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The article provides a comprehensive concept of the shadow economy, currently used in international practice. The main incentives for the shadow activity of business entities in advanced countries are investigated: taxes, payments to the social security fund, and so on. The article analyzes the degree of the shadow economy in the Russian Federation, as well as informal employment by gender and age composition. The analysis of the level of gross domestic product per capita (GDP) is carried out. Data on the number of people employed in the shadow sector as a percentage of the total population for the study period is also presented. Information on the scope of the shadow economy that are not taken into account by Rosstat, is introduced. The main reasons for the formation and development of shadow business in the country are identified. It should be noted that the methods of combating the shadow economy have not had the desired effect so far, which suggests that the causes of the shadow economy have deep roots and are outside the field of economic relations. We have concluded that the causes of shadow economic relations are behavioral characteristics of people, sociopsychological as a result of a low level of culture, lack of trust in society, specific characteristics of mentality, etc. Also, the main causes for the formation and growth of the shadow sector of the economy in Russia include economic (high tax obligation), political, administrative, legal and social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the study, it was proved that the institutional development of employment in Russia depends on the degree of conformity of formal and informal institutions, and the higher the degree of discrepancy between them, the higher the risk of the spread of informal labor practices and the formation of an employment policy that does not meet the requirements of the modern development of the country's economy. To mitigate this problem, the article proposes three schemes of action and proves that the third is the most preferable: the first approach is pulling up the formal sector of the economy to the informal, i.e. It is proposed not to impose artificially constructed formal institutions, but to legalize already existing informal norms and practices by which society lives; the second approach is pulling up the informal sector of the economy to the formal; the third approach is the oncoming movement of formal and informal institutions, for its implementation, the state must carry out two functions: stimulating, i.e. contribute to the formation of a legal environment that would fill the vacuum between existing formal rules and actual labor practices, and punish, that is, the state should create favorable institutional conditions for monitoring the implementation of labor legislation and applying measures in case of violation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name of the article is "The Impact of Peer to Peer Economy on Tourist Destination Management" the topic was choosen by author because of two important reasons, the first of them is the fact that peer to peer economy is standing on invisible border between the shadow economy and the one that is officialy declared. The second fact is the importance of travel industry for the development of national and mainly regional economy, bringing taxes, employment and development. For some tourist destination the role of tourism is indisputable, but in some phases of life cycle of a tourist destination the number of tourist could bring more negatives impacts then the positives ones. Especially peer to peer economy appearing in accomodation services it menas accomodations services offerd by platforms like Airbnb could increase the range of accommodation options that are already unbearable within the tourist destination and unacceptable to the indigenous peoples, which can lead to a reduction in the attractiveness of this tourist destination for other visitou with the other result of tax cuts, loss of competitiveness and tension in respective industry. The aim of the article is to make analysis of the impact and possible limits of development and usage of peer to peer economy (sharing acono-my) in travel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]