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Sociologists' study of migration can be traced back to the early 1900's and the establishment of Sociology as a discipline in the U.S. While migration studies have formed an important part of Sociology since its earliest days, little attention has been paid to the ways early sociologists understood and analyzed migration. This paper aims to fill that gap by analyzing how sociologists studied the Great Migration in the United States from the 1890s through the 1930s. This study specifically analyzes how race and race ideology impacted early migration studies. I find that, although both black and white sociologists examined precisely the same event, their interests, methods, treatment, and conclusions about the Great Migration differed significantly. White sociologists approached the Great Migration as a problem, studying southern blacks' integration in the North, and questioning blacks' intellectual capacity to achieve the same socioeconomic level as whites. Black sociologists, on the other hand, studied the Great Migration using empirical data to explain the causes that moved blacks from South to North and demonstrating how racial violence in the South was one of the main factors stimulating their migration. I argue that the difference between these white and black scholars is rooted in the racialized context of America during late 19th Century, when white scholars viewed the Great Migration as part of the so-called "negro problem" and ignored the emergent group of black scholars that were interested in demonstrating the impact of race relations in the movement of black people from South to North. Ultimately, this paper expands on the efforts of scholars to reevaluate the development of sociology, to explain the historical division between race and migration studies, and to highlight the ways that specific areas of study, such as migration, have developed in a racialized context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast on August 29, 2005, causing catastrophic levels of environmental, structural and economic damage in addition to a still-unknown number of human injuries and death. Less than one month later, Hurricane Rita threatened to strike the same region with greater intensity. In this paper, we argue that race is a deeply entrenched, socially-constructed institution in U.S. society that informed and shaped at least two separate realities in the Gulf Coast following these hurricanes. For whites, there were dangerous black men looting stores, marauding in the streets and raping young women. While white respondents experienced what they felt was differential behavior on the part of black survivors, they did not feel that the rescue, response and relief efforts were racially biased. For blacks, race was and is a factor in the authorities' efforts. Specifically, blacks felt that the predominantly white authority criminalized black survivors.This paper first discusses the dominant theories guiding the analysis, the Social Construction of Reality, and Critical Race Theory. Then, the paper addresses the ways in which ethnographic methods were used to gather data in four cities of the Gulf Coast. Finally, the paper analyzes how race informed the people affected by the hurricanes so that two separate realities emerged. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on 103 in-depth interviews with middle-class blacks in the New York and Atlanta metropolitan areas, and photographs of art displayed in their homes, this paper provides the first systematic examination of black consumption of visual art and racial identity. This paper also extends theory on cultural consumption and black middle-class racial identity by showing how elite blacks use "black" visual art to construct specific dimensions of their racial identity. New York and Atlanta are ideal cities to explore black art consumption because of their large black middle-class populations and rich histories of black artistic production and consumption. I argue that "black" visual art is tied to five dimensions of black identity: self-categorization, shared fate, individual narrative, collective narrative, and ideology. First, when middle-class blacks use "black" art to express that they classify themselves as black, they use visual art for self-categorization. Second, when middle-class blacks draw on "black" art to express feelings of attachment to other blacks, they use visual art to articulate a sense of shared fate. Next, when middle-class blacks use "black" art to illustrate their individual black experiences, they use visual art to articulate personal narratives. Fourth, when middle-class blacks use "black" art to illustrate the shared experiences of blacks, they use visual art to articulate collective narratives. Finally, when middle-class blacks draw on "black" art to articulate the group position of blacks, they use visual art to express black ideologies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I consider how the mass commercialization of Hip-Hop has affected claims to authenticity that are made within the culture. I begin by briefly considering some prior theories that dealt with commercialization and mass culture before considering how Hip-Hop's commercial ascendancy complicates these theories. I then take a look at the views of members of the culture, focusing on my research on Hip-Hop DJs in the Bay Area and Atlanta, GA, on the commercialization of Hip-Hop. I close by looking at how DJs negotiate the connection of their own scenes by the mainstream with a particular style of music. During the period of research, Atlanta, which was considered a part of the larger "Dirty South" regional Hip-Hop style, became primarily associated with a single sub-genre called "Crunk," that gained national prominence. A similar dynamic occurred in the Bay Area with a single sub-genre called "Hyphy," though it was not as nationally successful as Crunk. This paper looks at the national and global commercial exposure of local music, first with the movement of Hip-Hop from the Bronx, NY to the rest of the world, and later with Crunk and Hyphy from their respective scenes, and how this commercialization affects the music and the local scenes from which that music emerged, in effect shifting local discourses of authentic Hip-Hop and the positions in the field associated with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PAPER SUBMISSION Title:..ASA-AFRICAN AMERICAN - WHY NOW? Lewis m. Killian ABSTRACT During the decade of the 1990’s use of the name "African American increased so that it became interchangeable with "Black" in the U.S. Why did this change occur at this time? Historical research indicates that the term had been used even less than Negro, Colored, Black, or even Afro-American since the beginning of slavery in Jamestown. Not until 150 years later did a major institution include the word African in its title. The current usage has its roots in the changes in Black Consciousness accompanying the Black Power Movement, but its use was accentuated by Cultural Nationalism rather than by Revolutionary Nationalism. A trend in academia toward multiculturalism and Afrocentrism, along with the diversity movement, led to greater acceptance of African American in the media and in popular speech. Its implication of continuity between African and American culture elicits some resistance to its use since it may be perceived as separatist and even as implying a genetic transmission of culture.. Preferred keywords: African American, Black Power, Cultural Nationalism, Black identity. Topics-organizers: Social Movements, Michael Young Institutional Affiliation (author): University of West Florida Author’s E-Mail address: killiansr@earthlink.net [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various theories have been offered to explain political participation rates among black Americans since ratification of the Voting Rights Act in 1965. The VRA is thought to be an indication of high political empowerment among blacks. Therefore it provides an opportunity to explore age, period, and cohort effects in the consequences of empowerment on long-term voting behavior. Using a series of logistic regression equations on data from the National Election Study, this paper analyzes rates of voter turnout in the 1968-1996 presidential elections among both blacks and whites. We find that there is mixed support for theories of racial differences in political participation. Much of the racial gap in voter turnout can be attributed to differences in socioeconomic characteristics between blacks and whites. Moreover, while age is an important determinant of voting among whites, period is a better determinant of turnout among blacks. Additionally, while there is very limited support for theories of cohort differences among blacks, cohort has no observable effect on voting behavior among whites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines black-white differences in the intergenerational transmission of education status using an approach that brings together traditional status attainment research on intergenerational social mobility with formal demographic approaches of population projection that account for differential fertility and marriage. Intergenerational effects accrue both through the direct effect of women's schooling on children's schooling and through processes such as marriage and fertility, which are endogenous to changes in women's schooling. The analysis accounts for both the intergenerational correlation of educational status and the effects that accrue through changes in family size and structure, fertility timing, and marriage patterns, which also affect educational inequality across generations. Using the PSID, the results show how these individual and population level processes differ for white and black women, and how these mechanisms have different effects on the schooling of the next generation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With major demographic shifts surrounding the transition to adulthood across the past century, debates loom large as to what defines adulthood in the contemporary era. This study examines young people's understandings of whether they have reached adult status and whether these understandings are linked to prior role transitions, self-assessed personal qualities, and social location. We propose that young people's sense of adulthood and the criteria they employ in defining adulthood vary based on socially structured experience tied to race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status, and based on age. Using the third wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we find that blacks feel adult more often than whites of similar ages, and that Asian Americans and Hispanics feel adult less often. Young people from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds feel adult more often than their more privileged agemates. Both role transitions and self-assessed personal qualities shape the extent to which young people see themselves as adults, although the most salient roles and qualities differ across racial/ethnic groups and by socioeconomic status. Key role transitions also become less tied to self-perceived adult status at older ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1976 and 1992 Detroit Area Studies investigated causes of racial residential segregation using new techniques including the presentation to respondents of cards depicting neighborhoods with varying racial compositions. We determined the level of black representation in a neighborhood that made whites uncomfortable, how the density of blacks influenced whites' desires to move away and whether or not whites would move into integrated neighborhoods. We also determined the preferences of African Americans for racially homogeneous or integrated neighborhoods and about their willingness to enter all-white areas. The 2004 Detroit Area Study replicated earlier investigations but went on to the innovative measurement of how the race of residents influenced the evaluations that whites and blacks gave to a neighborhood controlling for the quality of housing. This was accomplished by showing five videos of neighborhoods to respondents using the laptops utilized in this self-administered survey. We also gave respondents maps of the metropolis with 33 central city and suburban communities shown in color. To assess racial similarities and differences, we asked respondents where they would consider looking for a new home or apartment and where they would certainly not search. During 2004; 735 randomly selected adults were interviewed. Preliminary findings are presented in this draft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author examines religious leader Martin Luther King Jr.'s key speeches on the issues related to symbolic citizenship. Luther made these speeches during civil rights movement. In thses speeches Luther attempted to form an idea of black citizenship that reflected the idealized American citizen. This had been done by Luther through deracializing citizenship in favor of defining citizenship in terms of the proper civic practices citizens exhibit. On the basis of civic practices of nonviolence, self control, and independence Luther distinguished good blacks from bad blacks.

This study examines attitudes regarding race and ethnicity among college students, specifically focusing on attitudes of whites, blacks, and Hispanics towards themselves and each other. This study replicates a portion of a survey by Mary Jackman, which was designed to examine attitudes of racial domination. She was concerned specifically with the extent to which seemingly progressive racial attitudes represent instead a system of domination based on paternalism, rather than conflict. This study administered a modified version of Jackman's 1975 survey to 212 college students at Texas A&M University and a nearby junior college. The results of the survey indicate that, although responses by whites seem to have become more progressive over the past three decades, the patterns of paternalistic attitudes that Jackson found in 1975 are still evident today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although spatial factors are thought to contribute to poor employment outcomes for racial and ethnic minority men, very little is currently known about how jobless men from different racial and ethnic backgrounds are spatially distributed. This study examines the spatial segregation of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian jobless men from employed men of any race in U.S. metropolitan areas in 2000. Jobless black men are much more highly segregated from employed men that are jobless men in other racial and ethnic groups. Multivariate models reveal the important role that racial and ethnic residential segregation and suburbanization play in the spatial segregation of jobless men. Contemporaneous industrial structure, contrary to expectations, seems to have a very limited impact on the spatial segregation of jobless men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of the relics of structural racism on the lives of Blacks in the U.S. Topics discussed include a reflection of a young White female's observation of the conflict of education and leisure for non-Whites, the need for cross-cultural understanding and the denial of leisure after slavery.

There is an emerging literature linking the contemporary practice of the death penalty in the United States to historical practices of slavery. This literature asserts that slavery shaped social and legal institutions and cultural values in a manner that facilitates use of executions even today and that these historical factors are at least as important as contemporary measures of social, economic, and political conditions in explaining executions. The present research seeks to extend this type of analysis into another former slave society that retains and uses the death penalty: the Bahamas. In examining historical and contemporary patterns of death sentencing and executions against a background of slavery, abolition, colonialism, and black majority rule, the relationship between slavery and the contemporary death penalty is found to be conditioned by the emergence of black majority rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hispanic Paradox has been studied extensively in a number of areas, namely adult mortality and morbidity, as well as a good deal of research on infant mortality. However, much less research has examined the developmental outcomes of the children of Hispanic women. This study uses the ECLS-B, a nationally representative study of births in the U.S. in 2001, to examine the developmental trajectories of Hispanic children in comparison to White and Black children. Recent research has noted that Hispanics may have much smaller differences in health outcomes between high and low SES in the U.S. than do Whites and Blacks. Thus, this study examines how Hispanic socioeconomic gradients in child developmental outcomes compare to U.S. Whites and Blacks. Findings indicate that Hispanic children exhibit much smaller mean differences between high and low SES groups than do Whites and Blacks for both cognitive and behavior scores of children aged 2 years. A more detailed examination of the root of the flat SES gradients exhibited by Hispanic children in developmental outcomes is needed in order to better understand this phenomenon. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health disparities between various racial groups in the United States are a growing body of research. Yet few studies are devoted to examining elderly populations as well as the health gaps within individual racial groups. Immigrant Blacks share a biological background with US Blacks. Their region of birth however, is not the United States. Previous research has indicated a differential in their health. However, this research was not specific for the aging population. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey we examined differences between Blacks born in the U.S. and Black immigrants ages 55 and older. We found that the overall health profile of Black immigrants was superior to that of U.S born Blacks during their initial stay, but their initial health advantages began to erode the longer they stayed in the United States. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research linking ethnic culture to the Black-White achievement gap has focused primarily on minority ethnic culture and specific cultural phenomena, namely school resistance and the "burden of acting white". This study goes beyond oppositional culture to examine how ethnic culture impacts achievement among Black and White students using multidimensional racial identity measures as a proxy for ethnic culture. Through the comparison of competing models, it explores the relative importance of mechanisms of self selection, where student culture influences educational affect, and teacher selection, where student culture influences teachers' regard for them. Using data from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study (MADICS), the measurement of racial identity was modeled in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and incorporated into structural equation models to test competing theories separately by race. For both Black and White students, teacher selection emerged as the key mechanism through which racial identity impacted achievement. Rather than acting through educational attitudes, racial identity influenced teachers' regard for their students, which in turn influenced student achievement. These findings suggest that greater attention should be given to the roles of teachers and school culture in contributing to racial inequalities in education and lend support to recent critiques arguing that cultural explanations of educational inequality have been overly fixated on the oppositional culture model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the discourse of a level playing field on the reality game shows, as demonstrated in the racial minority contestants who have extremely high qualifications. They study explores whether reality game shows serve to justify the actual socioeconomic inequality among different racial groups in the United States by naturalizing the ideological discourse of the American Dream and Social Darwinism. In order to identify the ideological implication of the discourse of The Apprentice, the study examines whether the respondents accept the premise of fairness on The Apprentice, and how they make sense of the show's construction of the level playing field in relation to their general understanding of the American Dream and the discrepancies of the economic status among different racial groups, particularly the Black poverty in the United States. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines interstate in-movement, out-movement, and resulting patterns of net migration of Blacks, Asians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, using data from the 2005-2007 American Community Survey. After illustrating their patterns of internal migration, we also show how Black, Asian, Hispanic, and White net migration levels are associated with several economic and social characteristics of the states. The goal is to learn how similar or dissimilar members of these four broad racial categories are in choosing to enter and exit different parts of the country, and thereby contribute to ongoing discussion of differential spatial relocation of racial groups (i.e., are some groups moving to a different set of states than others?). The results suggest that the similarities in patterns of Black, Asian, Hispanic, and White in-, out-, and net migration overshadow the differences. States to which members of one racial category are attracted, and states that they avoid or depart from, are, to a very strong degree, the same states that the other races also move to, avoid, or leave. Moreover, we find that these racial groups resemble each other in terms of the direction and strength of their net migration's correlation with state economic and social characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. television has been populated by white representations and much latter by a smattering of Black. Only recently has there been the steady inclusion of Latina/os and other ambiguous ethnics who fall somewhere in between the two binary poles of racial representation. This is also the case in children's television world wide. The introduction and rise of Disney Channel in children's television programming means that many of their shows circulate globally and contribute to the representation of diverse children across the globe. However the global circulation is based on national paradigms and politics. Once these shows are globally distributed, that sharp attention necessary to discern Latinidad might be altogether to ask of global audiences who are not likely to possess the knowledge to interpret the ethnicity of these girls. Further research is necessary to explore whether global audiences can even tell that these light brown are ethnic at all. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]