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China implemented the China VI emission standard in 2020. The China VI emission standard has added requirements for the RDE (real-world driving emission) test. To evaluate vehicle CO2 emission for different vehicles, 10 conventional gasoline vehicles were tested under the RDE procedure using the PEMS (portable emission testing system) method. All vehicles tested meet the sixth emission regulation with a displacement of 1.4 L~2.0 L. Among the vehicles tested, the highest CO2 emission factor was 281 g/km and the lowest was 189 g/km, while the acceleration of RDE gets a wider distribution, varying from −2.5 m/s2 to 2.5 m/s2. The instantaneous mass emission rate could reach around 16 g/s. The amounts of total CO2 emission in the positive region and the negative region make up 82~89% and 11~18% of the overall CO2 emission during the entire RDE driving period, respectively. The same vehicle has a wide range of CO2 emission factors at different VSP (vehicle specific power) intervals. Different RDE test conditions can lead to large differences in CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emissions and carbon flow within a specific area have been studied extensively, but little is known about the effects of inter-regional material and energy exchanges on carbon emissions. In this study, we examined an urban agglomeration in Northeastern China. A carbon emission model was established based on input-output analysis, and robustness analysis was used to test the system's stability. A new factor for indirect emission dominance intensity was developed to distinguish the significances of indirect emissions and direct emissions. Sectoral control and dependence relationships were explored by ecological network analysis. Results showed that carbon emissions from primary energy consumption were 2.34 times higher than those from secondary energy consumption. The indirect carbon emissions were more than double the direct emissions. The largest direct and indirect carbon emissions come from the advanced manufacturing sector, and the materials and energy conversion sector, respectively. In urban agglomeration, the exploitation relationship between sectors was dominant, suggesting that the structure of the system needs to be improved. Our results provide sector-specific information to help each sector to adjust industrial planning for emission reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]