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Essential oils are chemical substances found in plants. Essential oil-producing plants include patchouli, clove, and lemongrass plants. Components of essential oil compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides are thought to have antibacterial activity. The study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of patchouli essential oil, cloves, and lemongrass against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The antibacterial test method is carried out using diffusion of agar on disc paper. The test samples used were patchouli essential oil, cloves, and lemongrass from Batang district as much as 10 μL 100% concentration, positive control using 20% concentration chloramphenicol as much as 10 μL, and negative control using sterile blank disc paper. The results showed that there was a clear zone formed in the two test bacteria. The clear zone formed in the Escherichia coli test bacteria is until 9.5 mm in patchouli essential oil, until 20 mm in clove essential oil, and until 18 mm in lemongrass essential oil, while the clear zone formed in the test bacteria Bacillus subtilis is until 15 mm in patchouli essential oil, until 26 mm in clove essential oil, and until 20 mm in lemongrass essential oil. It can be concluded that patchouli essential oil, clove essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil have antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papasan fruit is a plant from the Cucurbitaceae family which was proven to have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of papasan fruit ethanol extract on the growth of L. bulgaricus and the antibacterial activity of the combination of ethanol extract with L. bulgaricus metabolites. The method used for the growth of L. bulgaricus using the TPC (Total Plate Count) method and the calculation of the number of bacterial colonies using the SNI 2332.3:2015 standard formula. Specific and non-specific standardization tests using the Indonesian Ministry of Health standards (2008). Antibacterial activity test using paper disc diffusion method. Phytochemical screening results obtained positive containing alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The water-soluble extract content (46.66 ± 5.77%), ethanol soluble extract content (83.33 ± 5.77%), water content (7 ± 1%), total ash content (2.16 ± 0, 28%), acid insoluble ash content (0.68 ± 0.28%), specific gravity (1,19 ± 0.003 g/mL), heavy metal contamination Pb (0.0628 mg/L), Cd (0.0076 mg/L), total plate count (3,492 x 103 CFU/mL) and yeast mold rate (60 CFU/mL). The results of antibacterial testing at a concentration of 50% extract with metabolites against E. coli resulted in an inhibitory response with a susceptible criterion of 21 mm and the resulting antibacterial effectiveness of 91.30% with a strong category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, silver nanopartical has been prepared by a simple chemical technique for use as antibacterial causes (Staphylococus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella Sp., Candida albicans and Escherichia Coli.). The created nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques alike XRD, FTIR. The effects of the structure exhibited that the silver nanppartical had grain size ranging from (12.33-16.75) nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triticum spelta is one of the most popular wheat species with multiple applications in the bakery industry. Lingonberries fruits are considered as some of the most valuable fruits due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties being widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, but also in food processing. This paper presents a study on the influence of using dehydrated and grinded lingonberries fruit as an addition to spelt wheat flour on its baking properties, physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity. Five mixtures of spelt flour:lingonberries were made in the following proportions: 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25. The addition of the grinded fruits to the flour resulted in a decrease of the wet gluten content from 39% (in flour) and 28% in the mixture 85:15 and a decrease of the gluten deformation index from 7mm (in flour) to 4mm in the mixture 85:15. Dehydrated lingonberries grind recorded the highest antiradical activity on DPPH radicals (81.94%), the highest content in polyphenols (219.24 mgGAE/g) and in vitamin C (27.07mg/100g) of the analyzed samples, resulting in an increase in the total antioxidant activity of the mixtures in the following order: 3.53 times (95:5), 6.09 times (90:10), 12.41 times (85:15), 19.27 times (80:20) and 25.87 times (75:25) respectively. The 80:20 and 75:25 mixtures showed the most effective antibacterial activity of the 5 mixtures against all of bacterial species tested (E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhimurium). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of Morus nigra as natural antimicrobial agents were assessed by the ability of the crude extract to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Candida albicans. Different parts (fruit, root, leaves and stem) of M. nigra were extracted by maceration using different solvents; ethanol and methanol. The antimicrobial assays were carried out by paper disc diffusion method. M. nigra of all part extracted in ethanol were able to inhibit the growth of test microorganisms compared to, when extracted in methanol. Root and fruit extracts of M. nigra were able to inhibit the test microorganisms. The analytical analysis using HPLC-DAD was able to identify the presence of flavonoids rutin, quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol in crude extracts that correspond to inhibition zones observed. Hence, the results suggested that crude extracts from M. nigra root and fruit have antimicrobial properties to prevent the growth of test microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of natural products for healing purposes has gained great attention worldwide. Increased interest in certain plant products has been achieved mainly due to their ability to limit antibiotic resistance. Also, as the hypothesis that all biological processes at the cellular level are severely affected by the formation of free radicals has been confirmed, it is attempted to highlight some active principles in plants and their use as agents to counteract the oxidative process [1, 2]. This paper aims to demonstrate the antioxidant and antibacterial capacity of the alcoholic extracts from the flowers and leaves of Lonicera japonica, a widespread ornamental plant, as well as to carry out volatile compounds profiling from the essential oil of L. japonica. For the quantification of the antioxidant properties, the following assays were carried out: total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), total polyphenolic content and total flavonoid content. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the extracts and essential oil were evaluated on multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. For the identification of the biologically active volatile compounds, GC-MS chromatographic analysis was carried out, with the NIST database as the identification source. The obtained results support the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm potential of Lonicera japonica [3]. Regarding the flowering stage of the plant, the silver flower extract demonstrated a significant antimicrobial effect, mainly against E. coli. Thus, during the evaluation of the antioxidant potential of the extracts, considerable values were obtained for all tested parameters, supporting the antioxidant potential of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protease enzyme is an enzyme that functions to break down proteins into oligopeptides and amino acids. The need for protease enzymes in the industry, especially probiotic foods, has developed very rapidly. However, Indonesia has not been able to produce these enzymes on a large scale. Protease production sourced from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can be done more effectively and efficiently than from plants. The utilization of soybean peel waste containing nutrients is very large and the possibility of Lactic acid bacteria will increase the productivity of proteases. Soybean peel waste bacterial isolates and their characteristics that are suspected of LAB as a producer of protease enzymes have never been done before. The isolation process was carried out by fermenting soybean peel in the Nutrient broth medium for 24 hours (T1) and 48 hours (T2) with the addition of Leuconostoc mesenteroides starter. Identification of bacterial isolates includes morphological identification, antimicrobial activity test, acid resistance test, protease enzyme activity test, and phytochemical test. From the results of the study, it was found that T1 isolates were superior to T2. The number of T1 isolates growing on Nutrient agar was as much as 55 x 107 CFU/ mL with a small regular rounded colony shape, convex elevation, white color and produce purple in Gram staining. Acid resistance test showed turbidity at pH 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; 5.0 and 6.0, Antimicrobial activity test results in very strong inhibition zones against Shigella and E. coli bacteria of 20-28.5 mm with the protease enzyme activity of 1.43 mg/ mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen organisms have been used by the community as traditional herbal ingredients, especially lichens of the genus Usnea sp. In this study, we focused on examining the effect of the acetone extract lichen Usnea sp. in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria. The sample of Usnea sp. lichen was extracted using the maceration method with acetone solvent for 3×24 hours. An antibacterial test was carried out by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone using a caliper. The results of the antibacterial test on inhibition zones at concentrations of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% were 21.25 mm, 26.33 mm, and 30.5 mm (E. Coli) and 23.08 mm, 26.41 mm, and 33.0 mm (S. typhi), respectively. The lichen organism Usnea sp. has very potential for treating diarrhea and fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in the body caused by high levels of blood sugar. Diabetic foot ulcer is a further complication due to ulceration in the feet of diabetic patients where more than 10% of patients must be amputated. To prevent this, a therapeutic agent is needed in order to treat and prevent ulceration. Human Epidermal Growth Factor is a protein which is known having biological functions to accelerate cell proliferation and can be used as a candidate for wound healing agents. This paper studies the production of recombinant hEGF by co-expression with Bacillus cereus phospholipase C (PLC). The research method began with the construction of plasmid pETDuet-1-PLC-hEGF, host cell transformation and optimization of Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopiranoside (IPTG) concentration as the inducer. Co-expression results were characterized using Tricine SDS-PAGE and western blot, while hEGF protein levels were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that recombinant hEGF and PLC enzyme were secreted to the growth medium in 60 hours after induction with the optimum IPTG concentration 0.1 mM. The results of characterization with Tricine SDS-PAGE showed the presence of PLC (28 kDa) and hEGF (6.2 kDa) bands which were confirmed by western blot using anti-mouseEGF. 503.48 µg/mL of hEGF concentration was successfully measured in the culture medium using ELISA and it was slightly higher than other previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mikania micrantha Kunth. is an invasive plant that lives in Indonesia. They have several phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins that could be used to inhibit the growth of human pathogenic bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. The purpose of this study aims to evaluate the antibacterial potential of the ethyl acetate extract of M. micrantha leaves against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The ethyl acetate extracts of sample leaves were prepared by maceration with the ratio of 1: 10, while the antibacterial assay was conducted by a beginning stage of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assay as well as the disc diffusion agar method. The results of the antibacterial activity assay showed the inhibition zone against B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus about 10.02 mm (45 %) 10.89 mm (35 %), 10.70 mm (35 %), and 7.48 mm (55 %), respectively. Additionally, a phytochemical analysis showed the ethyl acetate extract of M. micrantha leaves contained tannin and phenol. In conclusion, the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of M. micrantha has a good potency as a natural antibacterial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antibiotic resistance of bacteria has been on a steady rise and there is a desperate need to search for substances with antimicrobial activity as an alternative treatment agents. In spite of the fact that the antimicrobial activity of syrups has been extensively investigated against a wide range of microbes, it varies according to the type of these syrups. The objective of this study was to verify the synergistic activity between the eucalyptus honey, pomegranate and date syrups with antibiotics ampicillin and cefotaxime against Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity testing of these syrups and antibiotics was conducted by well diffusion technique using paper disks containing the antibiotic concentrations. In addition, disk diffusion technique was used to test the activity of antibiotics alone against E. coli. Different concentrations of syrups were studied against the bacterial strain tested. In both methods Nutrient agar and Brain heart infusion agar were used. The tested isolate E. coli was supplied by Kerbala Public Health Laboratory, Iraq. The procedures of the current study were conducted at postgraduate lab, Biology Department, College of Sciences, Kerbala University between September and December 2017. E. coli was resistant against antibiotics or syrups alone. The synergistic action between syrups and antibiotics showed antibacterial activity against tested bacteria. In conclusion, honey, pomegranate and date syrups improved the activity of antibiotics used, and thus, confer assistance for the use of these antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular logic is an emerging field in biomathematics that considers molecular substrates as computational devices that process chemical or physical inputs to generate outputs based on logical operators ([2]). In [10] it is discussed how logical circuits can be simulated using colonies of bacteria E. Coli. Those colonies, according to Tamsir et al. in [10], exhibit an area in which the fluorescence of the expressed gene is not completely present or absent, which does not allow this behavior to be interpreted as a binary operator. Actually, recent work has used fuzzy logic-based models (e.g. [1]) because Boolean systems are insufficient to capture intermediate states in the catalytic processes of protein modification experimentally observed. Hence, the excluded middle principle, which means in this context that all variables can be in only two possible discrete states, is not realistic at modeling the metabolism of E. Coli. On the other hand, some proteins appear to express contradictory states despite the stability of the systems to which they belong. This "bioparaconsistent" phenomenon is against the classical non-contradictory logical principle which implies that contradictory observations will trivialize the underlying logic. In this paper we discuss these two classical logical principles, too strong for reasoning about the molecular metabolism, by exploring some experimentally observed data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fennel (Foeniculum) is a member of the Apiaceae family, the most cultivated fennel cultivars belong to subspecies vulgare. This paper aim is to obtain essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare (FEO) seeds cultivated in the western part of Romania and to characterize the FEO in terms of chemical composition, herbicidal and antibacterial properties. Fennel essential oil was obtained by water vapour entrainment and the chemical composition of the oil was determined by GS-MS.The herbicidal effect was studied against weed seeds of Amaranthus retroflexus (ARET), Echinochloa crus-galli (EGAL), Chenopodium album (CALB), but also wheat seeds (WS) Lovrin variety and the rate of germination inhibition was determined. In order to use Foeniculum vulgare as natural preservative in food industry, in vitro effect of FEO against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes was tested. The results shown that the yield of FEO extracted from seeds was 3.1% and the major compound was anethole with a percentage of 64.864%. Regarding the herbicidal effect of FEO compared to synthetic herbicide DualGold960EC, the results highlights that the best herbicidal effect was obtained against germination of Chenopodium album, even low concentrations of FEO were used (0.3%, 0.6%, 1%). The effect of FEO against gram positive and gram negative bacteria reveals a high capacity to inhibit bacterial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of gene expression data analysis is to identify genes that present significant changes in expression levels between a treatment and a control biological condition. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian approach to identify genes differentially expressed calculating credibility intervals from predictive densities which are constructed using sampled mean treatment effect from all genes in study excluding the treatment effect of genes previously identified with statistical evidence for difference. We compare our Bayesian approach with the standard ones based on the use of the t-test and modified t-tests via a simulation study, using small sample sizes which are common in gene expression data analysis. Results obtained indicate that the proposed approach performs better than standard ones, especially for cases with mean differences and increases in treatment variance in relation to control variance. We also apply the methodologies to a publicly available data set on Escherichia coli bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In proteomics, electrophoretic 2-D gels are used to separate the proteome according to the molecular weight and electrical charge of its constituents, which are proteins expressed by a cell or organ at a particular time and under specific conditions. One of the main applications is the analysis of differential expressions between different conditions for which certain (perhaps many) spots are present in one of the images, but not in the other. One of the difficulties of this analysis is that 2-D gels are affected by spatial distortions due to run-time differences and dye-front deformations, which results in images that are significantly dissimilar and that pose a challenging problem to image-registration algorithms. In this paper, we test the efficiency of a state-of-the-art elastic-registration algorithm that we had already introduced in the context of biomedical images. We study here the registration of simulated 2-D gels with known expression patterns and deformations. We show that our algorithm is capable of handling such situations. The proposed algorithm is publicly available at http://bigwww.epfl.ch under the name UnWarpJ. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible film packaging is a relatively new food preservation technique. Many research has been carried out and have shown the extended shelf life and improved the quality of food products. One of the safest edible films for food was made from gelatin. In this study, we have made the gelatin from the wastes of catfish bone demineralization was carried out using 4% HCl for 5 hours, until it reached a pH of 5 extracted using 70C distilled water for 5 hours. The turmeric extract obtained from the maceration of 96% methanol for 2 days, the filtrate then evaporated and impregnated into gelatin as a specific antimicrobial for Escherichia coli, a gram-positive bacteria with the ratio of ossein catfish bone: distilled water: turmeric extract is (10:50:0); (10:50:5); and (10:50:10) % w/w. The films were applied to apples. The efficacy of the existing films against Escherichia coli bacteria for the coming 20 days was studied using the modified disc method. The acceptance test of film products was carried out using the organoleptic method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we discuss the relevance of logic gates to capture the continuous nature of the variables involved in modeling the metabolic processes of E. coli bacteria. Tamsir et al. suggested in [1] the possibility of creating logic circuits using colonies of E. coli. One important property of the registered colonies is that they can represent any combination of logic gates. However, the seemingly digital behavior of the colonies continues to show experimentally an area in which the fluorescence of the expressed gene is not completely present or absent, which cannot be, strictly speaking, simulated as a binary operator. Using a genetic algorithm we obtain models for the data presented in [1]. Those models are fuzzy neural networks that functionally approach a NOR structure given in [1] which have better correlation to the experimentally observed data. Such data shows a small area of indeterminacy, which is responsible for most of the error detected in the fitness function. We also discuss the solutions we obtain by varying the parameters in the genetic algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we evaluate the biochemical protocol that has been used in our studies, for the immobilization of antibodies in cladding and uncladding Plastic Optical Fibers. Immobilization of antibodies anti-E.coli is the primary step in developing a biological immunosensor. This immunosensor is based on the immunocapture methodology, where the target cells (bacteria), are captured through the strong link with the recognition element (antibodies), identifying, in minutes, the presence of E.coli in contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plumeria alba is known to contain active compounds of alkaloids and saponins that act as antibacterial, while Plumeria rubra has not been widely studied but empirically has been widely used as a medicine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content of phenol and saponin active compounds and the antibacterial activity of P. rubra flower and leaves extract, also P. alba leaves extracts. Phenol compounds were analyzed based on the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and saponins amounts were determined by measuring absorbance with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 544 nm, each of them consisted of three replications. Bacterial activity test was carried out using the paper disc method, each activity test consisted of 3 replications. The research data were analyzed using a completely randomized design. The results showed that the total phenol was significantly higher in P. rubra flower extract (2.96), saponin was significantly higher in P. rubra leaves extract (4.27%). Whereas the best inhibition (clear zone) against E. coli is in P. rubra flower extract (8.33 mm). It can be concluded that the highest phenol active compound was found in P. rubra flower extract, and the highest saponin was found in P. rubra leaf extract. The best clear zone is obtained from P. rubra flower extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma mangga is one of the traditional medicines that have the effect dealing with infertility problems. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are bacteria often found as the cause of the female reproductive tract infection. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activities of several solvents of C. mangga extract against S.aureus and E.coli. C. mangga rhizome was extracted by a maceration method using ethanol (polar), chloroform (semi-polar), and nhexane (non-polar) solvents. The antibacterial activity test against S.aureus and E.coli using Kirby Bauer with the extract various concentrations of (%) 50, 25,12.5, 6.25, 3.13, 1.56, 0.78, and 0.39. The highest inhibition zone diameter for S.aureus was obtained by ethanol (10.11 m), chloroform (9.21 mm), n-hexane (6.05 mm) extract while for E. coli, the highest inhibition zone diameter was respectively achieved by ethanol extract (8.06 mm), n-hexane (5.88 mm) and, chloroform (4.19 mm). The MIC value of ethanol extract to S. aureus was found at concentrations of 3.13% and MBC at 6.25%. The MIC value of ethanol extract on E. coli was attained at concentration of 6.25% and MBC at 12.50%. Ethanol extract of C. mangga rhizome produced the most antibacterial activities than chloroform and n-hexane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A genuine and urgent need is to prevent and treat bacterial diseases primarily caused by germs that have developed antibiotic resistance. These factors led to several studies focusing on alternate or supplementary antimicrobial methods. With the expectation that, unlike antibiotics, they will be effective without causing resistance, researchers are becoming increasingly interested in antimicrobial substances made from natural resources, such as plant extracts, essential oils, and peptides. The present study investigated the antimicrobial behaviour of Citrus lemon essential oil against S. pyogenes (ATCC 19615), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), E. coli (ATCC 25922), S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), H. influenzae type B (ATCC 10211), C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and C. parapsilopsis (ATCC 22019). The microdilution assay demonstrated good antimicrobial efficacy of the essential oil with variable MIC values depending on the microbial species. The chromatographic analyses by GC-MS were performed because the antimicrobial activity is correlated with the chemical composition. The results revealed 24 compounds, with D-limonene (66.67%) and beta-pinene (12.39%) as the predominant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges in biology is the correct identification of promoter regions. Computational methods based on motif searching have been the traditional approach taken. Studies have shown that DNA structural properties, such as free energy, curvature, and stress-induced duplex destabilization (SIDD) are useful in promoter classification, as well. In this paper, these properties were compared for their effectiveness in correctly classifying promoters. When using a decision tree for promoter classification based on DNA structural properties, SIDD showed a slight improvement over free energy and curvature, with f-score values 70.9%, 67.1%, and 61.5%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 2004, the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) publicly announced that frozen dumpling producing companies sold dumplings containing rotten pickled radishes leading to a national crisis. Similarly, in September 2006, spinach was pulled off shelves across the United States as the FDA issued a recall of E. coli-contaminated spinach. Situations like this allow crisis communicators and public relations professionals to investigate messages created during a crisis situation and messages that are conveyed - through the media - to key stakeholders. This paper extends a cultural analysis of the crisis messages framed by the media coverage regarding the sources of information and the message strategies used by these sources. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In computational biology, gene networks are typically inferred from gene expression data alone. Incorporating multiple types of biological information makes it possible to improve gene network estimation. In this paper, we describe an approach for growing gene network from a sub-network by the integration of gene expression data, motif sequence, and metabolic information. To evaluate the approach, we apply it to a pool of E.coli genes related to aspartate pathway. The results show that integrative approach has potentials of reconstructing more accurate gene networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial growth is one of the important factors in food safety. Fresh food such as fruits, vegetables, and meat are vulnerable to pathogen microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtillis. To keep the good quality of food, the preservative is commonly used as a food additive. One of the natural antibacterial substances comes from citronella oil and its fraction. However, direct usage of citronella oil only lasts for a short time because of diffusion or interaction with the food product. To overcome this limitation, citronella oil can be incorporated into polymer packaging such as Polylactic Acid (PLA). This research aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of citronella oil and its fractions namely rhodinol, citronellal, and limonene on PLA as food packaging and understand its ability to inhibit bacterial growth on fresh and processed meat, as well as analyze its biodegradability. Antibacterial activity was evaluated through the zone inhibition method against S. aureus, B. subtillis, and E. coli. PLA/Citronella oil film was made through solvent casting using chloroform, and the biodegradability test was conducted qualitatively using Aspergillus niger according to ASTM G21-96. The bacterial growth on fresh and processed meat was tested using the total plate count (TPC) method. The rhodinol and limonene fractions in chloroform showed the highest antibacterial activity at a concentration of 5-10%. PLA films with 10% rhodinol and limonene respectively inhibited bacterial growth in both fresh and processed meat, with TPC<10000 CFU/cm2 for fresh meat and TPC<2500 CFU/cm2 for processed meat. The films also showed biodegradability in a 30-day test period, with the limonene film showing higher biodegradability than rhodinol. The PLA film with the addition of citronella oil especially rhodinol and limonene showed favorable antibacterial activity and was able to preserve the meat sample against microbial growth in ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pirdot's (Saurauia Vulcani Korth) leaves is a famous plant on rural people in Aek Nauli. It has been used as well as traditional medicine. In order to help disease of diabetes, cancer, reumatic, high pressure blood, easily tired, etc. The aims of this research are physical properties of pirdot's leaves characteristic and to evaluate bacterial test containing on it. This research is an experimental laboratory research. Pirdot's leaves was dried as well as a raw material was dried at room temperature, homogenize using blender, to produce powder of pirdot's leaves. Then, it was characterize with phytochemical and antibacterial activity, respectively. The result show that, pirdot's leaves has bacterial inhibitor zone to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli which are 0.33 mm and 0.49 mm respectively. Based on those data, pirdot's leaves has activity to hided bacterial there by it maybe expected as antibacteria traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have been used since ancient times for the prevention and protection against infectious diseases. Plants from the genus Thymus are important medicinal herbs, which are known to contain antimicrobial agents. In this context, a study was done to evaluate the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Thymus serphyllum grown in the Kashmir valley. The aqueous extract of T. serphyllum showed a significant inhibitory effect against the growth of Eschernia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus, and Fusarium oxysporum but was resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The zone of inhibition for E. coli, S. aureus, and F. oxysporum ranged from 10 to 15 mm, 9 to 11mm, and 5 to 15mm respectively indicating a remarkable antibacterial effect when compared with that of antibiotics in the positive control, which ranged from 6 to 11mm, 7 to 10mm, 7 to 13mm and 4 to 12mm for E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and F. oxysporum respectively. Further, the aqueous extract of T. serphyllum revealed a total phenolic content of 18.065±2.51mg/100g gallic acid equivalent/g, flavonoid content of 414.4±0.152753mg/100g quercetin equivalent/g, and total antioxidant activity as 72.66±0.25 µM Ferric reducing ability of Plasma /gram (FRAP/g). Our findings suggest that the aqueous extract of T. serphyllum possessed antibacterial and antifungal properties due to its high phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant content as compared to the tested drug (Amoxicillin and Azithromycin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is emerging as a potent approach to harvest the potential of silver and plant extracts in improving health. It is simple, cost-effective, non-toxic and eco-friendly than earlier physico-chemical approaches. Juvenile wheatgrass extract has been well proven for its anti-cancerous and anti-oxidant potential. In this study juvenile wheatgrass extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles was approached. The characterization of nanoparticles was performed by Ultra violet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Antioxidant activity of nanoparticles was checked by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) scavenging activity, bacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion methods. Chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) assay was done on chicken eggs to elucidate its anti-cancer activity. Blood vessels were quantified using a software for image analysis and density of microvessel was also elucidated. The Ultra violet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopic absorbance peak at 380 nm confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles while TEM confirmed the spherically shaped silver nanoparticles had an average size of 16.5 nm. Further, to explore the biological activities of these green synthesized nanoparticles, in vitro studies were carried out. The nanoparticles synthesized using wheatgrass extract showed significant free radical DPPH scavenging activity of 52.9±0.49 % inhibition. Antibacterial activity was seen against Gram-negative bacteria Escherischia coli (E. coli). The zone of inhibition of 1.8±0.029 cm was seen against bacterial culture. In addition, wheatgrass nanoparticles were also demonstrated to possess anti-angiogenic potential by CAM assay as the number of blood vessels significantly decreased. Results show the potency of wheatgrass as an antioxidant, anti-angiogenic and anti-bacterial compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, one of the emerging countries, 80 percent of the people are a main basis of traditional medicine for health care. Lately, unselective usage of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases has led to the development of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria strains like Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial properties of ginger and garlic extract against common pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Afterwards wash and scrubbing distinctly, aqueous products were removed since every spice by crushed with mortar and pestle and disc diffusion method, Mueller-Hinton agar plates, and one standard Streptomycin was accustomed to test the antibacterial activity of ethanol and methanol extracts of ginger and garlic. The disc diffusion findings revealed a zone of inhibition for S. aureus,B. cereus, S. typhi, and E. coli using ginger-methanol extracts of 13.17 mm, 15.75 mm, 16 mm, and 6 mm and ginger-ethanol extracts of 19.75 mm, 12 mm, 10.5 mm, and 8 mm, respectively. Also, the zone of inhibition was observed using garlic-methanol and garlic-ethanol extract 18 mm, 14.75 mm, 17 mm, 14 mm, and 21.25 mm, 13.5 mm, 15 mm, and 16 mm S. aureus, B. cereus, S. typhi, and E. coli, respectively. Garlic and ginger extracts showed zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 13.5 mm to 21.5 mm against all pathogens tested, whereas streptomycin had a zone of inhibition diameter ranging from 13 to 21 mm. According to this research, garlic products are more efficient against experimental organisms than ginger goods. However, both herbs can be utilized as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterial type that inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and animals and its presence in water and food is an indication of fecal contamination. This work presents the development of a fiber-optic sensor coated with gold thin film for E. coli detection as a portable, fast response and low cost alternative to conventional methodologies. The sensor operation is based on intensity modulation excited by a monochromatic light. Bacterial selectivity is guaranteed by anti-E. coli antibody immobilization on the fiber surface. The sensor was able to detect 1.5x10³ CFU/mL of bacteria concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunosensors are characterized by antibodies as biological recognition element, responsible for the specificity of the biosensor. For the development of immunsensors based on plastic optical fiber (POF) technology, it is necessary the amination of the fiber core surface, which is made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). In this study we compared four functionalization protocols of PMMA and immobilization of antibodies on the surface of the immunosensor development for the detection of Escherichia coli. Tests with bacterial suspensions in 108 CFU/mL concentrations were carried out to evaluate the response of the immunosensors functionalization with different protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb) rhizome was extracted for its bioactive metabolites and formulated as an ingredient in a spray hand sanitizer. The formulation was prepared using four extract concentrations (0%, 6%, 8%, 10%) and tested for its physical and antibacterial properties. The physical characteristics of hand sanitizers including its stability were affected by the concentration of ethanolic extract of black turmeric rhizome. All formulation of hand sanitizers displayed antibacterial activities against tested pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). In comparison to other concentrations, the ethanolic extract of black turmeric rhizome at 10% exhibit a greater inhibitory zone, 9.9 mm against E. coli and 9.8 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. Our findings revealed that the potential of black turmeric rhizome is improved by formulating its rhizome extract into hand sanitizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha is a traditional beverages product prepared by fermentation of sweet medium and is notable for its health advantages. The present study aimed to evaluate the Vitamin C content and Antimicrobial properties of Soursop Leaves Kombucha during fermentation for 14 days and analyzed with an interval of 7 days. The isolated galactomannan and commercial galactomannan were determined using the Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Furthermore, the vitamin C content was analyzed using U.V Spectrophotometer; meanwhile, the antimicrobial properties of the kombucha beverages were prepared by the agar diffusion method. Different concentrations of soursop leaves were analyzed after 0, 7, and 14 days with three replicates, respectively. The results showed that the content of Vitamin C gradually increased at each concentration and variation time. The vitamin C content reached the highest value of 218.348 ± 1.7769 mg/L with 1.5% (w/v) of soursop leaves and the lowest value of 99.706 ± 1.0707 mg/L with 0.5%(w/v) of soursop leaves. The fermented metabolite showed increasing antimicrobial activity for two weeks of fermentation. It reached the highest value for Staphylococcus aureus at 0.517 ± 0.011 and Escherichia coli at 0.628 ± 0.0281. These data reveal that soursop leaves Kombucha utilized with galactomannan appears to be used as a probiotic drink with high content of Vitamin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the antibacterial activity test of the combination of larvae Black Soldier Fly (BSF), turmeric, and Indigofera zollingeriana against bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. This research was conducted based on a completely randomized design consisting of 6 treatments and 3 replications so that the total experiment was 18 units. Treatment P0 (positive control, 50 µg chloramphenicol), P1 (2.5% Turmeric + 5% Indigofera zollingeriana + 25% BSF), P2 (2.5% Turmeric + 10% Indigofera zollingeriana + 20% BSF), P3 (2.5% Turmeric + 15% Indigofera zollingeriana + 15% BSF), P4 (2.5% Turmeric + 20% Indigofera zollingeriana + 10% BSF), P5 (2.5% Turmeric + 25% Indigofera zollingeriana + 5% BSF). The parameter measured was the inhibition zone in bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P <0.05) on the bacterial inhibition zone Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum of 12.8 mm ±2.72 and 13.46 mm ±1.64. The results of the orthogonal polynominal test show that the effect of using a combination of BSF larvae, turmeric, and Indigofera zollingeriana obtained in treatment P1 (2.5% Turmeric + 5% Indigofera zollingeriana + 25% BSF) by 96.62% in bacteria Escherichia coli and 85.74% in bacteria Salmonella pullorum. That conclusion larvae Black Soldier Fly (BSF), turmeric, and Indigofera zollingeriana can inhibit bacterial growth Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. Treatment P1 (Turmeric 2.5% + Indigofera zollingeriana 5% + BSF 25%) can be used as a feed additive with the same antibacterial activity as chloramphenicol 50µg. Bacteria Salmonella pullorum is more sensitive than Escherichia coli bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis and antibacterial activity assay of hydroxychalcone derivatives have been conducted followed by the in-silico study to predict the interaction between the compounds with the crystal protein of Staphylococcus aureus (2X3F.pdb) and Escherichia coli (1JKJ.pdb). Two chalcone derivatives were prepared via condensation reaction of benzaldehyde derivatives and 2-hydroxy acetophenone under Microwave irradiation. The structures of the prepared chalcones (1 and 2) were elucidated by mass and NMR spectroscopy. An in vitro antibacterial activity was determined against S. aureus and E. coli through the disk diffusion method with chloramphenicol as a positive control. Chalcone 1 was found to have better antibacterial activity than chalcone 2 toward both S. aureus and E. coli according to the inhibition zone diameter (mm) from all the tested concentrations (20, 40, 60, and 80%). The in-silico study supported the in vitro result by showing lower CDOCKER energy for chalcone 1 with -37.0090 and -34.0850 kcal/mol for 2X3F.pdb and 1JKJ.pdb respectively. Furthermore, chalcone 1 has displayed four hydrogen bonds to the important amino acid residues Lys185, Lys150, His38, and Gln62 of S. aureus (2X3F) and five hydrogen bonds to the Tyr71, Gly20, and Gln19 of E. coli (1JKJ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Gorgonian Annella sp. from Bunaken waters Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia and to determine its secondary metabolite compounds. The extraction using e thyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of EtOAc and MeOH extract were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by using the agar diffusion method. Phytochemical screening was done for EtOAc and MeOH extract. The results of antibacterial activity screening showed that the EtOAc extract of Gorgonian Annella sp had strong against S. aureus and E. coli with a diameter of inhibition zone 13.3 ± 0.76 mm, and 14.0 ± 1.32 mm, respectively. While, the MeOH extract had moderate activity against S. aureus and E. coli with a diameter of inhibition zone 7.2 ± 0.29 mm, and 7.3 ± 0.58 mm, respectively. Secondary metabolite compound of methanol extract showed alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, steroid and terpenoid compounds, while of ethylacetate extract showed alkaloid, saponin, steroid and terpenoid compounds. Gorgonian Annella sp can be a source of antibacterial compounds. Further research is needed to determine the pure compounds that the role in inhibiting bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research about the manufacture of polyeugenol/ZnO composite materials was carried out with ratios: 100:0 75:25 50:50 25:75 and 0:100 (w/w; mg/mg). Polyeugenol was synthesized from eugenol compound using H2SO4-CH3COOH catalyst. The addition of ZnO could show much stronger antibacterial properties compared to polyeugenol. The reason for this research was to decide the proportion of the polyeugenol/ZnO composite material which has the most grounded antibacterial action against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms. The strategy for deciding antibacterial properties was a good dissemination technique by noticing the distance across the restraint zone. The data obtained were analyzed through variance methods (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests by Duncan. The comparison showed the largest inhibition zone diameter of 19.76 mm for S.aureus and 20.29 mm for E.coli (polyeugenol 75 mg : ZnO 25 mg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has a lot of potential natural source that can be used as a medicine, including limes fruit (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) and honey. Lime fruit was a popular fruit consumed by public, but a bunch of peel waste leaves. Basically, fruit peeling waste of lime fruit has a big potential to be antibacterial agents, because it contains essential oils. On the other hand, the honey has been popular as a medicine, because of the presence of hydrogen peroxide, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenol. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of fruit peel lime extract and some types of honey as well as a combination of both against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study tried to formulate lime fruit peel extract using n-hexane with some types of honey. There are 13 kinds of antibacterial samples that will be tested on two types of bacteria, 1 single bark extract lime fruit, 6 single honey (KL21 honey, KP21 honey, R21 honey, Kelengkeng honey, Rambutan honey, and Trigona honey) and 6 combinations (KL21 honey-lime fruit extract, KP21 honey-lime fruit extract, R21 honey-lime fruit extract, Kelengkeng honey-lime fruit extract, Rambutan honey-lime fruit extract, and Trigona honey-lime fruit extract). The results showed that the samples of honey and n-hexane extract of lime peel have potential as a specific antibacterial. KP21 honey (25.20 ± 0.62) produces the greatest inhibition zone againts E. coli, whereas lime fruit extract (17.70 ± 0.98) produces the greatest inhibition zone againts S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) is a traditional medicinal plant with a great medical impact on bacteria inflammation. They are few studies for the phytochemical and antimicrobial were conducted for both types of plants. Phytochemical analysis was performed using classical colorimetric methods, which is the folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride precipitation were employed for quantitative of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Meanwhile, antioxidant activity was estimated by DPPH scavenging value. Antimicrobial activity was determined by using the agar well diffusion method against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (Staphy. aureus). The methanol crude extract of A. indica and C. nutans showed low content of phenolic, 1.65 mg GAE/g, 0.18 mg GAE/g; flavonoid content is 43.56 mg QE/g and 26.07 mg QE/g respectively for both extracts. Meanwhile, the percentage of scavenging activity is 87.13% and 34.90% for A. indica and C. nutans. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the A. indica extract inhibits the growth of target bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 31.25 mg/ml for both strains and almost no inhibitory concentration for C. nutans. Hence, aim this study is to determine two local plant varieties as a source of antimicrobial agents by used soxhlet extraction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was experimentally established that the use of water-soluble extracts of extruded cereals in nutrient medium causes an increase in concentration of microorganisms. When growing Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis bacteria on nutrient medium, containing water-soluble extracts of extruded cereals, an increase in their biomass was revealed. Preferred conditions for extraction of water-soluble fraction from an aqueous solution containing extruded plant material were determined: processing time 72 hours, temperature +5°C. The greatest increase in bacterial biomass was found in growth medium prepared from extruded barley. Yield of Escherichia coli microorganisms increased by 1.5 times, and Bacillus subtilis - by 2.97 times compared to the control sample. A process flow diagram of growth medium, based on extruded plant raw materials has been developed. It can potentially be used for cultivating microorganisms, which can be used as raw materials for environmentally safe food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined effect of the magnetic magnesium isotope 25Mg and levofloxacin manifested in a significant suppression of E. coli bacteria growth has been found. The growth rate constant and the average achieved density of a bacterial culture grown on a medium with a magnetic isotope of magnesium 25Mg decreased by 3-4 times compared to bacteria grown on media with non-magnetic isotopes of 24,26Mg and natural magnesium Mg. The morphology changes of such bacterial cells confirm the joint negative effect of 25Mg and levofloxacin on E. coli bacteria. The obtained results are of great therapeutic significance. It indicates the magnetic sensitivity of DNA-synthesizing systems in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]