from all over the areas within the city in a real-time manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is spreading and emerging technology in recent years. IoT is used to gather sensor information through an installed framework. The inserted framework transfers the information on the web. Serviced by machine-to-machine (M2M) correspondences, the Internet of Things (IoT) is tied in with associating a wide range of web empowered gadgets – from vehicles, lighting, brilliant meters, and then some – that produce significant information. In the print business, proactive upkeep and backing is the same old one. Cultivation in India is work serious and out of date. It is still an advancement about the strategies developed many years prior and not deal with the safety of assets. My task is to give modest, dependable, cost-effective, and simple to utilize innovation that would help in the protection of assets like water and in automating farms. We proposed the usage of temperature, dampness, moistness, and pH sensor at appropriate areas for checking harvests. The framework depends on a control unit that directs the water onto the field depending on parameters temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and pH values. It will result in giving a perfect measure of water supply to the crops. According to the need of yield, the regulator will choose to make the water system ON or OFF using Raspberry pi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic amenities of human being for survival of life are water and food. In today's scenario, availability of power and water are not sufficient to meet the requirements of farmers. In most of the developing countries, like India, agriculture is mostly dependent on conventional energy sources to run the motors and pumps which results in wastage of water due to over usage. Hence, in the present scenario research is focused on effective and e fficient utilization of renewable resources which is abundantly available such as solar energy. Internet of things (IoT) is the most evolving, promising technology which enables agricultural farms to automatically maintain and monitor with less human involvement. IoT based solar-powered smart irrigation system provides a scope to combat the issues like water and power crisis to the maximum extent. In this paper, an IoT based solar powered smart irrigation system is designed and implemented to control and monitor the features using GSM and ESP8266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defence Expenditure is one of the major areas of expenditure for any country's financial budget, which in turn directly affects the overall economic development of the nation because any nation at war will be spending less for the development in contrast to the defence expenditure. The amount allocated to the defence expenditure is computed after consideration of a lot of constraints. In this paper we have showed that the amount allocated in Defence Expenditure is directly affected by the Trade Deficit of the country. For the purpose of analysis, we have used several techniques such as correlation, linear regression, and cross-validation to show the impact that Trade Deficit has on the Defence Expenditure of India. The data collected for this study was secondary data. This paper further helps to know about which factor of the Trade Deficit, such as Inflation, Foreign Exchange Rate, Forex Reserve & Social Sector Expenditure has the most significant impact on determining the Defence Expenditure of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews about the helical turbines and their efficiency on operation and their specifications. This paper also explains about eco-friendly specification of hydrokinetic turbines compared to conventional hydraulic turbines. And also provides the information on fish injuries and mortality. Gorlov turbine shows that it's suitable for tidal, oceans, reservoirs, canals, etc., for electricity production and Lucid spherical turbine is much suitable to urban areas where the transportation of water takes place pipelines. Government of India takes serious steps to reduce the greenhouse effect they're by contributing eco-friendly environment to global. Government of India initiated many hydro projects and capable of producing electricity in Tera watts (TW). As SHP is the least producer of greenhouse effect India is promoting SHP projects and supports private and government sectors. For the development of clean environment usage of hydrokinetic turbines across India meets the requirement and target in producing clean hydro energy. These hydrokinetic plants are suitable for Indian location as of in many Indian location runs water scarcity at dry conditions, hydropower plants tend to be shut down, so as the hydrokinetic turbines can run at low head levels and can be able to produce constant output. These hydrokinetic turbines can be constructed near rural areas to provide electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification and classification of plant diseases is a major field of study, as most people in India depend on agriculture for their main source of income and food. This is one of the reasons why the identification of plant diseases plays a significant role in agriculture. It is useful to detect plant disease through any automated technique as it eliminates a significant amount of monitoring work in large crop farms and detects the symptoms of diseases at a very early stage, i.e. when they appear on plant leaves. The framework mainly involves different concepts related to image processing, such as image acquisition, image pre-processing, and extraction of features, database formation, and artificial neural network classification. This paper covers research on various methodologies for the use of neural networks to detect plant leaf diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, health management is a major concern all over the world. Particularly in India, due to population, the health issues are increasing rapidly. Diabetes has become a major issue that affects people all over India. With the advancement of Machine Learning approaches, many solutions have been developed to curb this serious issue. The goal of this paper is to design a model that can detect diabetes at preliminary stages with more accuracy. Therefore, various classification algorithms namely K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB) are used to solve this problem at earliest. Various performance metrics like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision and recall are used for evaluation of the model. Evaluations are performed on PIMA Indian diabetes database, which is pulled from the Machine Learning cache. Results procured manifest that Random Forest outplay with the highest precision of 85.06%. The results are appropriately authenticated through a bar graph representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction sector in India employs nearly 60 million people, so the unprecedented 2 month lockdown to slow the spread of Covid-19 in 2020 had devastating economic and social effects. The reduced demand for projects slowed demand for downstream industries, increased labour migration to villages and reduced logistics support for supplies and resources. This paper reports on the challenges experienced by one of India's leading construction organisations on a major metro contract in Mumbai. It describes the impact of the pandemic on project delivery, including time, cost and supply chain issues, and discusses the mitigation strategies adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a day's agriculture plays an important role in all over country. Especially in India agriculture plays a vital role in improving the economic status. India is the second largest country, which is producing rice, wheat, dry fruits, etc., Water is the main source for agriculture and in India many places suffering from inadequate water supply. Also depending on the type of the soil the crops are chosen and the irrigation of the crops also varies accordingly. It's important to utilize the existing water resources and monitoring water irrigation. In this paper we proposed a smart irrigation system based on internet of things to monitor the irrigation system. The proposed system continuously monitoring the soil and crop condition and it has a communication link with the farmer. The system is embedded with microcontroller, sensors and WiFi module to transfer data to the farmer and to store the data in the cloud server for future requirement. The threshold values are fixed for the crops and soil and it is programmed in microcontroller. When the measured values exceed the preset values for a particular soil, the system automatically send message to the farmer using Wifi module and also the information are stored in the cloud server for future analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balanced nutrition is the main source of energy. It is necessary for healthy life of people. Healthy nutrients enable cells to perform their regular activities at pace. Deficiency of proper nutrition while birth causes various complications in further life. These complications include wasting, stunting, edema, mental illness, low immune system, ridged or spoon-shaped nails, brittle, dry hair, and underweight etc. Malnutrition is a condition that occurs when a person consumes a diet that is deficient in one or more major nutrients, or has too many of them. Marasmus, kwashiorkor and intermediate states of marasmus-kwashiorkor are included in the term Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) disorders. PEM is the cause of underweight (low weight for age), stunting (low height for age), and wasting (low weight for height). In India, stunting affects 48% of infants under five years age, wasting affects 20%, and underweight affects 43%. Most children suffering from undernutrition in mild to moderate forms are unnoticed in India, which affects their growth at early ages. Detecting malnutrition at early stage reduces further healthcare cost and improve health outcome. To alleviate the problem of malnutrition, this paper describes a decision tree model for classification of infants being between the ages of 0 and 59 months as normal, acute malnourished or severely malnourished for three categories: Stunting, Wasting and Underweight. In decision tree model, Gini index is adopted as an impurity measure. The accuracy obtained using decision tree for stunting is 82.22%, for wasting 72.23 % and underweight 78.35% using Gini index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, lean implementation has gained importance especially in India where wastes are classified into 7 types described as TIMWOOD in short form .5S is the initial step in implementation of lean principle where the workplace is made well organized and tidy. 5S consist of five Japanese words namely seiri (sort), Seiton (set-in-order), Seiso (shine), Seiketsu (standardize) and Shitsuke (sustain). 5S assist an organization in identifying waste, eliminating waste, reduction in equipment searching time, improve working condition, improving workers health and increasing productivity. Also, 5S is an effective tool in improving performance of an organization irrespective of type of ownership of the company whether be it small or large scale, service or manufacturing sector, private or governmental organization. The main focus of this review paper is to describe few strategies to implement 5S, Audit 5S and analyze effect of 5S on performance of workplace. The study has referred to many case studies and described some of the best methods through which a manufacturing industry can implement and sustain 5S methodology based on its mission and vision. The discussion on various methods is in brief in form of example for further in-depth information there is need to search for cited references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-wheeler vehicles are a major form of personal transport in the world and specially India, a substantial number of 2 wheelers on roads have made it difficult to monitor them correctly. This has led to carelessness from the drivers and increase in the number of accidents that can be prevented and minimized. One of the protective gears-helmet is not always worn by riders and it is tough for the traffic police to catch these violators, due to sheer size. Our project involves using the YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm to detect whether the riders as well as pillions are wearing the helmets so that they can be caught, and their vehicle details be sent for further processing to the traffic police. Along with the 2 wheelers, helmets are also required at construction sites, and we plan to apply the same. This paper proposes a framework for identification of motorcyclists without helmets. The application, with the help of YOLOv5 (You Only Look Once) and rigorous training gives us an accuracy of 87% true positives detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text classification using K Nearest Neighbor, which locates the K closest matches in training data and uses the label of closest matches to forecast the class of the text. Euclidean distance is used to find the closet matchwhich is predict the class level. The technique Bag of Words is used to find numerical values from the document in terms of text representation. An annotated corpus in Odiabased on agriculture domain collected from ILCI, Govt. of India treated as training data and the representation of that text data for finding sentiment using the concept of the feature vector made from the entire document which we have collected. The calculation of the results using KNN with tf-idf is challenging for Odia text as it low resource language. This paper presents details of result analysis with thoroughly done by experiment. Evaluation of the model is focusedon speed of the transferring text data to the proposed model and getting high accuracy rate. The result of the testing data depends on good and bad features of the algorithm and suggests for how to improve feature iteration of the same model in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India ranks second in production of cement. In order to produce one ton of cement about one ton of Co2 is released into atmosphere. As per Global Cement and Concrete Association, Cement is the third highest contributor of Green house gases in the atmosphere. In order to decrease the negative impacts of cement in the atmosphere a new type of concrete is evolved by conducting countless researches that is Geopolymer Concrete. The Amount of Cement Content in Geopolymer Concrete is null and void. Artificial Neural Networks is bough of Artificial Intelligence. It is one of the sophisticated Computed technique to prognosticate the properties of Geoploymer Concrete with minimum Percentage of error. In this paper more than 170 hunks of data gathered from the literature to train and test the data. In this study evaluated by various statistical indicators like mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). After performing ANN the statistical parameters found be 0.92, 0.934 and 0.905. which resembles that ANN outcomes are satisfactory and can be used in evaluating the properties of the Geopolymer concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is the backbone of India which is diversified. Mushroom cultivation is one such farming method that not only gives promising profit to the cultivators but also provides nutritional mushrooms to the consumers. Nowadays, as the demand for the mushroom cultivation is increasing day by day, advanced technologies pave way for the farmers to improve quantity and quality along with its nutritional value of mushrooms. In this paper, pilot study has been conducted in order to extract knowledge-based inference by remotely monitoring the environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity using DHT11 sensor, CO2 using MG811 sensor, rat movement using PIR sensor and light intensity using LDR sensors are monitored through ThingSpeak cloud server to govern the appropriate actuators such as Sprinkler, LED, Humidifier, Exhaust Fan and Buzzer at the given threshold values, along with this Biological Efficiency%(BE%) has been conducted in both manually controlled mushroom and also in IoT enabled mushroom in two types of species i.e., P. florida and P.eous APK1. From the pilot study the results proves that the monitoring and automation of parameters plays a predominate role in producing the nutritious mushroom with increased Biological Efficiency % (BE%) in P.florida as 99.51% in IoT enabled cultivation whereas in manual controlled hut it is 90.99%. The proposed DCE highlights the importance of machine learning algorithm and its collaborative aspects of supervising and governing the environmental conditions in each stage of growth with appropriate actuators and Biological Efficiency %(BE%) which will play a major role in producing the most nutritious mushroom. Therefore, the proposed DCE framework will be greatly helpful for reaping highly nutrient mushrooms and it will help to increase social economic growth of self-help women and agriculturist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exposure assessment identifies the pathways by which humans are exposed to a contaminated environment and estimates the magnitude, frequency and duration of these exposures. This paper deals with exposure assessment of fecal contamination, in which exposure assessment is done with the help of the SaniPath Exposure Assessment Tool. By this tool, identify the dominant pathway, a pathway that has a greater contribution to the exposure. The goal of the study was to find the dominant pathway in the study area, Ward 10 Kadakkad, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India. Lack of sewer lines and sewage treatment facilities and open disposal of fecal waste in the area caused flooding up of sewage and lots of other difficulties as well as threats to the residents. Identifying the dominant transmission pathway or pathways and blocking or breaking this transmission pathway by different interventions like water, sanitation and hygiene programs improve health and also helps to prioritize sanitation investments based on the exposures that have the greatest public health impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the requirement of infrastructure construction, the importunity for producing the concrete is increasing daily. In fact, OPC synthesis utilizes a large amount of natural resources and energy, and it's also discharge a carbon dioxide into air. Therefore, Alternatives must be found to make the concrete as environmentally friendly. So, the researchers focused and adopted the Geo-polymers. Geo-polymers are inorganic alumino-silicate compounds are the raw materials for geo-polymer binders that are abundantly available in India, but their development has so far been limited. Various parameters were examined in the study, namely the ratio of fly ash, sodium hydroxide concentration, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio, curing time, curing temperature and percentage of the GGBS added. The geo-polymer substantial boundaries for this paper are at not entirely settled by preliminary projecting, like fastener (fly ash: GGBS), molar substance is 8M, the proportion of Na2SiO3/NaOH is 1.5, the proportion of fluid to cover is 0.5. And micro-structural analysis has been taken for the casted specimen. The experimental outcomes show that the compressive, split tensile, flexural test with the materials and grouping of sodium hydroxide arrangement. It was additionally seen that, the water content in the geo-polymer substantial combination is assumes a significant part in accomplishing the ideal compressive strength. Then we compare the values of normal concrete, fly-ash, fly-ash with GGBS and 3D printing concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 refers to a complete transformation from machine-governing manufacturing to an automated network-linked system. Industry 4.0 standards need to be recognized to convert effectively, and obvious procedures should be spawned and executed. The present study answers the recent wails for Industry 4.0 and its implications for the future compatibility of the cement industry. The paper used Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural-equation-modelling to assess the degree to which selected factors to Industry 4.0 espousal. This study set up five hypotheses by choosing 21 variables in the frame specified with a sample of 380 respondents from five key cement industry players. The results of SEM underline the relative significance of the manifest chosen for augmenting the sustainable growth of the cement industry. The empirical work delivers a vibrant indicator of the pluses of identifying the necessary constructs of Industry 4.0 and their interactions in producing admirable operations. These results can offer useful comprehension to top managers executives/engineers who want to comprehend the effects of industry 4.0 on the firm's sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mergers of banks are planned and executed under strategic expertise to optimize the performance of entities and the success of these mergers is a matter of concern, not only for all market players, rather for the governments also, for economic development and targeting best utilization of resources. The State bank of India (SBI) is a multinational Indian public sector bank, operating in India, with major market share as well as total loans. The State banks group, comprising of SBI and its associates, in India has seen many mergers in the last decade, especially a grand merger in 2017, when five associates of state bank group, were merged in State Bank of India. This paper examines empirically, the impact of these mergers in terms of efficiency increase for SBI, using super efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA), for a year wise relative efficiency evaluation, by analyzing the overall pre-merger and post-merger productivity, with a purpose to identify any significant rise in efficiency, in post-merger performance as compared to the pre-merger performance. This study endeavors to contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical research related to mergers. For the analysis, the present study uses the data for the variables owned funds, borrowings, deposits, wage bills, spread and other income for the SBI and its associates along with four other top performing public sector banks as per market capitalization at Bombay stock exchange, for the time period starting from 2015 through 2020. The findings reveal that the grand merger of 2017 resulted in a robust banking network of SBI, providing a stable position to the bank, on global level. Also, it sustained the weakly performing associates of the State bank group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melting of ferrous metals and alloys is frequently done in a cupola furnace. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of input parameters of cupola furnace such as velocity of air and amount of coke supplied to the furnace. The overall effect of these parameters are studied on parameters like melting rate, pouring temperature, hardness and stress. The experimentation was conducted at C. P. Foundry Works which is located at central India. The experiments were performed at three levels each for melting rate, pouring temperature, hardness and stress. It is found that the optimum performance of furnace get at velocity of 36m/s and 598 kg/hr. The maximum melting rate, pouring temperature, hardness and stress are found as 4000 kg/hr, 1406.250C, 207MPa and 19.75 MPa respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present times, Covid-19 is a great concern for every country as it is spread in multiple countries across the globe. In this paper, we will try to estimate potential consequences of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through a compartmental model. As many parameters may be observed to predict about number of deaths and covid-19 cases due to SARS-Cov2. We will use SEIRD model to predict basic reproduction number with the help of collected data of confirmed Covid-19 cases, deaths and the clinical parameters. In the next part of paper, we will try to make forecast about the number of deaths in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is important component of life and without water we cannot imagine life on earth. This important requirement is being adulterated and is no more available in pure form. This increase in impurity level is main cause of health issues. Not only India all other country also suffering from same problem. We cannot ignore this problem because water is basic for human. Ground water mainly used for drinking and irrigation purpose. Poor quality of water not only affect human life but also affect crops. Chemical, physical and biological properties of water can be change due to natural and anthropogenic factors. Water pollution is hazardous to the health of humans and other organisms, so detection of pollutants is primary importance. Water pollutants are organic contaminants, chemicals, microbial parameters, micro plastics and radioactive substances, heavy metals such as Arsenic, Halogens, Nitrate, Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Aluminium, Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Nickel and iron. Pollutants can affect water properties. Spectroscopic techniques for water analysis are FTIR, NIR, Fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy. Spectroscopic techniques are qualitative and quantitative tool for detection of pollutants. Present paper focuses on the different pollutant responsible for water pollution and different spectroscopic techniques for analysis of water. This will help to recognization of pollutant in water and can take suitable step for this. This will also help in choosing best spectroscopic technique for analysis of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indisputably, building industry including brick and mortar retail markets produce waste in various stages of construction. In addition, these structures produce enormous waste when demolished, which is not utilized effectively in large amount in India. At same time in our country, construction industry is growing at fast rate and proportionately the collective construction and demolish (C&D) waste is increasing drastically. Certainly, this C&D waste is creating negative impact on environmental by escalating pollution to manyfold. Experts recommend that C&D waste should be reduced and reused considerably to make the construction industry sustainable. With new development in the fourth industrial revolution (IR4), various measures in construction industry are available which on one hand can reduce environmental pollution and on other hand have equal strength as of conventional measures. This paper will recognize topmost C&D waste produced by considering Brick & Mortar (B&M) retail markets of Ludhiana and provide insights to measures that are able to reduce waste used in construction. Further, by focusing on circular economy (CE) concept, reuse of the demolished waste in either new construction or in streetscape elements of B&M retail markets, is explored. Definitely, these measures are effective in lowering environmental pollution by reducing and reusing C&M waste in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is undergoing rapid population growth and urbanization. Carbon emissions increased with the growing needs of the people. Though cement has adequate strength properties there is need to limit the cement usage in construction activity. Concrete structures need to be constructed with new materials without compromising the strength. Expanded polystyrene is perfect material for its usage in concrete. Expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) are a light, rigid plastic foam insulating material made from solid particles of polystyrene can be an alternative in concrete replacing aggregates. Steel fiber with high tensile strength is used along with fly ash. The literature review has been done for various parameters on expanded polystyrene concrete along with different fibers. From the literature review it was absorbed that many materials like expanded polystyrene beads, plastic materials are mainly used as replacement of aggregate. This paper presents the results of compressive strength and workability of geopolymer concrete with the effect of expanded polystyrene beads. From the results it is found that strength and workability is increased slightly with the effect of expanded polystyrene beads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Devanagari is an ancient script that is used to write Hindi, Nepali, Marathi, Maithili, Awadhi, Newari, and Bhojpuri, among other Indo-Aryan languages. Thousands of individuals in India use this script to write documents in Marathi and Hindi. Indian mythology is based on this script. Because of the script's prominence, handwritten Devanagari character identification has grown in popularity over time. Handwritten recognition of languages such as English has received a lot of attention, but Indian languages written in the Devanagari script are also a rich source of information. Most of the work on this problem statement has been done either using deep neural networks like CNN at its heart coupled with other machine learning techniques like SVM,Random Forest etc. In this paper we are utilising a recently introduced transformer model for computer vision known as Vision Transformer for the task of Devanagari Character Recognition. We have also compared our model with various pretrained CNN-based architectures like ResNet50,VGG16 and InceptionV3 and ViT has outperformed these models both on DHCD dataset and the modified slightly more complex version of it with accuracy scores of 99.68% on the original testing dataset of the DHCD dataset and accuracy score of 96.55% on the modified(blurred) slightly more complex version of the original testing dataset. The ViT model thus generalized better than standard CNN-based models on the problem of Devanagari Character recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]