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The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. These papers are from the CIAE 2020 Virtual International Pre-Conference. The global aberration, called COVID-19, defined 2020 beyond national borders. COVID-19 reshaped the format of the 69th annual AAACE conference by replacing the traditional bustling human interaction with virtual meetings and presentations. These "Proceedings" contain 12 papers from 17 authors. The preeminence of COVID-19 in the 2020 International Pre-Conference papers demonstrates CIAE's commitment to being globally responsive and relevant. The word COVID appearing 88 times and COVID-19 appearing 86 times with mentions in two paper titles are an acknowledgement of the common threads of humanity and of hope for a surpassing future. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

Because Literacy and Essential Skills are so important to economic development, it is vital to know the competencies needed by the educators who deliver Literacy and Essential Skills programming. Likewise, Literacy and Essential Skills are crucial for labour market attachment. Low-skilled work has been most affected by technological change. There was a need to examine the competencies required by educators working in this field so that they can be recognized for the skills they possess and the impact they have on Canada's economic competitiveness. It is important to consider ways to move forward so that there is support for increased labour market attachment and increased skills. To this end Canadian Literacy and Learning Network (CLLN) undertook the research reported herein. This think paper explores the following areas: (1) Literacy and Essential Skills providers have a role in ensuring the competencies of educators delivering Literacy and Essential Skills programs in the workplace; (2) Competencies include characteristics that should be considered as well as qualifications; and (3) Dealing with the loss of experienced educators and the needs of educators new to the field--mentoring and observation. A bibliography is included.

For the thirty-seventh year, the Research and Theory Division and the Division of Instructional Design of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) sponsored the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Jacksonville, Florida. This year's Proceedings is presented in two volumes--Volume 1 includes twenty-seven research and development papers. Volume 2 includes thirty-one papers on the practice of educational communications and technology. The 27 papers with respective authors included in Volume 1 are: (1) Information Visualization in Students Eye: An Eye Tracking Study of Rising Sea Levels (Dalia Alyahya, Suzan Alyahya); (2) Interactive eBooks as a Tool of Mobile Learning for Digital-Natives in Higher Education: Interactivity, Preferences and Ownership (Aadil Askar); (3) Recognition of Prior Learning Occurring in Online Informal and Non-Formal Learning Environments: The Case of Higher Education in Turkey (Mesut Aydemir); (4) Open Dialogue: A Content Analysis of the #OpenEducation Twitter Hashtag (Fredrick W. Baker); (5) Enhancing Online Courses with Digital Storytelling (Sally Baldwin, Yu-Hui Ching); (6) Visualizing Learning for the Next Generation: Visual and Media Literacy Research, 2000-2014 (Danilo M. Baylen, Kendal Lucas); (7) Examining the Role of Emotion in Public Health Education Using Multimedia (Sungwon Chung, Kwangwoo Lee, Jongpil Cheon); (8) Students' Online Learning Experiences in Collectivist Cultures (Ana-Paula Correia); (9) Emphasis on Standards: What Do the Interns Report? (Lana Kaye B. Dotson); (10) A Comparison of Learner Self-Regulation in Online and Face-to-Face Problem-Based Learning Courses (Christopher Andrew Glenn); (11) Exploring the Influence of Academic Technology Professionals in Higher Education (Stephanie Glick); (12) Educational Technologies Working in Today's Classrooms: Tech Tools And Apps for Teaching in the Real World (V. Paige Hale); (13) Modeling the Processes of Diagramming Arguments that Support and Inhibit Students' Understanding of Complex Arguments (Allan Jeong, Haeyoung Kim); (14) A Review of Research on Collaboration via Blogs in Online Learning (Habibah Khan, Trey Martindale); (15) Competency of Teachers in Using Technology Based on ISTE NETS.T In Tatweer Schools-Saudi Arabia (Abdulrahman A Kamal); (16) Middle School Teachers' Perspective: The Benefits, Challenges, and Suggestion When Using the iPad (Jeungah Kim); (17) Concept Centrality: A Useful and Usable Analysis Method to Reveal Mental Representation of Bilingual Readers (Kyung Kim, Roy B. Clariana); (18) Adolescents' Internet Use and Usage in a Family Context: Implications for Family Learning (Wilfred W. F. Lau, Allan H. K. Yuen); (19) Leveraging Technology: Facilitating Preservice Teachers TPACK Through Video Self Analysis (James E. Jang, Jing Lei); (20) Use of the Flipped Instructional Model in Higher Education: Instructors' Perspectives (Taotao Long, John Cummins, Michael Waugh); (21) Evaluation of the "Let's Talk: Finding Reliable Mental Health Information and Resources" Pilot Program for Grades 7 and 8 Students in Three Ontarian School Boards and One Independent School in Quebec (Cameron Montgomery, Natalie Montgomery, Christine Potra); (22) Touching Our Way to Better Conversations: How Tablets Impact Cognitive Load and Collaborative Learning Discourses (Christopher Ostrowski); (23) The Effect of Self-Assessment on Achievement in an Online Course (Yasin Özarslan, Ozlem Ozan); (24) Perceptions of the Role and Value of Interactive Videoconferencing and Chat Rooms in Supporting Goals of Cross-Cultural Understanding among Three Educational Nonprofit Organizations (Shilpa Sahay, Pavlo Antonenko); (25) Pre-Service English Teachers' Achievement Goal Orientations: A Study of a Distance English Language Teacher Education Program (Hasan Uçar, Müjgan Bozkaya); (26) Perceptions of Online Program Graduates: A 3-Year Follow-up Study (Michael L. Waugh, Jian Su Searle); and (27) Course Structure Design Decision to Solve Academic Procrastination in Online Course (Yufei Wu, Tiffany A. Koszalka, Lina Souid, Jacob A. Hall). (Individual papers contain references.) [For Volume 2, see ED562048.]

This issue includes the following articles: "Vowel Epenthesis in Vimeu Picard: A Preliminary Investigation" (Julie Auger, Jeffrey Steele); "Lexical Borrowings from French in Written Quebec English: Perspectives on Motivation" (Pamela Grant-Russell and Celine Beaudet); "Variable Article Use in Korean Learners of English" (Hikyoung Lee); "The Loss of Auxiliary Selection in English" (Mimi Lipson); "Syntactic Change in Progress: Semi-Auxiliary Busy in South African English" (Rajend Mesthrie); "The Emergence of Creole Subject-Verb Agreement" (Miriam Meyerhoff); "Double Subject Marking in L2 Montreal French" (Naomi Nagy, Helene Blondeau); "Testing the Creole Continuum" (Peter Patrick); "Going Younger To Do Difference: The Role of Children in Language Change" (Julie Roberts); and"Situated Ethnicities: Constructing and Reconstructing Identity in the Sociolinguistic Interview" (Natalie Schilling-Estes). References are appended to each article. (KFT)

The relationship between indigenous peoples and nation-states has long been of academic interest, and is also an emerging topic in the international debate about human rights and development. Universities and museums play an important part in this debate as producers, managers, and communicators of knowledge about indigenous peoples. In these processes, the voices of indigenous peoples themselves must also find their proper place. A workshop at the University of Tromso (Norway) in October 1997 addressed aspects of this debate. The point of departure was a collaborative research program between the Universities of Botswana and Tromso to promote research of relevance for the indigenous people of Botswana, called Bushmen, San, Basarwa, or Kwe. The University of Tromso also has a special responsibility to the Saami--indigenous people of Norway. The 17 papers in this proceedings address ethnographic research methods and issues; history, cultural heritage, and cultural maintenance; indigenous relationships with the state and bureaucrats; and remote area development, acculturation, and participatory research on community and educational issues. The papers are: "Objectives and Perspectives on the Collaborative Programme for San/Basarwa Research" (Sidsel Saugestad); "Regional Comparison in Khoisan Ethnography: Theory, Method and Practice" (Alan Barnard); "Another Time, Another History" (Charlotte Damm); "Ethnicity: A Question of Relations" (Per Mathiesen); "Sami Cultural Heritage and Cultural Mobilisation" (Torvald Falch); "Indigenous or Autochthonous? Establishing a Role for Archaeology in the Negotiation of Basarwa Identity" (Paul J. Lane); "A Preliminary Report on an On-Going Research into the Recent History of the Babugakhwe at Khwai, Eastern Ngamiland, Botswana" (Maitseo Bolaane, Kofi Darkwah); "The Politics of Being Basarwa: Identity, Entitlement and Development among Bugakhwe, Tsega and //Anekhwe in Eastern Ngamiland..." (Michael Taylor); "Hunter-Gatherers and Bureaucrats: Reconciling Opposing Worldviews" (Alan Barnard); "Saami Customary Rights and the Problems of Definition" (Trond Thuen); "The Rise and Fall of Norwegian Support to Remote Area Development in Botswana" (Sidsel Saugestad); "Once upon a Nickel Mine: Mining Development, Archaeology and Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in Northern Labrador, Canada" (Bryan C. Hood); "The Remote Area Development Programme and the Integration of Basarwa into the Mainstream of Botswana Society..." (Chadzimula Molebatsi); "Livelihood Strategies of the Basarwa in Diphuduhudu and Tshokwe..." (Isaac Mazonde); "Community Economic Development (CED) and Basarwa Communities in Botswana" (Keitseope Nthomang); "Development or Destitution? Towards an Understanding of Alcohol Use in Basarwa Settlements..." (David Macdonald); and "Participatory Research: A Developing World Research Paradigm for Change?" (Lucky Tshireletso). (Contains references, maps, the workshop program, and participants.) (SV)

The ways in which governments in different countries determine the amounts of money to be provided to individual institutions of higher education institutions vary considerably. This paper explains how government funds are allocated in Canada, focusing on grants in support of core operations to universities located in Nova Scotia. It examines how and why the current process emerged along with its particular strengths and weaknesses. The paper first provides the history of federal funding for Canadian postsecondary education, followed by specific discussions of funding as it involves Nova Scotia's institutions of higher education. Next, the use and history of formula funding, as developed by the Maritime Provinces Higher Education Commission in 1974, is examined covering both restricted and unrestricted operating grants, such as flat, enrollment, equalization, and supplementary grants. Finally, the paper discusses some of the problems experienced with the old funding formula and the eventual return to block funding encompassing the use of the Basic Operating Grant funding mechanism. (Contains five references.) (GLR)

In this paper, we report on a study that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic and for which we interviewed ten experienced, university level, language instructors about their digital practices as they found themselves teaching in an Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) mode. The study sought to describe how, through their professional activities and experiences, they developed new and/ or further online competencies and how the ERT context brought them to rethink their pedagogical practices and namely, their Written Corrective Feedback (WCF). Our results show that language instructors' digital competencies are on a dynamic continuum of changes with some who faced challenges, while others sought opportunities or provided solutions during that unprecedented period. An adapted version of the SAMR (Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition) model (Puentedura, 2010) is suggested, which takes into consideration this ERT context. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

Higher education is increasingly recognised as being critical to social and economic prosperity. It is also a policy area where the Commonwealth could significantly increase its impact. This could be achieved without major cost, by working through activities already in place, and persuading member governments to make stronger use of these brands and mechanisms. This paper focuses on four key areas selected by the the 19th Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (19CCEM) Steering Committee: (1) Costs and access; (2) Links with employment; (3) Securing the next generation of academics; and (4) Student and staff mobility. These were chosen because of their importance, relevance to conference themes, and synergy with existing Commonwealth-related initiatives. In each case, the brief summary of issues is intended to stimulate debate on whether, and how, the Commonwealth could play a greater role. [This paper was prepared for the Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (19CCEM) (19th, Bahamas, Jun 22-26, 2015).]

Eleven papers delivered for the Division of Libraries Serving the General Public at the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 1992 annual meeting are presented. Most deal with library services to multicultural populations, including those of developing countries. The following papers are included: (1) "Library Provision to Indians Living in Malaysia" (K. S. Mun); (2) "Library Services to Indians in Canada" (U. Prasada-Kole); (3) "Library Services to the Indian Population in the United States" (R. N. Sharma); (4) "The Southern Ontario Multilingual Pool: A Model for Cooperative Library Service Development" (S. Skrzeszewski); (5) "Meeting Information Needs of Slow, Average and Gifted Learners" (M. Kapoor); (6) "The Application of Information Technology (IT) in Public Libraries in Developing Countries" (P. Borchardt); (7) "The Role of the Public Library in Combating Illiteracy" (B. Thomas); (8) "The First UNESCO Library Pilot Project" (S. N. Khanna); (9) "'Transformation': The ODA Trainer Development Project for Central and State Training Institute Librarians in India" (M. Freeman); (10) "User Education around the World: The UNESCO Survey of Library and Information User Education Programmes in Some Developing Countries" (O. Kokkonen); and (11) "Ask the Same Questions and Get a Different Answer--A Case Study in Library Opening Hours Surveys" (J. Frylinck). Most papers are followed by references. (SLD)

This study, conducted at a major western Canadian university, examined the relation between the academic growth and development of dental students and perceived control, a personalogical variable; and academic and social institutional integration variables. Two questionnaires with an academic focus were administered to 67 students. The theoretical model developed contained three perceived control variables, two measures to evaluate academic goals and career commitment, seven measures of academic integration, three measures of social integration, and one measure of academic outcome. Results indicated that students who assumed personal responsibility for their academic performance reported more academic growth and development, that students more actively involved in the learning process and more stimulated academically reported higher levels of academic growth, and that favorable interactions with peers positively affected academic growth. Results support the collective importance of the perceived control variable, which in combination with academic and social integration variables contributed substantially and positively to students' reported academic growth. (Contains 40 references.) (Author/CK)

This paper presents a literature review on governance and structure of higher education and a case study of a governance review in Nova Scotia (Canada), paying particular attention to the role of intermediary bodies between universities and governments. Types of governing structures are described. Issues in determining the ideal structure are then discussed, focusing on the principles of quality, accessibility, diversity, autonomy and accountability, incentives, and freedom. The paper then presents a counterbalance of these ideals with the reality of a recent case study where politics, both governmental and institutional, appeared more important than ideals. Four governance options developed by consultants to the Council of Nova Scotia University Presidents (CONSUP) are described, followed by the CONSUP modified version, and the response of Nova Scotia's government in granting executive authority to the Nova Scotia Council on Higher Education on the matter of funding allocations. The paper concludes that many governance problems stem from scarcity of resources, that institutions need to work closely with one another to ensure the best use of the available resources, and that an independent and effective coordinating body would be an invaluable aid to ensuring that Nova Scotians have access to postsecondary education of the highest quality. (Contains 19 references.) (GLR)

Three papers that examine emerging issues in school board governance comprise this document. The first, "The Changing Role of the Ontario School Trustee," by John Davis, explores changes in the amount of time spent by trustees in fulfilling their job responsibilities. Based on questionnaires and interviews with trustees, implications of changes in the trusteeship are discussed. The second paper, "Governance and Accountability: The Current Situation in Ontario," by John H. House, examines issues in the structure of school governance and in the trustee/school board relationship. "The Role of the Francophone School Trustee in Ontario," by Guy G. Tetrault, discusses the impact on the role of the trustee of legislation that extended Canadian Francophones' right to receive and control an education in French. References accompany each article. (LMI)

Papers from a colloquium on the relationship between Canada's official languages and its economy include: "Economic Dimensions of Minority and Foreign Language Use: An International Overview" (Karim H. Karim); "European Research on the economics of Language: Recent Results and Relevance to Canada" (Francois Grin); "Reflections on Some Economic Aspects of Bilingualism" (Albert Breton); "The Comparative Advantages of Bilingualism on the Job Market: Survey of Studies" (Ghislain Savoie); "Official Language Implications of Immigration" (Alice Nakamura, Emi Nakamura); "Economic Costs and Benefits of the Official Languages: Some Observations" (Francois Villancourt); "How Linguistic Minority Communities; Contribute to the Economic Well-Being of Their Regions" (George J. De Benedetti, Maurice Beaudin); "The Two Official Languages and the Economy: A Manitoban Perspective" (Jean-Paul Gobeil); "Reflections on the Relationship Between Languages and the economy as Applied to Canada (Gilles Grenier); and "The Economic Benefits of Linguistic Duality and Bilingualism: A Political Economy Approach" (Harold Chorney). The transcription of a panel discussion is also included. An introductory section provides background information on the colloquium and its topic, and includes selected quotations from the program. (MSE)

This symposium brought together researchers, policymakers, advocates, and child care practitioners to consider information relevant to child care policy which was available from several disciplines and how it could be applied to developing child care policy. The symposium's goals were not only to stimulate discussion among researchers and policymakers and researchers from different disciplines but to underline the importance of conducting Canadian child care research and making it widely available. Seven papers are included in the proceedings: (1) "The Implications of Early Childhood Education and Psychological Research for Canadian Public Policy on Day Care" (Nina Howe and Ellen Jacobs); (2) "Economics and Child Care Policy" (Gordon Cleveland); (3) "A Sociological Perspective on Child Care Research" (Maureen Baker); (4) "School-Age Child Care: A Preliminary Report" (Ellen Jacobs and others); (5) "Talking to Children: The Effects of the Home and the Family Day Care Environment" (Hillel Goelman and Alan Pence); (6) "The Effect of Price on the Choice of Child Care Arrangements" (Gordon Cleveland and Douglas Hyatt); and (7) "Ideology, Social Policy, and Home-Based Child Care" (June Pollard). The papers are followed by comments by Kathleen Brophy and Ruth Rose. A copy of the symposium program is also included. (MDM)

Papers on aspects of college admission, records, and institutional research functions are: "How To Improve Office Morale" (Victor Swenson); "Staff Meetings: How To Save Hours per Month and Develop Your Staff" (LuAnn Harris, Shelley Olsen); "Selling SPEED/ExPRESS" (Laura Patterson, Thomas Scott); "Advisement and Registration: A Terminal Solution" (Gregory Wist and others); "Women at the Top: Administration from a Woman's Point of View" (Raquel Henry, Rose Austin); "Guerilla Guide to Computing: Developing a User-Oriented System in a Small School" (John H. Brown); "Stress Management in the Workplace" (Barry Delcambre); "What's Hot in Institutional Research in the 90s?" (Mantha Mehallis); "Modern Voice Response Systems for Admissions, Financial Aid and the Bursar" (John Brown);"Doctoral Graduation Rates and Time-to-Completion in Ontario Universities: Data and Policies" (Maurice Yeates); "Business Process Re-Engineering: Transforming College Admissions" (Mariea Noblitt); "Ontario's Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology" (Colin Dobell); "Defining Enrollment Planning: A Nuts and Bolts Approach" (James, Maraviglia); "Developing a Computerized Multi-Campus Transfer Information System" (Larry Rubin and others); "Iran: Recent Educational Developments" (Peter Bartram); "Optical Scanning from Admissions to Grading" (Joneel Harris, Toni Allen); "High Order Technology in Enrollment Services: First the Destination, and Then the Path" (Mark Elliot); "U-View Plus for the Macintosh Registration Using a Graphical User" (Louise Lonabocker); "Total Quality Enrollment Management" (Jim Black); "Yes, New Technology Affects Recruitment and Marketing" (Gene R. Sherron); "An Introduction to EXAMINE: A Flexible Examination Scheduling System" (Michael Carter and others); and "New Staff Orientation: The Second Step in Insuring Your Students Get Quality Service" (Doug Hartnagel). (MSE)

This symposium addressed key findings of the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development-sponsored book "Promoting the Health of Adolescents: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century." A panel of experts focused on science policy implications of critical issues in adolescent health promotion that have proven difficult to address such as the effects of poverty, adolescent sexuality, and violence. Included on the panel were experts from Canada and Mexico who provided an international perspective on adolescent health promotion. Following an introduction by Elena O. Nightingale, special advisor to the President, Carnegie Corporation of New York, the following chapters are presented: (1) "Historical Perspective on Adolescent Health Promotion"; (2) "Health-Enhancing and Health Compromising Behaviors during Adolescence" (Delbert S. Elliott); (3) "Poverty, Health, and Adolescent Health Promotion" (William Julius Wilson); (4) "Promoting Healthy Adolescent Sexuality" (Herant Katchadourian); (5) "Promoting Safety and Nonviolent Conflict Resolution in Adolescence" (Mark L. Rosenberg); and (6) "Cross-National Perspectives; Views of Adolescent Health Promotion from Canada and Mexico" (Ivan B. Pless--Canadian Perspective, Anameli Monroy--Mexican Perspective). In his concluding remarks, David A. Hamburg, President, Carnegie Corporation of New York, states that most risky behavior is still tentative and exploratory. There is, therefore, an opportunity for preventive interventions, provided that individual development, the social context of development, and the biological variability that makes different individuals more or less vulnerable to different kinds of environmental insults are understood. Research can offer important insights for the construction of more rational preventive interventions. (LL)

Soft skills are key for the successful realisation of individuals in their personal, professional and social life, but scientific research conducted on the soft skills of homeschoolers is still scarce so far. One of the most frequent questions, when homeschooling is discussed concerns the presumed lack of social skills of homeschoolers. A common assumption is that homeschoolers' socialisation is compromised and homeschooled individuals' soft skills development is, therefore, impaired. However, researchers, education specialists, and homeschooling families have differing opinions about this question. Research shows that the concern of social skills deficit comes often from outside the families, although parents usually care the most about their children's wellbeing. Homeschoolers, who were surveyed in the framework of this research did not confirm this assumption either. Therefore, there seems to be a clear need for deeper understanding and further exploration of the soft skills of homeschoolers. This paper aims to present the initial findings, discovered through theoretical study and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the preliminary results of an online survey conducted with homeschoolers from 3 countries aged over 16 years in order to explore the soft skills they develop. [For the complete Volume 21 proceedings, see ED629259.]

For learners to be individuals equipped with the 21st-century skills when they start business life after graduation, they must be able to gain these skills during their education. However, due to their nature, it's not possible for students to acquire these skills under a specific course. For these skills to be achieved, they must be integrated across all curricula. In this study, an evaluation was conducted to see whether various countries incorporate the 21st-century skills in their curricula, how these skills are applied, and how these skills should be handled in their curricula. Within the scope of this research, the curricula applied in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, England, Ireland, and Turkey were examined. When the 12 skills defined by the P21 platform are considered, it can be seen that all skills are interconnected and that one cannot fully exist without the other. It can be said that starting to gain these skills, which are required by the 21st-century professions and which employers expect from graduates, from an early age it is important for individuals to be properly and fully prepared for the future. In accordance with the 21st-century expectations, evaluations, educational materials, teaching methods, professional growth opportunities, and learning environments should all be synchronized to create a supportive framework that generates the 21st-century results for contemporary students. [This paper was published in: "EJER Congress 2023 International Eurasian Educational Research Congress Conference Proceedings," Ani Publishing, 2023, pp. 97-126.]

Data literacy is the ability to collect, manage, evaluate, and apply data, in a critical manner. It is a relatively new field of study, dating only from the 2010s. It includes the skills necessary to discover and access data, manipulate data, evaluate data quality, conduct analysis using data, interpret results of analyses, and understand the ethics of using data. This paper considers data literacy education across three frameworks: the competency model defining data literacy, the assessment of data literacy competencies, and methods for the development of data literacy in an organization. These principles are applied to a discussion of the development of an open online course supporting the development of data literacy in the form of a corresponding data structure encompassing the three frameworks identified in the literature. [For the full proceedings, see ED636095.]