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Most of the study of causal relationship of GDP or growth with Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in the context of China rely on cross country comparisons, or simple correlations/regressions disregarding nonstationarity properties, or at most on VAR or VECM or Johansen-Juselius cointegration technique of testing for Granger causality. The potential biases, pitfalls, influence of nuisance parameters and asymptotic unreliability of these techniques have been well documented in the literature and also briefly mentioned in this paper. Therefore, this paper employs the more recent and robust Toda-Yamamoto-Dolado-Lutkephol Augmented VAR(p) technique for testing Granger causality among four time series variables. This technique has been shown to provide more robust and asymptotically reliable results under wide variety of situations regarding the cointegration relationships among the time series. This study focuses on the post liberalization period and the results strongly support both Export-led and foreign-Direct- Investment-led Growth in China. Imports, however, do not have direct Granger causality towards GDP, but certainly influence it through the indirect channel of influencing Exports and Foreign direct Investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shanghai has become one of the largest magnets for foreign direct investment in the world and is emerging as China's global city. Shanghai also is attracting a large population of foreign managers, professional and service workers. This paper examines the gendered, sexual and ethnic relations at play in the development of this new international community. This paper examines this new international community using the methodology of symbolic interaction and gender studies. Using qualitative data from interviews and long-term ethnographic fieldwork, it emphasizes four general points: (1) international migration studies should consider the movement of foreign residents into China's new global cities (2) Shanghai's international community includes many Chinese and must be situated in the local social and cultural geography of Shanghai (3) the sexual and gender strategies of participants are key to understanding community formation. The paper uses a historic sociological study to compare the international community in Shanghai with the one in Shanghai before 1949. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of various distances between home and host countries in shaping the decision of foreign direct investment. Using a panel dataset of Chinese firms which have invested in 43 countries and regions during 2003-2009, we show that institutional distance is favourable to Chinese investment, while economic and cultural distances negatively affect Chinese investment. Further, technology distance displays an inversed-U shape with Chinese investment. These findings point to the importance of going beyond firm boundary to consider various distances between home and host countries in making investment decisions. And these findings are helpful to Chinese business managers to make foreign investment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The People's Republic of China (China) was one of the original contracting parties of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), from which it subsequently seceded. The process of the readmission of China into the multilateral trading system lasted for fifteen years and was the longest and most difficult in history. China's reform process toward a market-based economy has triggered a significant reorientation of international trade flows. China has indeed experienced very quick trade integration into the world markets as is exemplified by a strong increase in its share in world trade. China became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December 2001. In this paper the modified gravity model of international trade is used for the investigation of the influence of China's entry into the WTO on cross-border financing that China carries out with selected world economies. Empirical gravity models have a long-standing tradition in international financing and banking literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the entry of foreign capital, China’s insurance industry is under increasing pressure of competition. The performance of a company is the external manifestation of its comprehensive strength. Therefore, the establishment of a scientific evaluation system is of practical significance for the insurance companies. In this paper, based on the financial and non-financial indicators of the companies, the performance evaluation system is constructed by means of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In the system, the weights of the indicators which represent the impact on the performance of the companies will be calculated by the process. The evaluation system is beneficial for the companies to realize their own strengths and weaknesses, so as to take steps to enhance the core competitiveness of the companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FDI research has so far focused on firms' initial investment decisions into a foreign market, paying little attention to subsequent FDI expansion activities. This paper attempts to relate a firm's first entry strategies into a foreign market with its subsequent FDI expansion path in that market. Specifically, we look at the impacts of the timing, equity ownership, and the size of first entries on the probability and speed of making subsequent investments. A sample of Japanese investments in China seems to suggest two alternative paths of expansion: early entry with incremental growth or late entry but with fast expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in terms of global economic stratification. Utilizing gross national income per capita (GNI) data spanning 1990 to 2010, we attempt to place China and SSA in the context of peripheral and semiperipheral development. Our results show that despite an initial conformity to trimodal distribution, as China begins to experience significant economic growth there are dramatic changes in the shape of the distribution of population as a function of GNI per capita. We then try to determine whether there is a 'China effect' on SSA given their increasing involvement through trade, foreign direct investment and foreign aid. We find that, for the most part, individual resource-rich countries that are heavily involved with China have successfully advanced in the trimodal hierarchy of the world-system. However, as a group SSA continues to remain in the tail end of the distribution; that is, while there has been absolute economic improvement for some countries, on a whole SSA has not seen any major changes with majority of the world's poorest remaining in that region. Finally, we look at the cases of Zimbabwe, Botswana, Angola, and Equatorial Guinea whose movements and/or non-movements raise questions about the role of the semi-periphery in the world-economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid global market integration diminishes potential diversification benefits from investing into the equities of different countries. Industry sector diversification is recognized as an efficient risk management technique for domestic portfolios as cross country diversification was not sufficient. This study provides a comparison of benefits from diversification for an investor with a consideration of industry sectors and finds if industry sector selection will enhance benefits of diversification in their domestic portfolios. Study extends Gupta and Basu (2011) study who compare industry sector diversification with in Australian and Indian stock markets using Asymmetric DCC GARCH model for estimation of time varying correlations and retest the sectoral allocation effect in China's stock market. Study makes important contribution by applying Asymmetric DCC GARCH model to estimate correlations between sector indices and measuring the diversification benefits from sector indices of emerging markets in a dynamic process that are more realistic within the changing global financial environment. Results of the study provide means of achieving similar benefits in risk-adjusted returns without the need to invest in foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the intensity of FDI and Chinese labor productivity is studied using industry and province specific data. In low technology industries, the data suggest a curvilinear, "inverted-U," relationship. Unlike previous research, this paper supports a curvilinear relationship for truly international FDI, not just investments from within Greater China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the EU perspective on the "Chinese investments" in Central and Eastern European States (CEE)? Is there any concern for EU considering Chinese economic and institutional activities and investment in the CEE? Is Chinese strategic direction for "One Belt, One Road" strategy purely economically determined, or it goes beyond financial impact and impose social interaction and influence. As indicated by Johannes Hahn, the EU commissioner, there is a valid concern of EU for Chinese investment strategy; the risk of extended investment and commitment in Sino-European Relations lies not solely within the EU, each EU member country carries individual responsibility. This paper examines the perception, influence and interaction of Chinese investment activities labelled as "soft financing" strategy, as well as Chinese social Institutions and organizations as "soft power" in CEE Region and importance of integrated and homogeneous approach of all EU members towards relationship with China. How well Europe will be able to find common strategy towards China, might determine how well will Europe succeed in assuring integration and preservation of strong European Union, as well as stability and independency of the European region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the world's economy is in a constantly change. Foreign direct investments flows are one of the most dynamic and prospective part of the world's economy. The main goal of this study is to underline the evolution of the FDI flows and FDI stock in Romania, based on the results of an econometrical method, to see the correlation that exists between FDI and economical growth and to determine if by stimulating the foreign direct investments, we will increase the GDP level. The last part of our goal will be achieved by a little comparison with China. Through this paper, we tried to analyze the foreign direct investments flows and stock in Romania, during 1991 - 2009, variables correlated with GDP per capita, one of the most important macroeconomic indicators. This study is based on UNCTAD statistics and on an econometrical model which gives us the possibility to create different analysis concerning FDI flows and stock in this country. So we defined a multiple regression model, in which the dependent variable is represented by Nominal and real GDP, total and per capita, variable explicated by FDI flows and FDI stock, using as method the Least Squared, including 19 observations. Inward and outward direct investments flows in Romania has reached the highest level in 2008, when the total amount was $13,909 billion, but in 2009, the world crisis, has influenced the trends in Romania, so the flows have reached only $6,329 billion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is shown in the paper, Russia and its Far Eastern region (RFE) possess large amounts of mineral wealth, comparable to that of China, USA, Australia, Canada and other major mineral producing countries. The same can be said with respect to the production of mineral commodities, including highly valuable ones. Unfortunately, country's and region's mineral potentials are insufficiently geologically explored and are not used to their full capacity. Presumably, the situation can be substantially corrected in positive direction by attracting foreign and transnational capitals and expertise, both on intrastate and transboarder bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of large amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow on urbanization in China. Most FDI in China is related to export-processing and export-assembling in unskilled labor-intensive manufacturing sectors. Inter-urban competition generated by capital's hypermobility under globalization forms a transition of urban governance in advanced capitalism from managerialism to entreprenurialism. FDI provides an indirect impact on urbanization resulting in a faster urbanization than domestic capital.

The article examines the financing of creative industries in the People's Republic of China. There are four levels of economic activity: economic specialization, de-territorialized production, partially traded or non-traded services, and routine manufacturing and services. The principal financiers of the Chinese film industry are: government, foreign investors, business enterprises, advertising companies, and state-owned enterprises. The sources for investment in Chinese television production are: government funds, below the line strategies, and investment from enterprises.

Currently, China is the world's largest exporter and its share of global markets continues to rise. Not because the economy expands its low-cost manufacturing base, as manufacturing is, in fact, moving out from China to other countries in South-East Asia and Africa. On the contrary, the country is moving up the value chains through innovation. Through the lens of the National Innovation System and Learning Models, and using the newest secondary data, as well as a collection of interviews and on-ground observations in China, the study identifies and describes the underlying mechanisms, structural causes, public policies and institutional arrangements that drive the country's transition towards a more innovative economy. It highlights the key characteristics of the national innovation system, in respect to funding for research, government's role and public policies, inbound and outbound foreign investment as well other factors. The study does not attempt to evaluate how innovative China is, which is a legitimate but separate discussion. In turn, this study will explain how innovation actually occurs in China. China's technological progress relies on an unique mix of liberalization, imitation, incremental innovation, strong R&D spending, burgeoning market scale, competition between local governments and strong central policies. Progress is uneven, as several technological sectors and administrative regions are global leaders, whereas others fall far behind. Elements of this landscape might be of use to other developing economies. However, due to the peculiarity of China's, including its economic and demographic scale, as well as its political system, its solutions might only fit China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China captures a special interest in FDI literature as an emerging country whose outbound foreign direct investment (FDI) surpassed inbound flows in 2015, following the 'opening up' policy applied since 1999. It thus challenges the traditional FDI theory, initially based on developed countries as main providers of capital flows. In this context, the motivation of Chinese investors in different types of countries is still a matter of speculation in the literature. This study investigates the special theoretical framework for explaining Chinese FDI outflows and for establishing the corresponding main FDI determinants in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, where Chinese interest became clear once with the entering into force of the 16+1 framework of cooperation and the One Belt One Road Initiative in 2011-2012. The empirical part of the study is focused on building six panel models with fixed effects, encompassing five of the CEE countries which are the recipients of the largest part of Chinese investments in this region (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania). The panel analysis allows testing for FDI determinants and the major motivations of investors from China during the period 2005-2015. The main results confirm that the dimension of the market has the strongest impact on attracting FDI from China. In addition, Chinese investors are also targeting a certain type of strategic resource - the qualified labour force, which enables them to gain practical information and skills - and are looking for efficiency-seeking locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Trump pulled the U.S. out of the TPP and stepped up his attack of free trade, many see that the American role as the leader of the liberal world economic order as characterized by trade globalization is ending. Some predict that other big economies, most notably China, will pick up the pieces and become the new leader of the global free trade system, transforming a US-led globalization into a China-led one. I argue that trade globalization over the last three decades, despite the apparent independence of this process from any particular nation-states, has been grounded on the large and expanding U.S. consumer market, its capital export, the hegemonic status of the US dollar, and US global military supremacy. These unique features of the US political economy have developed over long historical period. Any countries that are aspired to replace the US as the new leader of globalization will have to restructure their political economy into a consumption-driven one, to boost its currency's international usage, and to effectively project its political military power overseas to protect its capital export. Such restructuring is a grave challenge for China. Before China attains these structural conditions, the new multilateral institutions and agreements that China fostered recently will not supplant the existing, US-led global governing institutions. But they could supplement the existing US-led order to create a hybrid of China-led and US-led globalization characterized by complementary or competing spheres of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating institution based view with firm internationalization research, we argue that there are two facets of home country institutions - their supportiveness for international expansion and their unfavorableness for domestic operations - both of which facilitate foreign direct investment. These relationships are however moderated by a firm's degree of international orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the outbound investment of the Pan-Asian countries with reference to their tax treatment. It discusses structures established by the Canadian multinationals by investing in Russia, China and India and also discusses the economic growth of these countries. Information on the tax treatment and the implications on the Canadian tax due to this Pan-Asian foreign investment are also presented.

The article presents information on the foreign policy and the outbound investment from the Asian countries namely China, India, South Korea and Singapore to Canada. It discusses the tax issues regarding the foreign investments from these countries into Canada and also discusses its effect on Canadian tax. Information on the investment relationships of Canada and the Asian countries is also presented.

With minimal foreign capital infusions (the limited Soviet financial aid), Chinese 'mercantilist' state had to appropriate the 'fruit' of the land reform: the rural surplus that was formally appropriated by the landlords was extracted through collectivization. The rural surplus was transferred to industry through supplying urban workers in state enterprises with cheap food in order to suppress industrial wage. This allowed Chinese state to sustain a more rapid pace of self-reliance accumulation and industrialization. Chinese 'mercantilist' state's dual exploitation of peasants and urban workers strengthened the rural-urban dichotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the neoinstitutional theory of organizations to examine how China's foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) manage their labor relations by adopting four specific formal structures. Two of these structures have indigenous origins, while the other two are imports from Western capitalist economies. Empirical evidence is drawn on original data collected in a national survey of Chinese FIEs. Our analysis shows that a significant proportion of FIEs have localized their labor practices by adopting Chinese-style structures and that these indeginous structures prove more effective than imported structures in reducing the tension and conflict between labor and management. The extent of FIE adaptation is shaped by both institutional processes and strategic considerations. These findings support our view that FIEs as transnational organizations are capable of significant adaptation to distinct institutional environments across national boundaries, and that organizational interests interact with institutional forces to shape their structures and practices. This study also sheds light on the emerging institutional order in transitional economies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent global integration of financial markets generates a pressing debate on the impact of global capital on the domestic markets. We challenge the singular linear causal link between foreign capital and its resulting outcomes and develop two-way measurements in assessing the consequences of the flowing of global capital: how open a domestic economic system is to foreign capital on the one hand and how foreign investors are embedded in the institutional underpinnings of a domestic market on the other hand. Through analyzing a longitudinal data from China's public-listed firms between 1994 and 2003, we have several findings. First, foreign investors could positively affect firm performance only when they partnered with domestic shareholders in this market. Second, the positive effects of foreign shareholders varied across different partnerships with local companies. Foreign investors' partnership with state owners was weaker than their partnership with private investors. Finally, the increase of foreign shares did not necessarily result in the proportional increase of their positive role. When foreign investors dominated in a firm's ownership structures, their positive effects faded away. This study suggests that the quantities of foreign investments as standard economic indicators only partially impact economic outcomes. The qualitative involvement of global investors in the institutional contexts of host countries shapes organizational consequences in a more deterministic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]