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The development of composite has spread in every industrial line. Composite is a solution to the demand for material with superior characteristics. One of the most needed characteristics is burning resistance. Extensive composite application encourages continuous innovation, including in terms of the use of natural fibers as a reinforcement. Research related to natural fibers is needed as an alternative to giving birth to environmentally friendly and economical composite. One of the natural fibers that can be utilized is bamboo fiber. Plants with very high growth rates are expected to be a sustainable alternative. The purpose of this study is to manufacture and test the burn resistance and mechanical property of the glass plate/bamboo fiber reinforced composite. There are 3 types of plates that will be manufactured, namely epoxy plates, glass fiber reinforced composite, and glass/bamboo fiber reinforced composite. glass fiber reinforced composite is manufactured with 4 glass fiber layers. Hybrid composites are manufactured with layers in the form of 2 glass fiber layers, bamboo layers, and 2 glass fiber layers in sequence. The GFRP and hybrid composites manufacturing method is by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. The treatment of the 3 types of plates is burning with a duration of 15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds. The burnt results will be cut and tested according to ASTM D790. The results of the burn and bending tests show that the glass plate/bamboo fiber reinforced composite shows the highest burn resistance and the smallest decrease in bending power due to burnt treatment compared to the other 2 types of plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have become more popular than conventional materials. FRP has experienced significant growth and preference due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, low cost and ease of manufacture. This research aims to examine the mechanical and tribological performance of glass fiber epoxy composite incorporated with carbon nanotube (CNT). The Glass fiber is used here as a reinforcement, and the Epoxy matrix is incorporated with different concentrations of Carbon nanotubes (CNT). Carbon nanotubes have been suggested as the perfect filler material to increase the characteristics of modern nano-composites because of their exceptional properties. The Composite laminates were prepared using a hand layup process followed by an autoclave machine for curing. The glass fiber/epoxy composite was investigated under different weight percentages neat, 0.5% and 1% of carbon nanotubes (CNT). The fabricated specimen composite was tested for Interlaminar shear strength and flexural test in accordance to ASTM-2344 and ASTM D-790. The tribological behaviour of the composite has been experimentally evaluated in a dry sliding state using a pin-on-disc tribometer in accordance with ASTM –G99. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers are derived from plants and trees that have no negative impact on the environment. Composite materials have been utilized for many years. Fibers have been used in composite materials for a long time. The use of natural fibers has decreased as synthetic fibers such as glass fiber reinforced polymer have shown potential benefits. Natural fibers, on the other hand, have some drawbacks, such as poorer durability and strength. Recent advancements in the fiber business, on the other hand, have improved the qualities of natural fibers by properly treating them allowing them to compete with synthetic fibers in terms of durability and strength. In the present study, two types of natural fibers are considered, and they are sandwich hybridized (SH) to attain the properties of the constituent fibers in the whole laminate. The natural fibers considered are hemp and jute. In terms of tensile strength, hemp fiber is slightly stronger than jute fiber. A SH laminate with quasi-isotropic layup sequence is modelled analyzed for buckling and post-buckling under uniaxial compressive loading condition. A finite element method-based software ABAQUS has been used for the analysis purpose. It has been observed that SH laminates in which hemp fibers on the surface and jute in the core region have better performance compared to SH laminates in which jute fibers on the surface and hemp in the core regions. It's worth noting that hybridization has a significant impact on laminate modelling, which can be employed in structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the medical sector, the development of an implantable device with sensing and transmitting capabilities like pressure and temperature has become increasingly crucial. The external receiver of the system can be placed close to and it should be far away from the patient. Implantable device technology is beneficial for the patients in diagnosing serious ailments such as a stroke or cardiac arrest. This research work aims to use a Composite Ground Structure (DGS) for a patch antenna used in biomedical settings. This antenna is fabricated with fibre glass cloth and epoxy resin, and it is ideal for 2.9GHz frequency which lies in the unlicensed band. Furthermore, its design complies with the FCC regulations for this frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usefulness and promise of composite materials in various industrial contexts have received extensive attention in recent years. Chemical treatment and weight fraction modifications are the subject of this investigation into the shore hardness qualities in woven E-Glass, Woven Jute, and Kenaf Hybrid composite laminates. The key objectives are to analyze how the NaOH chemical treatment affects the laminate's hardness and how the fiber weight fraction affects stiffness. Our process entails making composite laminates in a range of circumstances, from raw to treated (NaOH), and from 20% to 25% by weight. Testing the Shore hardness of the laminates is a crucial tool for determining their stiffness. According to the findings, NaOH chemical treatment improves the shore hardness, which is useful for its enhanced rigidity. The importance of optimizing the weight fraction of the composite design is further emphasized by the fact that raising the weight fraction of fibers typically leads to improved hardness. This study elucidates the value of shore hardness testing for characterizing composites and evaluating the effects of treatment and weight fraction modification. Considering the importance of stiffness and durability in numerous fields, research has far-reaching consequences. The research also adds to the field of material engineering by advocating for environmentally friendly options by using natural fibers such jute and kenaf. In sum, the findings of this study deepen our knowledge of composite materials and pave the way for novel, eco-friendly materials and processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials are one type of materials, which reinforced by particles, fabrics or plates of another type. They consist of fibers and materials that keep these fibers known as a matrix that improves the stiffness of the composites, these fibers are widely used to strengthen polymeric. In this paper, the mechanical properties of Kevlar/glass fiber hybrid composite laminate with nanoparticles will be studied. Composite laminates with an epoxy matrix reinforced with twill Kevlar weaved fiber and plain glass was woven fiber. Three different types of composite laminates were manufactured, polymer composite with nanoparticles (AL2O3), polymer composite with glass fiber, and polymer composite with glass fiber and Kevlar. The effect of Kevlar/glass fiber content on the mechanical properties are studied such as hardness, tensile, and impact. The results indicated that hybridization of Kevlar fiber to glass fiber with nanoparticles improved the hardness values, impact energy absorbed, and tensile strength of fibers that were spun with Kevlar fibers and of composite laminates with nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to study the effect of hybrid jute and glass woven fabrics laminated on flame speed and residue properties. The laminate consists of three layers. The first specimen had all three layers of jute (JFRP), the second one had all three layers of glass (GFRP), the third had jute as outer layers with glass in the middle JGJFRP and the fourth one, the opposite of the third with glass as outer layers with jute in the middle GJGFRP. ASTM-D 635 standard was used for horizontal burning test. The result shown that flame speed of JGJFRP was 0.45% faster than GFRP. The flame speed difference between JGJFRP (H1) and GJGFRP (H2) is 0.17%. Weight loss of the sample show that the hybridization with natural fiber as the core (JFGRP) is lower than the glass fiber core (GJFRP). It can be concluded that hybrid laminate is positively influenced flame speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days technology is playing important role in every aspect. In the world of composites, structural proficiency and effectiveness has more importance. Composite materials are very strong and lightweight. The growth of composite applications is increasing in every field. Applications of composite materials have high demand in the areas of aeronautical, aerospace, automobile, medical, civil construction, electronic, submarine industries etc., In this paper the composite materials in the orientation [0/90] fabrication and testing had done to obtain the results. Result shows the strength of composite materials (Jute & E – Glass fiber) for different ply layups. The properties of this composite plates are compared and determined experimentally according to ASTM standards (ASTM D7264) using UTM machine (UNITEK 94100). In this paper hand layup fabrication method are used for fabricating laminates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal mesh fiber reinforced composites are used in various application in the present day to meet growth and stringent demands in the aircraft, automobile, sports goods and consumer products. By hybridizing metal mesh and fiber glass reinforcement in a polymer matrix superior mechanical property can be achieved through design of stacking sequence and application of precise fabrication parameters. The main idea behind the composites is the synergic effect produced by the reinforcement fibers with matrix resin. Drilling was performed using uncoated high speed steel twisted drill bit on the laminates. The optimum process parameter to avoid delamination was calculated by Taguchi method; 10 mm diameter of drill bit with a tool speed of 500 rpm and 0.05 mm tool feed provides the lowest delamination of the stacked epoxy laminate composite. With 51.3% influence, delamination factor is mainly dependent on the diameter of drill bit, followed by speed of tool bit and feed rate of tool with higher combined influence of diameter and speed. These types of laminates may be replaced as car bumper material to withstand impact load with improved strength and stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid composites are widely used in various applications in the structural components of aircraft, automobile, sports goods and consumer products. The aim of this research is to make hybrid composite by laying mesh made of stainless steel and synthetic fiber (glass) as support with epoxy as matrix. To obtain improved thermal properties through design of stacking sequence and precise fabrication parameters are adopted. These laminates are prepared to achieve better impact toughness. In this study the thermal stability of both laminates viz., non-hybrid and hybrid composites are analyzed by conducting thermo gravimetric analysis and the test results were also discussed. These types of laminates may be useful in automobile parts such as engine guards and panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this century, composites have been discovered to be the most promising and discriminating material, and it was found that the most frequent approach to modify the final characteristics of these materials is to incorporate various types of fibers or modifier fillers or both of them into the polymeric matrix. In this study, glass fibers mat and nanoparticles have been added to the unsaturated polyester resin (UPE) in two stages, at first, the fibers have been added with a weight fraction of 26% and calculated the tensile strength, impact resistance, and hardness magnitudes. After that, different weight fractions of nanoparticles zirconium oxide (ZrO2) were added to the mixture and recalculated the previous tests again. The experimental test's results illustrated that the mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact resistance, and hardness) of polyester were enhanced by adding 26 wt.% of glass fibers mat by about (113.58%, 574.5%, 4.7%) respectively. The same tests were repeated after adding different weight fractions (1%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%) of (ZrO2) and observed that adding the nanoparticles were Significant effects on the mechanical properties since at first it improved the tensile strength, impact resistance, and hardness until nanoparticles ratio reached to 2.5 wt.%, but any higher addition than this ratio caused a decrease in the enhancement of the mechanical properties. Thus, it was found that adding 2.5 wt.% nanoparticles gave us the best improvement in the tensile strength, impact resistance, and hardness by about (38.98%, 95.2%, 3.5%) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flaws that occurred in the manufacturing process of unidirectional Glass Fibers Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composite was investigated in the present study. The bonding substances used in this study are the mixture of Epoxy Resin and Epoxy Hardener. Three variations of fiber orientation were manufactured and observed in this study which are (90)4, (0)4, and (±45)4. The manufacturing process is divided into three main sections starting from preparing the epoxy, hand lay-up, and cutting the specimen into the desired geometry and dimensions. The mixing ratio of the resin and hardener suggested by the manufacturer is 2:1. The analysis results show that flaws occur when preparing the bonding substance, hand lay-up, and the cutting process. In the bonding substance process, there was a failure in the resin's composition and mixing conditions, resulting in an uneven mixture, inappropriate mixing ratio, and trapped air bubbles. During the hand lay-up, the surface bubbles and early hardening phenomena occurred due to several manufacturing parameters such as resin viscosity, hardening time, and less than optimal rolling techniques. Besides, there is also damage due to the cutting process in the form of burnt fiber and delamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers are interested in hybrid composites because they have the huge potential to be used as a reinforcement phase for composites. This is mostly owing to the benefits they provide, which include low density, inexpensive, renewable, biodegradable and ecological safety, as well as enhanced mechanical properties. Banana fiber (BF), glass fiber (GF) and Cloisite 93 nano clay hybrid composite laminates were fabricated in this work by combining hand lay-up and hydraulic compression moulding methods with polyester resin. The various mechanical tests such as tensile test, flexural text, and impact test, specimens were cut from the prefabricated laminate as per ASTM standard. The nano filled hybrid composites showed a considerable rise in tensile strength, due to alkali treatment of banana fiber, glass fiber (GFBF) with polyester resin hybrid composite laminates has better mechanical properties. As a result, the hybrid composite material's mechanical characteristics have greatly enhanced. The enhanced performance of these hybrid composites is used in a variety of technical applications like automotive sectors, processing industries and space sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid composite laminates with natural fibers and synthetic fibers are suitable for applications requiring medium strength and stiffness. In general, composite parts have to be machined and drilled which can be further riveted or bolted together. These operations could weaken the structural strength. This article highlights the changes in strength retention characteristics of the open hole PALF/glass/epoxy composite specimen with various stacking sequences under tensile load. Hybrid composites possessed better tensile strength than the pure PALF composites and tensile strength retention was lower as the open-hole diameter increased. The fiber stacking sequence was found to influence both the failure pattern and open-hole tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days, Composite manufacturing Engineers having a greatest challenge of producing light weight and higher strength composites with more developed technology for manufacturing of structural components of aircraft such as fuselage, wing, aerodynamic bodies of automobiles, stator and rotor blades of gas turbines. The polymer composite material made from glass and Glass/carbon hybrid composites and epoxy resin. Then, at that point the filler material graphene was utilized to build the strength of the glass fiber composites. The Laminate of composite was being made by hand layup process and Vacuum bag Moulding. The laminated composite was being sliced to the necessary measurements according to ASTM norms. Then, at that point different mechanical properties were analysed according to the ASTM norms. Then the influence of nano materials is studied on the glass fibre mechanical properties glass fibre mechanical properties alone, Glass fiber composites with Graphene and Glass/Graphene-enhanced carbon fibre composites. Then the modelling analyses of the components are carried out by Fusion 3600software and the tensile analysis was done utilizing ANSYS 14.5. The carbon and glass fiber with Graphene had shown a higher mechanical strength of the materials. And the modification of G/C FRP composites with Graphene improved the durability more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, composite materials are increasingly used in automotive, aeronautic, aerospace, construction applications. Composite materials have been used in aerospace in applications such as engine blades, brackets, interiors, nacelles, propellers/rotors, single aisle wings, wide body wings. The fields of use of composite materials have multiplied with the improvement of material properties, such as stability and adaptation to the environment, mechanical tests, wear resistance, moisture resistance, etc. The composite materials are classified concerning type of matrix materials, as metallic, polymeric and ceramic based composites and are grouped according to the reinforcement type as fibre, obtaining particulate and laminate composites. Production of a better material is made more likely by combining two or more materials with complementary properties. The best combination of strength and ductility may be accomplished in solids that consist of fibres embedded in a host material. Polyester is a suitable component for composite materials, as it adheres so readily to the particles, sheets, or fibres of the other components. The important properties of the reinforcing fibres are their high strength and high modulus of elasticity. For applications, as in automotive or in aeronautical domain, in which a high strength-to-weight ratio is important, non-metallic fibres such as fiberglass have a distinct advantage because of their low density. In general, the glass fibres content varied between 9 to 33% wt. in the composites. In this article, high-performance types of composite materials glass-epoxy and glasspolyester used in automotive domain will be analyzed, performing tensile and flexural tests and SEM analyzes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on mechanical and viscoelastic properties of epoxy-based Glass/Carbon fiber hybrid composite were investigated. In the present work, a small amount of MWCNTs in the range of 0.25 - 1 wt. % is directly mixed in epoxy/matrix material. Different hybrid composites were prepared by hand lamination method by placing Glass and Carbon fiber reinforcements alternatively in the matrix. Tensile, Bending, Impact, and viscoelastic tests were carried out as per ASTM to characterize the Hybrid composite laminates. The results revealed an increase in tensile strength and a decrease in flexural strength with an increase in MWCNTs in the range of 0.25 - 1 wt. percent. Impact strength of pure Glass/Carbon fiber hybrid composite is much higher as compared to other composite laminates. Glass Transition Temperature is unaffected by the addition of MWCNTs in the range of 0.25 - 1 wt% in the matrix (Tg). The storage modulus, loss modulus, and tan delta of hybrid laminates were calculated using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper contains an experimental investigation to find out the residual strength of different composite members, which is subjected to flexure loading. The three-point bending test was performed to load glass-fiber-reinforced laminated composites, which was fabricated defected. E-glass/epoxy composite specimens have been fabricated using hand layup technique by adding multiple delaminations in transverse and longitudinal directions. The delamination length has been kept 15.5% of the total length of the beam in the fabricated samples. [90°20], and [90°32] stacking sequence were selected for the laminated beams to perform tests. The influence of delamination on the ultimate strength of the damaged laminated composite beams has been investigated. The results obtained herein can be coupled with the damage characterization by non-destructive evaluation for condition monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer matrix composite is mostly used as main material of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) structure. The composite material that is usually used is polymer matrix composite using glass or carbon fiber with epoxy or polyester resin. E-glass, carbon, and aramid are the fibers that widely used in composite because of their high stiffness and strength, and they are lightweight. Therefore, in this study, the authors conducted a study of the mechanical properties of E-glass composite materials. We use E-glass fiber ±45°, this E-glass is woven type with fiber direction -45° and +45°. This E-glass will be tied with Lycal resin and epoxy. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanical properties material such as tensile strength and stiffness of a composite material of E-glass fiber ±45° with Lycal resin and epoxy resin. Composite was compared between Lycal and epoxy ones. We manufactured the composite E-glass fiber ±45º/Lycal and E-glass fiber ±45º/epoxy with hand lay-up method, the cut specimen geometry refer to ASTM D3039 for tensile standard test. Tensile test was conducted with Tensilon Universal Testing Machine – AND RTF-2410 with a 100kN load cell, specimen shape and size according to standard size ASTMD 3039. The result shown that the matrix had an effect on tensile strengths of composite samples. The tensile strength of E-glass fiber ±45º/epoxy composite is 65.43 MPa, while the tensile strength of E-glass fiber ±45º/Lycal composite is 49.94 MPa, so that E-glass fiber ±45º/epoxy composite is stronger than E-glass fiber ±45º/Lycal composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many types of prefabricated reinforcing glass and carbon mats of various orientation schemes e.g. (0/90/45)n . Some orientation angles are critical, at which longitudinal and transverse Young’s moduli reach their minimum. In case of UD glass fibers reinforced laminates this critical orientation angle is about 50° with respect to the loading direction. To keep both Young’s moduli at satisfactory level the applied reinforcement orientation angles must differ from the critical one. This paper presents the calculation method of longitudinal and transverse effective Young’s moduli of orthotropic laminate with two different orientation angles of UD glass fiber reinforcement. The effect of mutual stiffening of oriented laminas has been taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual stresses are those stresses which exist in the specimen even before the specimen has been loaded. Chemical Shrinkage of matrix and the thermal mismatch between the components of the composites during curing are main sources for residual stresses in polymer composite. Residual stresses may add up to the external loads and cause premature failure of the structure. The presence of residual stresses effects the structural integrity of the structure and should be investigated and quantified. Unidirectional (UD) woven Glass fiber was coated with epoxy resin using manual draw down method and then composite laminate was made using hand lamination technique which was cured under room temperature and then post cured at 180 °C for 3 hours The main objective of this work is to experimentally determine the cure induced residual stresses in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite using incremental slitting method. The technique compromises of introducing a thin slit using a CNC milling from the top surface of the specimen in the form of incremental cuts while the corresponding released strains are recorded from strain gauge bonded on the bottom surface of the specimen for every incremental cut. The results obtained display a high values of residual stresses inherited during the curing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers have higher economic impact and miniature in density when compared to glass fibers while making composites. Though the strength of the natural fibers is not as high as glass fibers, these specific properties are comparable. In this work the variation of mechanical and physical properties of epoxy based unidirectional banana-glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites has been studied. The hand Layup method of fabrication was employed in preparing the composite laminates of unidirectional banana-glass fiber. The objective of present work is to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties of laminates such as tensile strength, flexural strength, inter-Laminar shear strength and water absorption properties of different composition of unidirectional Banana and E-glass fabrics. Also to evaluate the density of each laminate and water absorption properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of fiber orientation on translaminar fracture toughness of a glass-epoxy composite laminate were evaluated using a compact tension shear (CTS) mixed mode (I/II) fracture specimen. Unidirectional (UD) glass fiber laminates of 0° and 0/90° orientation were considered for the experimental work. The fabrication of the CTS mixed mode (I/II) fracture specimen plates of thickness 9mm for various fiber orientations were done using hand lay-up technique. The CTS specimens of various fiber orientations are machined to form composite plates. The experimental study conducted for CTS specimen was of seven loading angle varying from 0° (mode-I) to 90° (mode-II) with an increment of 15° for various fiber orientation. Experimentally evaluated peak loads from CTS mixed mode (I/II) fracture specimen for various fiber orientations and loading angle are utilized to estimate the translaminar fracture toughness. The experimental results of translaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional (UD) glass fiber shows higher for 0/90° as compared with 0° fiber orientation and highly dependent on loading angle. The factography study clearly indicates that the crack initiation/direction depends on the loading angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight foamed concrete which is produced with Portland cement is noble in compression but fragile in tension because it comprises various micro pores that tend to crack. The micro cracks start to transmit in the cement matrix when excessive load is transferred. Hence this research project explored the potential use of textile carbon grid laminates reinforced lightweight foamed concrete in terms of its mechanical properties. It should be pointed out that one of the major problems faced in reinforced lightweight concrete construction is the corrosion of reinforcing steel which ominously distresses the lifespan and robustness of concrete assemblies. Henceforth, fiber glass strip laminates as a replacement to welded wire mesh can commendably abolish the delinquent of decomposition as they are protected to corrosion. There are 3 densities of foamed concrete of 800kg/m3, 1100kg/m3 and 1400kg/m3 will be prepared will with inclusion of 3 different types of fiber glass strip laminates which are 130g, 145g and 160g (weight per square meter). The components that will be evaluated are failure modes, performance index, and microscopy study. When the basis weight of fiber glass strip laminates increases (from 130g to 160g), the greater the tensile bond strength of lightweight foamed concrete. As the load increases on the lightweight foamed concrete, a flew in the matrix may spread over the specimen cross-section. The mechanics of this spread depends on the size of the flaw, the properties of the fiber glass strip laminates reinforcement and matrix toughness. If lightweight foamed concrete is adequately reinforcing, the bridging fiber glass strip laminates will share the load and transfer it to the other parts of the specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ballistic impact resistance of hybrid composite laminates was investigated in this research. The laminates considered for the studies are prepared by placing carbon fabric and glass fabric reinforced epoxy polymer layers at the exterior or the interior of aramid fabric laminates. Several hybrid composite laminates with different area weight and different ply scheme were prepared by autoclave method. The hybrid composite laminates were impact with flat-ended cylindrical steel projectiles shot by ballistic gun; V50 as well as Ballistic Performance Indicator were obtained accordingly. Ballistic impact test results have shown shear fracture at the front surface layers of composite laminates, delamination in the interior and tensile failure near the back surface layers. The impact damage area was also evaluated by ultrasonic non-destructive testing. The experimental results show that hybrid composite laminates with carbon or glass fiber reinforced composites as surface layer have higher energy absorption which will increase the ballistic impact resistance of aramid fabric composite. The results also have significance for the ballistic design of hybrid composite component for aero-engine containment case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last twenty to thirty years composite materials have been used in engineering field. Composite materials possess high strength, high strength to weight ratio due to these facts composite materials are becoming popular among researchers and scientists. The major proportion of engineering materials consists of composite materials. Composite materials are used in vast applications ranging from day-to-day household articles to highly sophisticated applications. In this paper an attempt is made to prepare three different composite materials using e-glass and Hemp. In this present investigation hybrid composite of Hemp, Glass fiber and Nano clay will be prepared by Hand-layup technique. The glass fiber used in this present investigation is E-glass fiber bi-directional: 90˚ orientation. The composite samples will be made in the form of a Laminates. The wt% of nanoclay added in the preparation of sample is 20 gm constant. The fabricated composite Laminate will be cut into corresponding profiles as per ASTM standards for Mechanical Testing. The effect of addition of Nano clay and variation of Hemp/glass fibers will be studied. In the present work, a new Hybrid composite is developed in which Hemp, E glass fibers is reinforced with epoxy resin and with Nano clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explosive reactive armor requires a rugged, energy absorbing enclosure for effective integration onto a vehicle. The enclosure both protects the armor materials from the environmental exposure and reduces the collateral damage during a ballistic event by controlling the effects of the ensuing blast. Current designs of a reactive armor enclosures on a combat vehicle are constructed from stainless steel and are heavy. U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center (TARDEC) performed extensive design and testing on composite enclosures in an effort to reduce weight. Multiple iterations of material, thickness, and fiber orientation have yielded a design with acceptable performance at half the weight of the current enclosures. This design is constructed of woven laminates of a structural fiberglass. This will result in significant weight savings on Army combat vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical model recently found [1] for the prediction of the indentation depth was verified for composite laminates different in matrix and fibre subjected to low velocity impact loads. The data obtained in [1] on common glass and carbon fibre laminates made by common epoxy matrix, were here compared to the results obtained on laminates made by glass fibre immersed in phenolic matrix and novel basalt fibre in epoxy resin. The model takes into explicitly account the tup diameter and presents the advantage that only a single material constant to be experimentally determined is necessary for the prediction. The comparison showed that the value of the constant is different for the different material systems analysed so that it can be assumed as an index for the indentation sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) are increasingly utilized in engineering structures because of their performance and fabrication advantages. With this increased utilization, a technique to gage quality and further characterize the materials would be beneficial. The nondestructive applications for Terahertz (T-ray) methods have also experienced increased utilization for evaluating engineering materials and will be reported on here in applications for the inspection and characterization of FRP materials used in wind energy components. First, refraction and transmission T-ray modes are used to determine the refractive index (n) of a glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) reference sample, and extended for calculating the refractive indices for a sample of GFRP, balsa and epoxy. Additionally, carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) samples were evaluated with respect to fiber directions versus T-ray electric field polarization direction to evaluate the level of penetration of T-ray energy due to the fiber orientation dependent conductivity of this composite material. Finally, an evaluation of T-ray data was made to evaluate resonance effects, where the resonance frequency was found to agree with that expected from reflections from individual plies in thick GFRP laminates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental method to visualize the propagation of ultrasonic Lamb waves in composite plates with delaminations, using air coupled ultrasonic transducers, is described here. Using this method experiments are done, on glass fiber reinforced plastic(GFRP) laminates, to study the Lamb wave interactions with delamination type defects. The S0 and A0 modes are chosen for experiments at an excitation frequency of 200 kHz. Defect dimensions are calculated from the visualization images and compared with actual values. A method for detecting depth of defects using deviation of wave-fronts, at the defect contours, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selected mechanical properties of glass/epoxy laminate candidates for use in the electrical turn and ground insulation of the ITER Central solenoid (CS) modules were measured. Short-beam shear and flexural tests have been conducted on various E-glass cloth weaves/epoxy laminates at 295 and 77 K. Types of glass weave include 1581, 7500, 7781, and 38050, which represent both satin and plain weaves. The epoxy, planned for use for vacuum-pressure impregnation of the CS module, consists of an anhydride-cured bisphenol F resin system. Inter-laminar shear strength, flexural elastic modulus, and flexural strength have been measured. The data indicate that these properties are dependent on the volume percent of glass. Short-beam shear strength was measured as a function of the span-to-thickness ratio for all laminates at 77 K. Comprehensive fractography was conducted to obtain the failure mode of each short-beam shear test sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of a new empirical model for the prediction of the indentation depth resulting in a glass fibre laminates subjected to a low velocity impact, was verified. CFRP indentation data, drawn from a database, were considered to validate the new model. The advantage of the new model is that the effect of the tup diameter is explicitly accounted for. Furthermore, a single material constant has to be experimentally determined and it can be assumed as an index for the indentation sensitivity. The constant was found similar for GFRP and CFRP laminates denoting independence of constraint conditions, laminate type or laminae orientation and stacking sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]